中学男生体质监测若干指标与最大摄氧量的相关性研究
|
摘要
研究目的:探析长沙地区中学男生的体质状况以及城乡差异;分析体质监测指标与最大摄氧量的相关性,并制定间接推算最大摄氧量的多元线性回归方程。力求弥补长期以来缺乏最大摄氧量与人体综合指标相关性研究的不足;为研究中学生的心肺功能、体质健康水平提供科学、合理的实验依据;为学生、教师及家长掌握学生体质健康状况提供方便、有效的测试方法;以促使学生加强体育锻炼,增进健康、增强体质,促进整个中华民族健康素质的发展。
研究对象与方法:采用简单随机抽样法,从长沙地区城市、乡村各两所学校的在校学生中抽取初一、初二、高一、高二男生共240人为研究对象。运用运动生理学、体育测量学等运动人体科学的原理和方法,测量学生的身体形态、心血管机能、呼吸机能、耐力素质指标;直接法测定学生的最大摄氧量;采用均数比较、相关分析、回归分析等方法对数据进行统计处理。
研究结果表明:
1.长沙地区乡村男生的身体形态发育较城市晚。城乡男生身体形态发育指标与肺通气功能、耐力素质、最大摄氧量均显著相关,且多项指标的相关系数达0.7以上(P＜0.01)。
2.长沙地区乡村男生的肺通气功能比城市男生差。最大随意通气量与最大摄氧量中度相关(P＜0.01),提示可作为测试中学男生肺功能水平的动态指标。
3.台阶指数与最大摄氧量、1000米跑、12分钟跑均没有相关性(P＞0.05),且不能反映出年龄变化规律,说明台阶指数不能确切地反映中学男生的耐力素质水平及心血管功能水平。
4.长沙地区乡村男生的耐力素质较城市男生差。1000米跑与最大摄氧量的相关系数为r=-0.716,呈高度负相关(P＜0.01);12分钟跑与最大摄氧量的相关系数为r=0.731,呈高度正相关(P＜0.01);且1000米跑与12分钟跑的相关系数为r=-0.77,呈高度负相关(P＜0.01),说明两者有较强的替代性。
5.本文由1000米跑、12分钟跑及形态指标建立的多元回归方程可用于预测长沙地区中学男生的最大摄氧量。
Objects: Try to find out the state of physical fitness of the high schoolboys in Changsha area and the differences between cities and rural areas. Analyze the correlation between the physical fitness indexes with VO_2max, and then indirectly extrapolate VO_2max by the multiple linear regression equation. In order to make up for a deficiency result from lacking of enough researches above. This paper offer a more scientific and reasonable experimental basis for helping to evaluate their cardiorespiratory function and the level of physical fitness, giving students, teachers and parents a more convenient and effective measure. Foremost, all above can promote stduents to strenghen sports physical training, enhance their health, reinforce their physical fitness, and boost the whole nations' healthy qualities development.
Subjects and methods: The subjects are 240 totally, which are taken from high schools , ranged grade one from grade two respectively. Use the theories and methods of the sports physiology and the sports measurement to measure body configuration, cardiovascular function, respiratory function, endurance capacity; measured VO_2max of the subjects directly. Deal with the data using statistical treatment such as comparing the mean after the experiment, analyze correlation among them, do the regression analysis and so on.
The results show that:
1.The growth of the body configuration of subjects inclines to mature tardy in rural area of Changsha than in city. But the indexes of their body configuration match apparently up to their pulmonary ventilation function, endurance qualities and maximal oxygen uptake. Furthermore, most of correlation coefficient of indexes are greater than 0.7(P<0.01).
2.Pulmonary ventilation functions of the subjects in rural area of Changsha are inferior to that in city and the relativity of the maximum voluntary ventilation and VO_2max matched moderately. These can be view as kinds of dynamic index, which indicate that it can be used to test the level of the lung function of the subjects.
3.Step index, which has no statistics relativity with the VO_2max, the 1000m run and the 12min run, can not reflect discipline of ageing change. That means the step index can not precisely reflect the level of endurance capacity and cardiovascular function of the subjects.
4.The endurance capacity of the subjects are not as good in rural area of Changsha as that in city. The correlation coefficient between the 1000m and the maximal oxygen uptake is r= -0.716,is high negative correlation(P<0.01).Similarly, the correlation coefficient between the 1000m run and the 12min run is r= -0.77,is high negative correlation too(P<0.01). That means that both 12min run and 1000m run can be a substitute for each other.
5.The multiple regression equation established by the 1000m run, 12min run and index of body configuration, which can be put into practice for forecasting the maximal oxygen uptake of the high schoolboys in Changsha area.
研究对象与方法:采用简单随机抽样法,从长沙地区城市、乡村各两所学校的在校学生中抽取初一、初二、高一、高二男生共240人为研究对象。运用运动生理学、体育测量学等运动人体科学的原理和方法,测量学生的身体形态、心血管机能、呼吸机能、耐力素质指标;直接法测定学生的最大摄氧量;采用均数比较、相关分析、回归分析等方法对数据进行统计处理。
研究结果表明:
1.长沙地区乡村男生的身体形态发育较城市晚。城乡男生身体形态发育指标与肺通气功能、耐力素质、最大摄氧量均显著相关,且多项指标的相关系数达0.7以上(P＜0.01)。
2.长沙地区乡村男生的肺通气功能比城市男生差。最大随意通气量与最大摄氧量中度相关(P＜0.01),提示可作为测试中学男生肺功能水平的动态指标。
3.台阶指数与最大摄氧量、1000米跑、12分钟跑均没有相关性(P＞0.05),且不能反映出年龄变化规律,说明台阶指数不能确切地反映中学男生的耐力素质水平及心血管功能水平。
4.长沙地区乡村男生的耐力素质较城市男生差。1000米跑与最大摄氧量的相关系数为r=-0.716,呈高度负相关(P＜0.01);12分钟跑与最大摄氧量的相关系数为r=0.731,呈高度正相关(P＜0.01);且1000米跑与12分钟跑的相关系数为r=-0.77,呈高度负相关(P＜0.01),说明两者有较强的替代性。
5.本文由1000米跑、12分钟跑及形态指标建立的多元回归方程可用于预测长沙地区中学男生的最大摄氧量。
Objects: Try to find out the state of physical fitness of the high schoolboys in Changsha area and the differences between cities and rural areas. Analyze the correlation between the physical fitness indexes with VO_2max, and then indirectly extrapolate VO_2max by the multiple linear regression equation. In order to make up for a deficiency result from lacking of enough researches above. This paper offer a more scientific and reasonable experimental basis for helping to evaluate their cardiorespiratory function and the level of physical fitness, giving students, teachers and parents a more convenient and effective measure. Foremost, all above can promote stduents to strenghen sports physical training, enhance their health, reinforce their physical fitness, and boost the whole nations' healthy qualities development.
Subjects and methods: The subjects are 240 totally, which are taken from high schools , ranged grade one from grade two respectively. Use the theories and methods of the sports physiology and the sports measurement to measure body configuration, cardiovascular function, respiratory function, endurance capacity; measured VO_2max of the subjects directly. Deal with the data using statistical treatment such as comparing the mean after the experiment, analyze correlation among them, do the regression analysis and so on.
The results show that:
1.The growth of the body configuration of subjects inclines to mature tardy in rural area of Changsha than in city. But the indexes of their body configuration match apparently up to their pulmonary ventilation function, endurance qualities and maximal oxygen uptake. Furthermore, most of correlation coefficient of indexes are greater than 0.7(P<0.01).
2.Pulmonary ventilation functions of the subjects in rural area of Changsha are inferior to that in city and the relativity of the maximum voluntary ventilation and VO_2max matched moderately. These can be view as kinds of dynamic index, which indicate that it can be used to test the level of the lung function of the subjects.
3.Step index, which has no statistics relativity with the VO_2max, the 1000m run and the 12min run, can not reflect discipline of ageing change. That means the step index can not precisely reflect the level of endurance capacity and cardiovascular function of the subjects.
4.The endurance capacity of the subjects are not as good in rural area of Changsha as that in city. The correlation coefficient between the 1000m and the maximal oxygen uptake is r= -0.716,is high negative correlation(P<0.01).Similarly, the correlation coefficient between the 1000m run and the 12min run is r= -0.77,is high negative correlation too(P<0.01). That means that both 12min run and 1000m run can be a substitute for each other.
5.The multiple regression equation established by the 1000m run, 12min run and index of body configuration, which can be put into practice for forecasting the maximal oxygen uptake of the high schoolboys in Changsha area.
引文
[1]王健,邓树勋.台阶试验质疑[J].中国体育科技.2003,39(2):61-64.
[2]沈友清,王建珍,徐国栋.肌氧含量的相对有效下降值与最大摄氧量的对比研究[J].武汉体育学院报,2007,41(1):58-60.
[3]王翔,魏源.大学生最大吸氧量平台持续时间及其与耐力运动成绩关系的初步研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2002,21(3):308-310.
[4]蔡秋,等.12分钟跑与20m往返跑预测最大摄氧量的比较研究[J],体育学刊,1997,(2):37-40.
[5]蔡秋,等.20m往返跑预测最大摄氧量的可靠性研究[J],广东教育学院学报,1995,(2):104-7.
[6]曲绵域,于长隆主编.实用运动医学[M].第四版.北京:北京大学医学出版社,2003,11-119.
[7]穆魁津,林友华主编.肺功能测定原理与临床应用[M].北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1992:170-186.
[8]刘华,郝文亭主编.体育测量与评价[M].广西:广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[9]《人体测量与评价》编写组.人体测量与评价[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998.
[10]宋逸,季成叶,马军.中国7-18岁汉族学生形态发育的横断面调查[J].中国预防医学杂志,2006,40(2):105-108.
[11]中国学生体质与健康研究组.95中国学生体质与健康调研报告[R].北京:科学技术出版社,1996.47-71.
[12]皮建辉,雷鸣枝,吴亿中等.湖南侗族青少年身高坐高发育状况分析[J].中国学校卫生,2006,27(9):809-810.
[13]张勇,赵黎,王瑞等.坐高与站高的比率和青少年特发性脊柱侧弯关系的分析[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2006,27(11):581-585.
[14]王满秀,萧志奇.湖南汉族学生1985-1991年间身体形态发育动态简析[A].湖南省全民健身学术论文集.长沙:湖南科技出版社,1992:56-62.
[15]张天成,张福兰,徐建波.湘西地区土家族和苗族中小学生生长发育状况[J].中国学校卫生,2004,25(4):476-477.
[16]李光春,文麦秋.湖南省学生生长发育长期变化趋势分析[J].中国学校卫生,2004,25(3):276-278.
[17]Must A,Anderson SE.Effects of obesity on mortality in children and adolescents[J].Nutr Clin Care,2003,6:4-12.
[18]Fu WPC,Lee HC,Ng CL,et al.Screening for childhood obesity:international vs population specific definitions:which is more appropriate?[J].Int J of Obes,2003,27:1121-1126.
[19]邓树勋,王健,乔德才主编.运动生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
[20]田野主编.运动生理学高级教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
[21]黄锟.儿童青少年体成分与肺通气功能相关性研究[D].安徽医科大学硕士学位论文,2006年.
[22]何卫军,聂俊雄.2005年湖南省7-22岁汉族学生营养状况分析[J].实用预防医学,2006,13(6):1541-1542.
[23]季成叶,李勇.1985年-2000年中国青少年青春期生长长期变化趋势[J].中国生育健康杂志,2003,14(5):271.
[24]苏玲,林章恩.1985-2000年福建省儿童青少年生长发育动态分析[J].中国校医,2002,16(6):500-501.
[25]季成叶,洪峰,林琬生,等.10-19岁男性青少年最大有氧活动能力的间接测定[J].中国运动医学杂志,1993,12:193-197.
[26]张玉青,洪峰,林琬生,等.女性青少年最大耗氧量间接测定的研究[J].北京体育师范学院学报,1992,(2):38-43.
[27]林琬生,季成叶,张玉青,等.儿童最大吸氧量与体格发育的研究[J].中国学校卫生,1994,15:7-10.
[28]沈邦华,王路德,梁国平等.少年儿童肺容量的测试与分析[J].湖北体育科技,2002,21(1):16-18.
[29]杲强.甘肃省2005年与1985年汉族学生肺活量检测结果比较[J].中国学校卫生,2007,28(10):934-935.
[30]傅纪良.《学生体质健康标准》指标体系的实验研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2001.
[31]王渺一,金永昌.中考增加肺活量测评的尝试[J].中国学校体育,2002,2:54.
[32]Perrey S;Candau R;Millet GY,eta.Decrease in oxygen uptake at the end of a high-intensity submaximal runningin humans.International journal of sports medicine,2002:23(4),298-304.
[33]杨阳,周晓东,林章恩等.福建省2000年6-22岁汉族学生血压、肺活量调查分析[J].福建体育科技,2006,25(5):43-49.
[34]徐留臣,毕振旺,席庆兰.2000年山东省城乡部分7-18岁中小学生肺活量发育状况调查[J].预防医学论坛,2004,10(6):672-673.
[35]白文飞,王松涛,严玉柔.2000年北京市中、小学生体质状况分析[J].中国体育科技,2003,39(11):43-47.
[36]刘春兰,董淑杰,宋兴田.1508名儿童身体测量指标与血压的相关性研究[J].中国校医,2007,21(2):139-141.
[37]余玲.长沙市聋哑学生体质健康现状与健身运动处方的研究[D].湖南师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[38]湖南省体育局等.2000年湖南省国民体质监测报告[R].湖南科学技术出版社;2002.
[39]魏国华.贵阳市中小学生2005年与2000年生长发育及体质状况比较[J].中国学校卫生,2007,28(12).
[40]朱继华,程梅玲.对“12min跑”取代1000m跑提高健身效果的研究[J].南京体育学院学报,2001,15(3):79-80.
[41]学生体质健康标准研究课题组.学生体质健康标准(试行方案)解读[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2002.
[42]中华人民共和国教育部国家体育总局《国家学生体质健康标准解读》编委会.国家学生体质健康标准解读[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2007.
[43]MA THEWS D.Measurment in physical education[M].W.B.Saunders Company,Philadelphia,1973.
[44]MON TOYE H J.An introduction to measurement in physical education[M].Allyn and Bacon,Inc.Boston,1978.
[45]BOUCHARD C,SHEPHARD R J,STEPHEN S T.Physical activity,fitness,and health [M].Human Kinetics Publishers,1994.
[46]刘定一,曹电康,李瑞年.对《学生体质健康标准》中台阶试验的研究与建议[J].体育科学.2004,24(10).
[47]陆升汉,邰崇喜,汪康乐.12分钟匀速跑对大学生耐力素质和心肺功能影响的实验研究[J].苏州大学学报(自然科学),2000,16(4):104-107.
[48]潘晟,张宏成.对大学生进行3种不同强度12分钟跑的研究[J].体育与科学,2002,23(5):63-65.
[49]杨翼,李章华,吕坤如,等.MAX-Ⅱ型心肺功能测试系统在机能评定中的应用[J].武汉体育学院学报,2004,38(1):39-40.
[50]钟海波,汪得喜,邓哲彤.运动心肺功能检测体会[[J].广东药学院学报,2001,3(17):222-224.
[51]宋宪强.运动心肺试验对不同人群心肺功能的评价及应用研究[D].山西大学,2002.
[52]王步标,肖泽亮,王翔等.9--18岁学生最大吸氧量的纵向研究[J].体育学刊,1995,(2):58-61.
[53]Gallagher D,Visser M,DeMeersmna RE,etal.Appendieularskeletal muscle mass:effets of gae,gender,nad ethnieiyt.J Appl Physiol,1997:83(1):229-239.
[54]Cotes JE,Chinn DJ,Reed J W.Body mass,fat percentage,and fat free mass as reference variables for lung function:Effects on terms for age and sex.Thorax,2001,56(11):839-844.
[55]MAIOLO C,MOHAMED EI,CARBONELLIMG.Body composition and respiratory function.Acta Diabetol,2003,40(1):32-38.
[56]陆凯.大学生时间肺活量与最大吸氧量的现状分析与相关性研究[D].上海师范大学,2005.
[57]程磊,陈霞.最大吸氧量对青少年100m和800m训练项目的影响[J].山西师大体育学院学报研究生论文专刊,2005,20:122-124.
[58](俄)戈季克,刘饶译.欧洲各国统一使用的评定人体状况的方法[J].国外体育科技,1995.2:26.
[59]苏金明,傅荣华,周建斌,等.统计软件SPSS for Windows实用指南[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2000.
[60]丛湖平.体育统计[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[61]金其贯.对最大摄氧量判断标准的探讨[J].湖北体育科技,1998,1(1):18-22.
[62]曹志发.最大吸氧量及其生理评价[J].安徽体育科技,1982,02:51-55.
[63]孟思进.关于最大摄氧量的限制因素[J].武汉体育学院学报,2003,37(2):43-46.
[64]丁宗一,阎桂凤,李发中,等.平板机运动试验测验健康儿童青少年体质发育[J].学校卫生,1981,2(4):35-42.
[65]陆绍中.人体有氧能力的研究[J].浙江体育科学,1999,21(1)2-12.
[66]王瑜娟,汤长发,陈军等.中国普通大学生的VO_2max测定及其影响因素[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2004,23(3):306-308.
[67]姚宝元,周小平.短期耐力、理论性耐力训练对VO_2max影响的研究[J].体育学刊,1999,(1):42-43.
[68]李健民,肖国强,黄佳等.大强度训练对运动员有氧耐力影响的研究[J].现代康复,2001,5(5):113.
[69]徐惠琴.游泳训练中最大摄氧量训练初探[J].中国体育教练员,2003:17-19.
[70]冯海.最大摄氧量增值与心率差值的相关性研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2004,23(3).
[71]沈友清,王建珍,徐国栋.肌氧含量的相对有效下降值与最大摄氧量的对比研究[J].武汉体育学院报,2007,41(1):58-60.
[72]马冀平.大学生女子篮球运动员最大摄氧量及营养摄取的调查分析[J].体育学刊,2007,14(4):47-50.
[73]邱少霖,敖运忠,向宗明.Pwc170台阶实验、15min跑和12min跑与间接推算VO_2max的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2001,24(1):52-53.
[74]于长江,魏勇,汪吉吉等.8种运动负荷法测定少年男子最大摄氧量初步比较[J].中国运动医学杂志,2005,24(6):707-708.
[75]Rodrigues AN,Perez AJ,Carletti L,etal.Maximum oxygen uptake in adolescents as measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing - a classification proposal.J Pediatr(Rio J).2006 Sep 21;82(6).
[76]Eiberg S,Hasselstrom H,Gronfeldt V,etal.Maximum oxygen uptake and objectively measured physical activity in Danish children 6-7 years of age:the Copenhagen school child intervention study.Br J Sports Med.2005 Oct;39(10):725-30.
[77] Alexander Stahn , Elmarie Terblanche , Sven Grunert, etal. Estimation of maximal oxygen uptake by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2006, 96: 265-273.
[78]Kiyoshi Sanada ,Taishi Midorikawa ,Tomohiro Yasuda, etal. Development of nonexercise prediction models of maximal oxygen uptake in healthy Japanese young men. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2007, 99:143-148.
[79] Davis JA, Storer TW, Caiozzo VJ, etal. Lower reference limit for maximal oxygen uptake in men and women. Clinical physiology and functional imaging; 2002, V. 22 (5): 332-338.
[80]Roger G. Eston Kevin L Lamb Gaynor Parf itt, etal. The validity of predicting maximal oxygen uptake from a perceptually-regulated graded exercise test. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2005, 94: 221-227.
[81]Hirai T, Kusaka Y, Suganuma N, etal. Physical work load affects the maximum oxygen uptake. Ind Health. 2006 Apr;44(2):250-7.
[82]Chuang ML, Lin IF, Vintch JR. Comparison of estimated and measured maximal oxygen uptake during exercise testing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intern Med J. 2004 Aug;34(8):469-74.
[83]Armstrong N, Welsman JR. Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11 to 17 year old humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001 Oct;85(6):546-51.
[84]GuerraS, Ribeiro JC, Costa R. Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and blood pressure in school children. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2002 Jun;42(2):207-13.
[85]Hui SS, Chan JW. The relationship between heart rate reserve and oxygen uptake reserve in children and adolescents. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2006 Mar;77(1):41-9.
[86] Lounana J, Campion F, Noakes TD, etal. Relationship between %HRmax, %HR reserve, %V02max, and %VO2 reserve in elite cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Feb;39(2):350-7.
[87]Swain DP, Leutholtz BC. Heart rate reserve is equivalent to %V02 reserve, not to %VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997 Mar;29(3):410-4.
[88]Cunningham DA. Reliability and reproducibility of maximal oxygen uptake measurement in children. Med Sci Sports . 1977, (9):104-108.
[89]Lepretre PM, Koralsztein JP, Billat VL. Effect of exercise intensity on relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and cardiac output . Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004, 36(8): 1357-1363.
[90]Georgieva KN, Boyadjiev NP. Effects of nandrolone decanoate on maximal oxygen uptake,running economy,and endurance in rats.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2004,36(8):1336-1341.
[91]Andersen P,Henriksson J.Training induced in the subgroups of human type Ⅱskeletal muscle fibres.Acta Physiol Scand.1977,99(1):123-125.
[92]Holloszy JO,Coyle EF.Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences.J Appl Physiol.1984,56(4):831-838.
[93]Dempsey JA,Harms CA,Ainsworth DM.Respiratory muscle perfusion and energetic during exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc.1996,28(9):1123-1128.
[94]Gledhill N,Warburton D,Jamnik V.Haemoglobin,blood volume,cardiac function,and aerobic power.Can J Appl Physiol.1999,24(1):54-65.
[95]Hagberg JM,Moore GE,Ferre RE.Specific genetic markers of endurance performance and maximal oxygen uptake.Exerc Sport Sci Rev.2001,29(1):15-19.
[96]刘海平.高原中长跑运动员海拔2260m-3150m交替训练期间有氧能力的研究[[J].体育科学,2001,2l(5):88
[97]陈俊民,王步标,格日力.高原青少年最大有氧能力的研究[[J].中国应用生理学杂志,1992,8(4):303-305.
[98]肖国强.运动能量代谢--关于有氧训练和无氧训练研究[M].人民体育出版社,1999.
[99]国家体育总局编,《国民体质测定标准手册.幼儿部分(成年人部分,老年人部分)》[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2003.
[100]郭文.国家羽毛球9-12岁后备人才的生物学现况与特征研究[D].湖南师范大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[101]黄晓丽.有氧健身操对肥胖型女大学生脂代谢及相关激素的影响[D].湖南师范大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[102]凌月红.高校大学生体育课健身运动处方教学模式对体质影响的研究[D].湖南师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[103]国家体育总局科教司 中国国民体质监测系统课题组.中国国民体质监测系统的研究[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2000.
[104]姚泰主编.生理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2006.
[2]沈友清,王建珍,徐国栋.肌氧含量的相对有效下降值与最大摄氧量的对比研究[J].武汉体育学院报,2007,41(1):58-60.
[3]王翔,魏源.大学生最大吸氧量平台持续时间及其与耐力运动成绩关系的初步研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2002,21(3):308-310.
[4]蔡秋,等.12分钟跑与20m往返跑预测最大摄氧量的比较研究[J],体育学刊,1997,(2):37-40.
[5]蔡秋,等.20m往返跑预测最大摄氧量的可靠性研究[J],广东教育学院学报,1995,(2):104-7.
[6]曲绵域,于长隆主编.实用运动医学[M].第四版.北京:北京大学医学出版社,2003,11-119.
[7]穆魁津,林友华主编.肺功能测定原理与临床应用[M].北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1992:170-186.
[8]刘华,郝文亭主编.体育测量与评价[M].广西:广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[9]《人体测量与评价》编写组.人体测量与评价[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998.
[10]宋逸,季成叶,马军.中国7-18岁汉族学生形态发育的横断面调查[J].中国预防医学杂志,2006,40(2):105-108.
[11]中国学生体质与健康研究组.95中国学生体质与健康调研报告[R].北京:科学技术出版社,1996.47-71.
[12]皮建辉,雷鸣枝,吴亿中等.湖南侗族青少年身高坐高发育状况分析[J].中国学校卫生,2006,27(9):809-810.
[13]张勇,赵黎,王瑞等.坐高与站高的比率和青少年特发性脊柱侧弯关系的分析[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2006,27(11):581-585.
[14]王满秀,萧志奇.湖南汉族学生1985-1991年间身体形态发育动态简析[A].湖南省全民健身学术论文集.长沙:湖南科技出版社,1992:56-62.
[15]张天成,张福兰,徐建波.湘西地区土家族和苗族中小学生生长发育状况[J].中国学校卫生,2004,25(4):476-477.
[16]李光春,文麦秋.湖南省学生生长发育长期变化趋势分析[J].中国学校卫生,2004,25(3):276-278.
[17]Must A,Anderson SE.Effects of obesity on mortality in children and adolescents[J].Nutr Clin Care,2003,6:4-12.
[18]Fu WPC,Lee HC,Ng CL,et al.Screening for childhood obesity:international vs population specific definitions:which is more appropriate?[J].Int J of Obes,2003,27:1121-1126.
[19]邓树勋,王健,乔德才主编.运动生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
[20]田野主编.运动生理学高级教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
[21]黄锟.儿童青少年体成分与肺通气功能相关性研究[D].安徽医科大学硕士学位论文,2006年.
[22]何卫军,聂俊雄.2005年湖南省7-22岁汉族学生营养状况分析[J].实用预防医学,2006,13(6):1541-1542.
[23]季成叶,李勇.1985年-2000年中国青少年青春期生长长期变化趋势[J].中国生育健康杂志,2003,14(5):271.
[24]苏玲,林章恩.1985-2000年福建省儿童青少年生长发育动态分析[J].中国校医,2002,16(6):500-501.
[25]季成叶,洪峰,林琬生,等.10-19岁男性青少年最大有氧活动能力的间接测定[J].中国运动医学杂志,1993,12:193-197.
[26]张玉青,洪峰,林琬生,等.女性青少年最大耗氧量间接测定的研究[J].北京体育师范学院学报,1992,(2):38-43.
[27]林琬生,季成叶,张玉青,等.儿童最大吸氧量与体格发育的研究[J].中国学校卫生,1994,15:7-10.
[28]沈邦华,王路德,梁国平等.少年儿童肺容量的测试与分析[J].湖北体育科技,2002,21(1):16-18.
[29]杲强.甘肃省2005年与1985年汉族学生肺活量检测结果比较[J].中国学校卫生,2007,28(10):934-935.
[30]傅纪良.《学生体质健康标准》指标体系的实验研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2001.
[31]王渺一,金永昌.中考增加肺活量测评的尝试[J].中国学校体育,2002,2:54.
[32]Perrey S;Candau R;Millet GY,eta.Decrease in oxygen uptake at the end of a high-intensity submaximal runningin humans.International journal of sports medicine,2002:23(4),298-304.
[33]杨阳,周晓东,林章恩等.福建省2000年6-22岁汉族学生血压、肺活量调查分析[J].福建体育科技,2006,25(5):43-49.
[34]徐留臣,毕振旺,席庆兰.2000年山东省城乡部分7-18岁中小学生肺活量发育状况调查[J].预防医学论坛,2004,10(6):672-673.
[35]白文飞,王松涛,严玉柔.2000年北京市中、小学生体质状况分析[J].中国体育科技,2003,39(11):43-47.
[36]刘春兰,董淑杰,宋兴田.1508名儿童身体测量指标与血压的相关性研究[J].中国校医,2007,21(2):139-141.
[37]余玲.长沙市聋哑学生体质健康现状与健身运动处方的研究[D].湖南师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[38]湖南省体育局等.2000年湖南省国民体质监测报告[R].湖南科学技术出版社;2002.
[39]魏国华.贵阳市中小学生2005年与2000年生长发育及体质状况比较[J].中国学校卫生,2007,28(12).
[40]朱继华,程梅玲.对“12min跑”取代1000m跑提高健身效果的研究[J].南京体育学院学报,2001,15(3):79-80.
[41]学生体质健康标准研究课题组.学生体质健康标准(试行方案)解读[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2002.
[42]中华人民共和国教育部国家体育总局《国家学生体质健康标准解读》编委会.国家学生体质健康标准解读[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2007.
[43]MA THEWS D.Measurment in physical education[M].W.B.Saunders Company,Philadelphia,1973.
[44]MON TOYE H J.An introduction to measurement in physical education[M].Allyn and Bacon,Inc.Boston,1978.
[45]BOUCHARD C,SHEPHARD R J,STEPHEN S T.Physical activity,fitness,and health [M].Human Kinetics Publishers,1994.
[46]刘定一,曹电康,李瑞年.对《学生体质健康标准》中台阶试验的研究与建议[J].体育科学.2004,24(10).
[47]陆升汉,邰崇喜,汪康乐.12分钟匀速跑对大学生耐力素质和心肺功能影响的实验研究[J].苏州大学学报(自然科学),2000,16(4):104-107.
[48]潘晟,张宏成.对大学生进行3种不同强度12分钟跑的研究[J].体育与科学,2002,23(5):63-65.
[49]杨翼,李章华,吕坤如,等.MAX-Ⅱ型心肺功能测试系统在机能评定中的应用[J].武汉体育学院学报,2004,38(1):39-40.
[50]钟海波,汪得喜,邓哲彤.运动心肺功能检测体会[[J].广东药学院学报,2001,3(17):222-224.
[51]宋宪强.运动心肺试验对不同人群心肺功能的评价及应用研究[D].山西大学,2002.
[52]王步标,肖泽亮,王翔等.9--18岁学生最大吸氧量的纵向研究[J].体育学刊,1995,(2):58-61.
[53]Gallagher D,Visser M,DeMeersmna RE,etal.Appendieularskeletal muscle mass:effets of gae,gender,nad ethnieiyt.J Appl Physiol,1997:83(1):229-239.
[54]Cotes JE,Chinn DJ,Reed J W.Body mass,fat percentage,and fat free mass as reference variables for lung function:Effects on terms for age and sex.Thorax,2001,56(11):839-844.
[55]MAIOLO C,MOHAMED EI,CARBONELLIMG.Body composition and respiratory function.Acta Diabetol,2003,40(1):32-38.
[56]陆凯.大学生时间肺活量与最大吸氧量的现状分析与相关性研究[D].上海师范大学,2005.
[57]程磊,陈霞.最大吸氧量对青少年100m和800m训练项目的影响[J].山西师大体育学院学报研究生论文专刊,2005,20:122-124.
[58](俄)戈季克,刘饶译.欧洲各国统一使用的评定人体状况的方法[J].国外体育科技,1995.2:26.
[59]苏金明,傅荣华,周建斌,等.统计软件SPSS for Windows实用指南[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2000.
[60]丛湖平.体育统计[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[61]金其贯.对最大摄氧量判断标准的探讨[J].湖北体育科技,1998,1(1):18-22.
[62]曹志发.最大吸氧量及其生理评价[J].安徽体育科技,1982,02:51-55.
[63]孟思进.关于最大摄氧量的限制因素[J].武汉体育学院学报,2003,37(2):43-46.
[64]丁宗一,阎桂凤,李发中,等.平板机运动试验测验健康儿童青少年体质发育[J].学校卫生,1981,2(4):35-42.
[65]陆绍中.人体有氧能力的研究[J].浙江体育科学,1999,21(1)2-12.
[66]王瑜娟,汤长发,陈军等.中国普通大学生的VO_2max测定及其影响因素[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2004,23(3):306-308.
[67]姚宝元,周小平.短期耐力、理论性耐力训练对VO_2max影响的研究[J].体育学刊,1999,(1):42-43.
[68]李健民,肖国强,黄佳等.大强度训练对运动员有氧耐力影响的研究[J].现代康复,2001,5(5):113.
[69]徐惠琴.游泳训练中最大摄氧量训练初探[J].中国体育教练员,2003:17-19.
[70]冯海.最大摄氧量增值与心率差值的相关性研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2004,23(3).
[71]沈友清,王建珍,徐国栋.肌氧含量的相对有效下降值与最大摄氧量的对比研究[J].武汉体育学院报,2007,41(1):58-60.
[72]马冀平.大学生女子篮球运动员最大摄氧量及营养摄取的调查分析[J].体育学刊,2007,14(4):47-50.
[73]邱少霖,敖运忠,向宗明.Pwc170台阶实验、15min跑和12min跑与间接推算VO_2max的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2001,24(1):52-53.
[74]于长江,魏勇,汪吉吉等.8种运动负荷法测定少年男子最大摄氧量初步比较[J].中国运动医学杂志,2005,24(6):707-708.
[75]Rodrigues AN,Perez AJ,Carletti L,etal.Maximum oxygen uptake in adolescents as measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing - a classification proposal.J Pediatr(Rio J).2006 Sep 21;82(6).
[76]Eiberg S,Hasselstrom H,Gronfeldt V,etal.Maximum oxygen uptake and objectively measured physical activity in Danish children 6-7 years of age:the Copenhagen school child intervention study.Br J Sports Med.2005 Oct;39(10):725-30.
[77] Alexander Stahn , Elmarie Terblanche , Sven Grunert, etal. Estimation of maximal oxygen uptake by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2006, 96: 265-273.
[78]Kiyoshi Sanada ,Taishi Midorikawa ,Tomohiro Yasuda, etal. Development of nonexercise prediction models of maximal oxygen uptake in healthy Japanese young men. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2007, 99:143-148.
[79] Davis JA, Storer TW, Caiozzo VJ, etal. Lower reference limit for maximal oxygen uptake in men and women. Clinical physiology and functional imaging; 2002, V. 22 (5): 332-338.
[80]Roger G. Eston Kevin L Lamb Gaynor Parf itt, etal. The validity of predicting maximal oxygen uptake from a perceptually-regulated graded exercise test. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2005, 94: 221-227.
[81]Hirai T, Kusaka Y, Suganuma N, etal. Physical work load affects the maximum oxygen uptake. Ind Health. 2006 Apr;44(2):250-7.
[82]Chuang ML, Lin IF, Vintch JR. Comparison of estimated and measured maximal oxygen uptake during exercise testing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intern Med J. 2004 Aug;34(8):469-74.
[83]Armstrong N, Welsman JR. Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11 to 17 year old humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001 Oct;85(6):546-51.
[84]GuerraS, Ribeiro JC, Costa R. Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and blood pressure in school children. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2002 Jun;42(2):207-13.
[85]Hui SS, Chan JW. The relationship between heart rate reserve and oxygen uptake reserve in children and adolescents. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2006 Mar;77(1):41-9.
[86] Lounana J, Campion F, Noakes TD, etal. Relationship between %HRmax, %HR reserve, %V02max, and %VO2 reserve in elite cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Feb;39(2):350-7.
[87]Swain DP, Leutholtz BC. Heart rate reserve is equivalent to %V02 reserve, not to %VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997 Mar;29(3):410-4.
[88]Cunningham DA. Reliability and reproducibility of maximal oxygen uptake measurement in children. Med Sci Sports . 1977, (9):104-108.
[89]Lepretre PM, Koralsztein JP, Billat VL. Effect of exercise intensity on relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and cardiac output . Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004, 36(8): 1357-1363.
[90]Georgieva KN, Boyadjiev NP. Effects of nandrolone decanoate on maximal oxygen uptake,running economy,and endurance in rats.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2004,36(8):1336-1341.
[91]Andersen P,Henriksson J.Training induced in the subgroups of human type Ⅱskeletal muscle fibres.Acta Physiol Scand.1977,99(1):123-125.
[92]Holloszy JO,Coyle EF.Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences.J Appl Physiol.1984,56(4):831-838.
[93]Dempsey JA,Harms CA,Ainsworth DM.Respiratory muscle perfusion and energetic during exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc.1996,28(9):1123-1128.
[94]Gledhill N,Warburton D,Jamnik V.Haemoglobin,blood volume,cardiac function,and aerobic power.Can J Appl Physiol.1999,24(1):54-65.
[95]Hagberg JM,Moore GE,Ferre RE.Specific genetic markers of endurance performance and maximal oxygen uptake.Exerc Sport Sci Rev.2001,29(1):15-19.
[96]刘海平.高原中长跑运动员海拔2260m-3150m交替训练期间有氧能力的研究[[J].体育科学,2001,2l(5):88
[97]陈俊民,王步标,格日力.高原青少年最大有氧能力的研究[[J].中国应用生理学杂志,1992,8(4):303-305.
[98]肖国强.运动能量代谢--关于有氧训练和无氧训练研究[M].人民体育出版社,1999.
[99]国家体育总局编,《国民体质测定标准手册.幼儿部分(成年人部分,老年人部分)》[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2003.
[100]郭文.国家羽毛球9-12岁后备人才的生物学现况与特征研究[D].湖南师范大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[101]黄晓丽.有氧健身操对肥胖型女大学生脂代谢及相关激素的影响[D].湖南师范大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[102]凌月红.高校大学生体育课健身运动处方教学模式对体质影响的研究[D].湖南师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[103]国家体育总局科教司 中国国民体质监测系统课题组.中国国民体质监测系统的研究[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2000.
[104]姚泰主编.生理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2006.