全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂的构建及其在生物转化中的应用
摘要
绿色化工的兴起为高效率、低能耗、低排放生产化工产品提供了充分保障。生物转化是绿色化工的重要组成部分,脂肪酶由于其催化反应及底物类型多样而在生物转化中扮演了重要角色。目前应用的脂肪酶主要是游离型脂肪酶或基质固定化脂肪酶。近年来,全细胞生物催化剂做为降低酶催化剂成本的最有前景的方法之一,引起研究工作者的重视。酵母展示表达系统构建的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂由于使酶分子成为细胞壁的一部分并且展示在细胞表面,故不仅在活性和稳定性方面显著高于游离酶和基质固定化酶,且大大降低了生产成本,可多次重复利用,为脂肪酶的高效生物转化研究及应用提供了有效的途径。
本论文根据酵母密码子偏爱性优化设计脂肪酶ROL和CALB两个基因,利用酿酒酵母和毕赤酵母表面展示表达系统,用连接肽将脂肪酶与酵母细胞壁成分α凝集素连接,成功构建了4个重组酵母全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂。以酿酒酵母表面展示表达ROL的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂为例,研究其酶学性质、水相油脂水解应用、非水相生物柴油合成应用及分子印迹法的影响等方面展开研究工作,并得出以下主要结论：
1,三丁酸甘油酯平板水解圈法鉴定阳性克隆及液体培养基发酵上清液测定无脂肪酶活性,证明了酿酒酵母表面展示表达ROL的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂构建成功。据我们所知,这是首次报道α凝集素酿酒酵母展示表达系统与密码子优化技术结合,从而获得了高酶活的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂。其水解酶活为25±0.89U/g干细胞,最适温度40℃,最适pH7.0,酯化酶活为5.12U/g干细胞。
2,以水解三丁酸甘油酯为例,研究了全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂的水解应用。证实全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂在水相中有很强的水解能力,144小时丁酸的转化率达到96.91%。未来将可以尝试应用于各种有酯键结构的底物水解。
3,首次报道将分子印迹技术和全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂结合,显著提高了全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂在有机相中的催化活性和热稳定性。在有机相油酸甲酯的生物转化反应中,分子印迹法制备的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂转化率为96.30%,是非分子印迹组的2倍(50.32%)。分子印迹技术使脂肪酶的催化活性中心在有机相中保持活化状态,极大提高了催化效率。而在水相中,分子印迹法制备全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂对其水解活性和热稳定性提高不显著。
4,分子印迹法制备的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂成功应用于生物柴油的生物转化试验,在有机相中大豆油转化成生物柴油,转化率为77.71%,是非分子印迹组的5倍(15.46%)。进一步证明了分子印迹技术在有机相中可显著提高全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂的酯化效率。分子印迹全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂于60℃反应27小时,生物柴油的转化率高达95.45+2.73%,且参与反应的酵母细胞仍然活着,具有耐高温和耐有机溶剂的特性,这些特性对全细胞生物催化剂合成生物柴油的工业化生产有重要的积极意义。
以上的结果表明分子印迹技术与酵母表面展示技术结合制备的全细胞生物催化剂,在有机相催化反应中具有更高的活性和稳定性,为将来的工业化生物转化应用奠定了基础。
The development of green chemistry encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances with high efficiency, low energy consumption and low emission. Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation refers to the use of microorganisms or enzymes to carry out a chemical reaction, is an important part of green chemistry. Lipases perform essential roles in bioconversion, because of their various catalytic reactions and substrates. Currently, the main types of lipase applied in the industry are free and immobilized enzymes. Whole-cell biocatalyst is a novel immobilization technology to improve cost efficiency of enzymes, has caused the attention of researchers. Yeast surface display technique has been often utilized to construct whole-cell biocatalysts, making enzymes displayed on the cell surface by gene modification, with better performance in enzyme activity, stability, cost and recycle.
Here, based on the yeast surface display system with a-agglutinin as the anchor,4recombinant yeast whole-cell biocatalysts have been successfully constructed, displaying codon optimized ROL and CALB, respectively. One of them, ROL-displayed S.cerevisiae, was chosen as a whole-cell biocatalyst to study in this paper. Enzyme activities and properties, oil hydrolysis in aqueous phase, biodiesel synthesis in non aqueous phase, and influence of bioimprinting have been studied. The main results are summarized as follows.
The results of halo assay by tributyrin plate medium and no detection of lipase activity in supernatant of liquid medium have indicated that the yeast whole-cell ROL biocatalyst was constructed successfully. To our knowledge, this was the first attempt to combine the techniques of yeast surface display with a-agglutinin as the anchor and codon optimization for whole-cell biocatalyst construction. Consequently, the hydrolysis activity was25±0.89U/g dried cells, the esterification activity was5.12U/g dried cells and the optimum pH and temperature was pH7.0and40℃.
The application of the whole-cell biocatalyst in aqueous phase was studied in the test of tributyrin hydrolysis. The conversion of butyric acid reached96.91%after144h. The whole-cell biocatalyst could be applied in hydrolysis of various substrates with ester bond in the future.
Then, the bioimprinting technique was applied to whole-cell biocatalyst to improve the activity and thermostability in organic phase for the first time. Bioimprinting of lipases with fatty acid was shown to be a feasible and effective method for obtaining highly active enzymes in organic solvents. The whole-cell biocatalyst was bioimprinted with oleic acid, gaining2-fold (96.30%to50.32%) increase in the bioconversion of oleic acid methyl ester. However, the influence of bioimprinting on activity and thermostability of the whole-cell biocatalyst in aqueous phase was not obvious.
Furthermore, the bioimprinted whole-cell lipase biocatalyst was applied to biodiesel bioconversion, gaining5-fold (77.71%to15.46%) increase in the alcoholysis of soybean oil to biodiesel. Moreover, the conversion of biodiesel was up to95.45℃2.73%after a27h reaction at60℃. Surprisingly, the yeast cells were still alive after the reaction, showing outstanding thermostability and tolerance of organic solvent.
These results indicate that the combination of bioimprinting with yeast surface display technique to prepare whole-cell biocatalyst has been prove to be a powerful strategy for obtaining an even more active and stable biocatalyst preparation for industrial bioconversion.
本论文根据酵母密码子偏爱性优化设计脂肪酶ROL和CALB两个基因,利用酿酒酵母和毕赤酵母表面展示表达系统,用连接肽将脂肪酶与酵母细胞壁成分α凝集素连接,成功构建了4个重组酵母全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂。以酿酒酵母表面展示表达ROL的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂为例,研究其酶学性质、水相油脂水解应用、非水相生物柴油合成应用及分子印迹法的影响等方面展开研究工作,并得出以下主要结论：
1,三丁酸甘油酯平板水解圈法鉴定阳性克隆及液体培养基发酵上清液测定无脂肪酶活性,证明了酿酒酵母表面展示表达ROL的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂构建成功。据我们所知,这是首次报道α凝集素酿酒酵母展示表达系统与密码子优化技术结合,从而获得了高酶活的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂。其水解酶活为25±0.89U/g干细胞,最适温度40℃,最适pH7.0,酯化酶活为5.12U/g干细胞。
2,以水解三丁酸甘油酯为例,研究了全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂的水解应用。证实全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂在水相中有很强的水解能力,144小时丁酸的转化率达到96.91%。未来将可以尝试应用于各种有酯键结构的底物水解。
3,首次报道将分子印迹技术和全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂结合,显著提高了全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂在有机相中的催化活性和热稳定性。在有机相油酸甲酯的生物转化反应中,分子印迹法制备的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂转化率为96.30%,是非分子印迹组的2倍(50.32%)。分子印迹技术使脂肪酶的催化活性中心在有机相中保持活化状态,极大提高了催化效率。而在水相中,分子印迹法制备全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂对其水解活性和热稳定性提高不显著。
4,分子印迹法制备的全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂成功应用于生物柴油的生物转化试验,在有机相中大豆油转化成生物柴油,转化率为77.71%,是非分子印迹组的5倍(15.46%)。进一步证明了分子印迹技术在有机相中可显著提高全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂的酯化效率。分子印迹全细胞脂肪酶生物催化剂于60℃反应27小时,生物柴油的转化率高达95.45+2.73%,且参与反应的酵母细胞仍然活着,具有耐高温和耐有机溶剂的特性,这些特性对全细胞生物催化剂合成生物柴油的工业化生产有重要的积极意义。
以上的结果表明分子印迹技术与酵母表面展示技术结合制备的全细胞生物催化剂,在有机相催化反应中具有更高的活性和稳定性,为将来的工业化生物转化应用奠定了基础。
The development of green chemistry encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances with high efficiency, low energy consumption and low emission. Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation refers to the use of microorganisms or enzymes to carry out a chemical reaction, is an important part of green chemistry. Lipases perform essential roles in bioconversion, because of their various catalytic reactions and substrates. Currently, the main types of lipase applied in the industry are free and immobilized enzymes. Whole-cell biocatalyst is a novel immobilization technology to improve cost efficiency of enzymes, has caused the attention of researchers. Yeast surface display technique has been often utilized to construct whole-cell biocatalysts, making enzymes displayed on the cell surface by gene modification, with better performance in enzyme activity, stability, cost and recycle.
Here, based on the yeast surface display system with a-agglutinin as the anchor,4recombinant yeast whole-cell biocatalysts have been successfully constructed, displaying codon optimized ROL and CALB, respectively. One of them, ROL-displayed S.cerevisiae, was chosen as a whole-cell biocatalyst to study in this paper. Enzyme activities and properties, oil hydrolysis in aqueous phase, biodiesel synthesis in non aqueous phase, and influence of bioimprinting have been studied. The main results are summarized as follows.
The results of halo assay by tributyrin plate medium and no detection of lipase activity in supernatant of liquid medium have indicated that the yeast whole-cell ROL biocatalyst was constructed successfully. To our knowledge, this was the first attempt to combine the techniques of yeast surface display with a-agglutinin as the anchor and codon optimization for whole-cell biocatalyst construction. Consequently, the hydrolysis activity was25±0.89U/g dried cells, the esterification activity was5.12U/g dried cells and the optimum pH and temperature was pH7.0and40℃.
The application of the whole-cell biocatalyst in aqueous phase was studied in the test of tributyrin hydrolysis. The conversion of butyric acid reached96.91%after144h. The whole-cell biocatalyst could be applied in hydrolysis of various substrates with ester bond in the future.
Then, the bioimprinting technique was applied to whole-cell biocatalyst to improve the activity and thermostability in organic phase for the first time. Bioimprinting of lipases with fatty acid was shown to be a feasible and effective method for obtaining highly active enzymes in organic solvents. The whole-cell biocatalyst was bioimprinted with oleic acid, gaining2-fold (96.30%to50.32%) increase in the bioconversion of oleic acid methyl ester. However, the influence of bioimprinting on activity and thermostability of the whole-cell biocatalyst in aqueous phase was not obvious.
Furthermore, the bioimprinted whole-cell lipase biocatalyst was applied to biodiesel bioconversion, gaining5-fold (77.71%to15.46%) increase in the alcoholysis of soybean oil to biodiesel. Moreover, the conversion of biodiesel was up to95.45℃2.73%after a27h reaction at60℃. Surprisingly, the yeast cells were still alive after the reaction, showing outstanding thermostability and tolerance of organic solvent.
These results indicate that the combination of bioimprinting with yeast surface display technique to prepare whole-cell biocatalyst has been prove to be a powerful strategy for obtaining an even more active and stable biocatalyst preparation for industrial bioconversion.
引文
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