适于农村的一体化膜组合净水工艺的开发
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摘要
随着水资源短缺和水源水污染问题的日益严重,常规水处理工艺已难以满足日益严格的饮用水水质标准要求。膜技术被认为是“21世纪的水处理技术”,其中微滤和超滤及其组合工艺更是目前给水处理领域的研究热点之一。
本课题以浙江省重大专项“适用于农村饮用水的管式微滤膜技术开发与应用(项目编号2006C13107)”和南湖区大院名校成果产业化专项“饮用水安全处理一体化技术的研发”为支撑,以嘉兴典型农村地区微污染水源水为试点,考察预氧化/MF处理高铁地下水和膜生物反应器(MBR)处理高有机物、高氨氮地表水的运行特性,探讨处理实际源水的膜污染特征及其清洗。主要内容如下:
(1)预曝气/微滤组合工艺对铁的去除率较单独微滤提高40～60%,出水铁浓度小于0.1 mg/L;对TOC的去除率与单独微滤时相当,但对以UV_(254)表示的芳香类和以UV_(410)表示的成色类有毒有害污染物的去除率分别为82.1%和88.7%。预曝气有无都可使出水浊度低于0.2 NTU,去除率达95%以上。
(2)通过考察预曝气/微滤膜组合工艺连续运行中膜污染特征及其清洗表明:死端过滤时污染物全部累积在管式膜罐体内导致膜阻力快速上升。铁等无机物是造成膜污染的主要物质;污染严重时引起出水铁和浊度升高。后期还存在铁质活性滤膜等微生物污染。大流量水力清洗和HCl浸泡清洗可有效去除该类膜污染。
(3)通过膜生物反应器(MBR)处理微污染地表水运行特性的研究表明:投加PAC的PAC-MBR工艺对CODMn、TOC、UV_(254)、UV_(410)和SUVA的去除率分别为52%、52%、62%、93%和32%,出水平均CODMn 4.2 mg/L,满足源水CODMn>6 mg/L时为5 mg/L的饮用水标准限值;MBR混合液中微生物作用确保出水NH3-N浓度维持在0.14 mg/L左右,平均去除率达93%;MBR超滤膜的截留在原水浊度的去除中起了核心作用,对浊度去除率都保持在90%以上,出水浊度小于0.5 NTU,且与PAC投加与否和进水浊度变化无关。
(4)微污染地表水中有机物分子量主要分布在0.22～0.45μm和<1 k之间,MBR工艺超滤及膜表面滤饼层的过滤截留作用对0.22～0.45μm区间的TOC和UV_(254)去除率分别为94.0%和85.7%,微生物新陈代谢产物导致5-30 k分子量区间内UV_(254)呈负增长。MBR中膜的过滤截留作用、PAC吸附作用以及微生物对遗传毒性物质的降解作用能有效控制出水遗传毒性。
(5)通过考察MBR处理微污染地表水的膜污染特征及清洗表明:PAC投加在缓解膜污染方面无明显效果。膜过滤总阻力R=13.0×10~(12) 1/m,膜固有阻力占膜总阻力的15%,泥饼层阻力和吸附及堵塞阻力分别占膜总阻力的43%和42%。污染膜比通量为新膜比通量的13%,清水冲洗后膜比通量恢复至58%,碱洗后膜比通量恢复到76%,酸洗后膜比通量恢复到85%。膜污染主要以滤饼层堵塞为主,清水冲洗是简单有效的清洗方式。间断NaClO和HCl浸泡清洗可进一步控制生物污染、有机污染和铁等无机污染。
(6)PAC-MBR中PAC的吸附作用和生物降解作用可有效去除可吸附和可生物降解性有机物。MBR内的活性微生物量呈慢速增长趋势且微生物活性较高。
膜技术对微污染水处理效果显著,通过本课题的研究希望为农村地区研发出一套出水水质优良稳定、管理简便和投资较低的饮用水净化整体工艺,为今后农村地区净水站的改建和建设提供技术支持。
With the serious shortage of water resources and the pollution of source water, conventional processes have already hardly meet the severe standards for drinking water quality. Membrane filtration technology is recognized as“water treatment technology in the 21st century”. Micro-filtration and ultra-filtration and their combined processes are hotspots in feed water treatment recently.
This subject is on the support of important scientific research project in Zhejiang province—“the development and application of tubular micro-filtration technology for drinking water treatment in rural area (NO. 2006C13107)”and the achievement industrialization special project of research institutes and universities in Nanhu district, Jiaxing city—“the development of integrative drinking water security treatment technology”. Mirco-polluted source water of typical rural area in Jiaxing city was chosen, hybrid process of pre-aeration followed with tubular microfiltration to treat iron contaminated underground water and membrane bioreactor (MBR) to treat high organic and high ammonia-nitrogen contaminated surface water for drinking water production. Pollutants removal efficiencies were investigated; membrane fouling and control measures were studied.
(1) Perfect treatment performance was achieved when hybrid process of pre-aeration followed with tubular microfiltration was used to treat underground water for drinking water supply. The Fe removal efficiency was as high as over 90%, 40～60% higher than using MF alone. Poisonous and harmful trace pollutants characterized by UV_(254) and UV_(410) were removed 82.1% and 88.7%. The turbidity removal rate was above 95% no matter pre-aeration was used or not, keeping turbidity in the filtrated effluent always below 0.2 NTU.
(2) According continuous operation, membrane fouling characteristics and membrane cleaning of hybrid process of pre-aeration followed with tubular microfiltration was investigated. Membrane resistance increased rapidly owing to all pollutants were accumulated in the tubular tank body. Inorganic matters such as Fe were found to be the primary membrane contaminants. Fe concentration and turbidity in the effluent were higher than that in the influent during worse fouling period and ferruginous active microbial contamination may exit at anaphase. So chemical cleaning with 2～3% HCl combined with fresh water backwash was proved to be a simple but effective way to remove membrane contamination.
(3) Effective operation performance was achieved using MBR to treat high organic and high ammonia-nitrogen contaminated surface water for drinking water production. The CODMn、TOC、UV_(254)、UV_(410) and SUVA removal rates on PAC-MBR process were 52%、52%、62%、93%and 32%, respectively. The average CODMn in the filtrated effluent was 4.2 mg/L, meeting the Drinking Water Sanitary Standard of 5 mg/L if the amount in the source water exceeds 6 mg/L. 93% NH3-N removal rate was obtained with the filtrated effluent concentration of 0.14 mg/L on account of biological effect in the mixture. Ultrafiltration membrane and cake layer ensured the removal efficiency of turbidity stabilized at above 90%, the filtrate turbidity kept below 0.5 NTU and showed no relationship with PAC addition and change of influent turbidity.
(4) Organic molecular distribution in micro-polluted source water mainly distributed at 0.22～0.45μm and <1 k. The removal rates of TOC and UV_(254) at 0.22～0.45μm were 94.0% and 85.7% due to synergistic effect of ultrafiltration and cake layer filtration. UV_(254) at 5-30 k was negative increased for the reason of biologic metabolic products dissolved in the mixture. The effects of ultrafiltration、PAC adsorption and biodegradation for genotoxics could control effluent genotoxicity effectively.
(5) According investigating membrane fouling characteristics and membrane cleaning of MBR for micro-polluted surface water, it suggested that there were no effect on mitigating membrane fouling by adding PAC. The total membrane resistance was 13.0×10~(12) 1/m, membrane inherent resistance, cake layer resistance and adsorption and clogging resistance were accounted for 15%, 43% and 42%, respectively. Fouling membrane specific flux recovered to 58% after fresh water cleaning, then recovered to 76% after alkaline cleaning and last recovered to 85% after acid pickling. Cake layer clogging was suggested to be the primary membrane fouling and could be easily flushed by fresh water. Using NaClO and HCl solution intermittently could further control biological pollution, organic and inorganic pollution.
(6) PAC-MBR could effectively remove BDOC, ADOC and A&BDOC. Active biomass in MBR presented the tendency of slow growth and high microbial activity.
Membrane technology for micro-polluted surface water treatment was remarkable. According this subject, we hope to develop integral processes which suitable for rural areas to treat micro-polluted source water with several advantages on perfect filtrate, smaller footprint, convenient operation and management as well as low investment, and provide technical support for rebuilding or building water-purified station in the future.
本课题以浙江省重大专项“适用于农村饮用水的管式微滤膜技术开发与应用(项目编号2006C13107)”和南湖区大院名校成果产业化专项“饮用水安全处理一体化技术的研发”为支撑,以嘉兴典型农村地区微污染水源水为试点,考察预氧化/MF处理高铁地下水和膜生物反应器(MBR)处理高有机物、高氨氮地表水的运行特性,探讨处理实际源水的膜污染特征及其清洗。主要内容如下:
(1)预曝气/微滤组合工艺对铁的去除率较单独微滤提高40～60%,出水铁浓度小于0.1 mg/L;对TOC的去除率与单独微滤时相当,但对以UV_(254)表示的芳香类和以UV_(410)表示的成色类有毒有害污染物的去除率分别为82.1%和88.7%。预曝气有无都可使出水浊度低于0.2 NTU,去除率达95%以上。
(2)通过考察预曝气/微滤膜组合工艺连续运行中膜污染特征及其清洗表明:死端过滤时污染物全部累积在管式膜罐体内导致膜阻力快速上升。铁等无机物是造成膜污染的主要物质;污染严重时引起出水铁和浊度升高。后期还存在铁质活性滤膜等微生物污染。大流量水力清洗和HCl浸泡清洗可有效去除该类膜污染。
(3)通过膜生物反应器(MBR)处理微污染地表水运行特性的研究表明:投加PAC的PAC-MBR工艺对CODMn、TOC、UV_(254)、UV_(410)和SUVA的去除率分别为52%、52%、62%、93%和32%,出水平均CODMn 4.2 mg/L,满足源水CODMn>6 mg/L时为5 mg/L的饮用水标准限值;MBR混合液中微生物作用确保出水NH3-N浓度维持在0.14 mg/L左右,平均去除率达93%;MBR超滤膜的截留在原水浊度的去除中起了核心作用,对浊度去除率都保持在90%以上,出水浊度小于0.5 NTU,且与PAC投加与否和进水浊度变化无关。
(4)微污染地表水中有机物分子量主要分布在0.22～0.45μm和<1 k之间,MBR工艺超滤及膜表面滤饼层的过滤截留作用对0.22～0.45μm区间的TOC和UV_(254)去除率分别为94.0%和85.7%,微生物新陈代谢产物导致5-30 k分子量区间内UV_(254)呈负增长。MBR中膜的过滤截留作用、PAC吸附作用以及微生物对遗传毒性物质的降解作用能有效控制出水遗传毒性。
(5)通过考察MBR处理微污染地表水的膜污染特征及清洗表明:PAC投加在缓解膜污染方面无明显效果。膜过滤总阻力R=13.0×10~(12) 1/m,膜固有阻力占膜总阻力的15%,泥饼层阻力和吸附及堵塞阻力分别占膜总阻力的43%和42%。污染膜比通量为新膜比通量的13%,清水冲洗后膜比通量恢复至58%,碱洗后膜比通量恢复到76%,酸洗后膜比通量恢复到85%。膜污染主要以滤饼层堵塞为主,清水冲洗是简单有效的清洗方式。间断NaClO和HCl浸泡清洗可进一步控制生物污染、有机污染和铁等无机污染。
(6)PAC-MBR中PAC的吸附作用和生物降解作用可有效去除可吸附和可生物降解性有机物。MBR内的活性微生物量呈慢速增长趋势且微生物活性较高。
膜技术对微污染水处理效果显著,通过本课题的研究希望为农村地区研发出一套出水水质优良稳定、管理简便和投资较低的饮用水净化整体工艺,为今后农村地区净水站的改建和建设提供技术支持。
With the serious shortage of water resources and the pollution of source water, conventional processes have already hardly meet the severe standards for drinking water quality. Membrane filtration technology is recognized as“water treatment technology in the 21st century”. Micro-filtration and ultra-filtration and their combined processes are hotspots in feed water treatment recently.
This subject is on the support of important scientific research project in Zhejiang province—“the development and application of tubular micro-filtration technology for drinking water treatment in rural area (NO. 2006C13107)”and the achievement industrialization special project of research institutes and universities in Nanhu district, Jiaxing city—“the development of integrative drinking water security treatment technology”. Mirco-polluted source water of typical rural area in Jiaxing city was chosen, hybrid process of pre-aeration followed with tubular microfiltration to treat iron contaminated underground water and membrane bioreactor (MBR) to treat high organic and high ammonia-nitrogen contaminated surface water for drinking water production. Pollutants removal efficiencies were investigated; membrane fouling and control measures were studied.
(1) Perfect treatment performance was achieved when hybrid process of pre-aeration followed with tubular microfiltration was used to treat underground water for drinking water supply. The Fe removal efficiency was as high as over 90%, 40～60% higher than using MF alone. Poisonous and harmful trace pollutants characterized by UV_(254) and UV_(410) were removed 82.1% and 88.7%. The turbidity removal rate was above 95% no matter pre-aeration was used or not, keeping turbidity in the filtrated effluent always below 0.2 NTU.
(2) According continuous operation, membrane fouling characteristics and membrane cleaning of hybrid process of pre-aeration followed with tubular microfiltration was investigated. Membrane resistance increased rapidly owing to all pollutants were accumulated in the tubular tank body. Inorganic matters such as Fe were found to be the primary membrane contaminants. Fe concentration and turbidity in the effluent were higher than that in the influent during worse fouling period and ferruginous active microbial contamination may exit at anaphase. So chemical cleaning with 2～3% HCl combined with fresh water backwash was proved to be a simple but effective way to remove membrane contamination.
(3) Effective operation performance was achieved using MBR to treat high organic and high ammonia-nitrogen contaminated surface water for drinking water production. The CODMn、TOC、UV_(254)、UV_(410) and SUVA removal rates on PAC-MBR process were 52%、52%、62%、93%and 32%, respectively. The average CODMn in the filtrated effluent was 4.2 mg/L, meeting the Drinking Water Sanitary Standard of 5 mg/L if the amount in the source water exceeds 6 mg/L. 93% NH3-N removal rate was obtained with the filtrated effluent concentration of 0.14 mg/L on account of biological effect in the mixture. Ultrafiltration membrane and cake layer ensured the removal efficiency of turbidity stabilized at above 90%, the filtrate turbidity kept below 0.5 NTU and showed no relationship with PAC addition and change of influent turbidity.
(4) Organic molecular distribution in micro-polluted source water mainly distributed at 0.22～0.45μm and <1 k. The removal rates of TOC and UV_(254) at 0.22～0.45μm were 94.0% and 85.7% due to synergistic effect of ultrafiltration and cake layer filtration. UV_(254) at 5-30 k was negative increased for the reason of biologic metabolic products dissolved in the mixture. The effects of ultrafiltration、PAC adsorption and biodegradation for genotoxics could control effluent genotoxicity effectively.
(5) According investigating membrane fouling characteristics and membrane cleaning of MBR for micro-polluted surface water, it suggested that there were no effect on mitigating membrane fouling by adding PAC. The total membrane resistance was 13.0×10~(12) 1/m, membrane inherent resistance, cake layer resistance and adsorption and clogging resistance were accounted for 15%, 43% and 42%, respectively. Fouling membrane specific flux recovered to 58% after fresh water cleaning, then recovered to 76% after alkaline cleaning and last recovered to 85% after acid pickling. Cake layer clogging was suggested to be the primary membrane fouling and could be easily flushed by fresh water. Using NaClO and HCl solution intermittently could further control biological pollution, organic and inorganic pollution.
(6) PAC-MBR could effectively remove BDOC, ADOC and A&BDOC. Active biomass in MBR presented the tendency of slow growth and high microbial activity.
Membrane technology for micro-polluted surface water treatment was remarkable. According this subject, we hope to develop integral processes which suitable for rural areas to treat micro-polluted source water with several advantages on perfect filtrate, smaller footprint, convenient operation and management as well as low investment, and provide technical support for rebuilding or building water-purified station in the future.
引文
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