摘要
研究如何运用计算机来实现自行车运动员选材指标的快速查询与评价功能,是当前亟需解决的一个重要课题。开发编写基于计算机的自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价软件,对方便教练员的信息决策,提高自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价工作的效率具有理论与实践意义。
传统的自行车运动员选材评价需要人工由评价标准表查出各项指标得分后再相加得到总分,速度慢,效率低,统计排序困难,很不适应大规模的自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价工作的要求。
本研究通过查阅大量文献资料进行分析和比较,确定以“中国自行车运动员机能评定研究组”制定的优秀自行车运动员机能评定标准作为自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价软件的国内优秀自行车运动员评价依据,以Robert B.Arnot和Charles L.Gaines制定的优秀自行车运动员评定标准作为软件的世界优秀自行车运动员评价依据,初步制定自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价应用程序设计方案,并运用VB语言按照设计方案成功编写自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价软件。
自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价软件既可以对某一运动员选材指标测试数据自动评分,给出指标评价等级,计算指标评价总得分,也可以对同一运动专项、同一年龄组的所有运动员的指标评价总得分快速统计排序,实现自行车运动员选材指标评价、统计、排序、查询的自动化,达到准确高效、方便快捷的目的。本软件界面友好、输入方便、统计灵活、排序简便,对实现大面积自行车运动员选材有现实指导意义。
由于在以往的自行车运动员选材测试中很少采用Wingate无氧实验进行无氧功率测试,所以本研究采用Wingate法对128名男、女青少年自行车运动员进行无氧能力测试,建立14岁—16岁女子与15岁—17岁男子的Wingate无氧功率评价标准,并作为青少年自行车运动员Wingate无氧功率指标的评价依据应用于自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价软件。
通过初步验证,本研究设计与编写的自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价软件,能够完成对测试数据的快速评价、储存、查询、编辑、打印、统计、排序等功能,并且评价准确,查询方便,报表灵活,统计快捷。
自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价软件的准确性、高效性、便捷性明显高于传统的选材评价操作方式,省时省力,简便易用,是进行自行车运动员选材指标查询与评价的有效工具,有一定的实用价值。
Purpose: The aim of this study is to design and work out a program for the indexing and evaluating work in cyclists' talent identification tests instead of the traditional ones. Talent identification and development is well recognized by sport as one of the key factors in conducting successful elite programs. Large area and repeating more frequently indexing and evaluating in cyclists' talent identification tests need more simple and efficient computer-based software. Therefore, coaches can be equipped with a more convenient tool which leads to the high accuracy and efficiency for their decision-making.
Methods: In this study ,we consulted and analyzed a lot of literature and data. According to analysis of literature and data, criteria of cycling from maded by researchers of functional evaluation for elite cyclists and from maded by Robert B. Amot and Charles L. Gaines have been used in order to provide reference for indexing and evaluating software in cyclists' talent identification tests.
In this study ,we exerted the usually used program language Visual Basic to design and work out indexing and evaluating software in cyclists' talent identification tests. The software was then applied to the indexing and evaluating work of young cyclists' talent identification tests.
In this study ,we made the testing experiment of Wingate of 128 young cyclists. After examined we analyzed statistically 92 young cyclists' Peak Power and Mean Power (male totaled 35, age between 15-17 years old, female totaled 57, age between 14-16 years old) and made the evaluating Wingate standard in order to provide reference for indexing and evaluating software in young cyclists' talent identification tests.
Results:In this software, we can input the data of the cyclists'talent identification tests, and evaluate their sports talent, we can save, modify, delete and index their datas, we can create report forms which result were analyzed statistically. The efficiency cf indexing and evaluating software in cyclists' talent identification tests would be greatly improved and it was will suited for the need of today cyclists' talent identification tests.
According to statistical analysis, we made the evaluating Wingate standard in order to provide reference for indexing and evaluating software in young cyclists' talent identification tests. It is easy for the young to evaluate their Wingate Power. Conclusion: The convenience, accuracy, and repeatability of this indexing and evaluating software in cyclists' talent identification tests significantly preceded that of the traditional method. All of these advantages make it better for research tool.
引文
[1] Rick Reilly. Lance. Armstrong[J]. Sports Illustrated, 2002,97(24):52-64
[2] 何洋,白鸿毅等.青少年自行车运动员选材指标体系的研究[J].山西体育科技,1994,4:1-7
[3] Deborah Hoare. Talent Search: A Review And Update[J]. Sports Coach, 1998, 21(Spring): 32-33
[4] Gore Christopher J. Physiological Tests For Elite Athletes[M]. Human Kinetics,2000
[5] Lucia A, Hoyos J and Chicharro J. L. Physiological response to professional road cycling: climbers vs time trialists[J]. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2001,21:505-512
[6] Lucia A, Hoyos J and Chicharro J. L. The slow component of Vo_2 in professional cyclists[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2000,34:367-374
[7] Jeukendrup A. E, Craig N. P and Hawley J. A. The bioenergetics of world class cycling[J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2000,3:414-433
[8] 田麦久等.运动员选材基本理论的再认识[J].山西体育科技,1995,3:1-4
[9] 樊晋华等译.美国自行车联合会公路自行车运动员有氧和无氧能力的特征[J].山西体育科技,1996,2:18-24
[10] Robert B. Arnot, M. D. and Charles L. Gaines. Sports Talent[M]. New York: Penguin Books, 1986
[11] Marshall S. Riley, Christopher B. Cooper. Ventilatory and gas exchange responses during heavy constant work-rate exercise[J]. Medicine & Science in sport & Exercise 2002, 34(1):98-104
[12] Kindermann, W., Schramm, H. and Keul, J. Aerobic performance diagnostics with different experimental setting, International Journal of Sports Medicine,1980,1:110-114
[13] Kohrt, W. M., Morgan, D. W., Bates, B. and Skinner, J. S. Physiological responses of triathletes to maximal swimming, cycling, and running[J]. Medicine & Science in sport & Exercise, 1987,19:51-55
[14] Wasserman, k., and B. J. Whipp. Exercise physiology in health and disease. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 112:219-249,1975
[15] 王瑞元,熊开宇编著.实用运动生理实验[M].北京:京体育大学出版社,1997
[16] 何洋 白鸿毅等.对青少年自行车运动员运动成绩的多因素分析[J].中国体育科技,1995,8
[17] 白鸿毅等.中、波、奥、日等国优秀自行车运动员形态机能比较[J].山西体育科技,1985,3:1-4
[18] 张力为,任未多主编.体育运动心理学研究进展[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000
[19] 赵家琪,杨锡让等.实用运动生理问答[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1993:267-283
[20] 罗冬梅,徐刚,刘晔.运动员科学选材.体育生物医学基础研究与进展[C].北京:人民体育出版社,2001,209-222
[21] 刘献武主编.运动选材学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1991
[22] 曾凡辉,王路德,邢文华等著.运动员科学选材[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1992
[23] 钟添发,田麦久,王路德主编.运动员竞技能力模型与选材标准[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1994,4-23
[24] 张人民,杜利军译.前苏联及俄罗斯体育科研状况分析[J].国外体育动态,1996,29
[25] 蔡俊五.德国体育科技体制概况[J].国外体育动态,1996,34
[26] Deborah Hoare. Talents search: The national talent identification and development program [J]. Sports Coach, 1995, 18(spring):24-25
[27] Merv Kemp. Identification of talented young athletes in China[J]. Modern Athlete and Coach, 1995,33(October):19-22
[28] Thomas, K. T. and Thomas, J. R. What squirrels in the trees predict about expert athletes [J]. Intenational Journal of Sport psychology, 1999,30:221-234
[29] Rroberts R. Molecular genetics and its application to cardiac muscle disease[J]. Sports Medicine, 1997, 23:1-10
[30] Marian AJ., Roberts R. Molecular genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[J]. Ann Rev Med, 1995, 46:213-222
[31] Bouchard, C., Malina, R. M. and Perusse, L. Genetics of Fitness and Physical Performance[M]. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 1997
[32] Bouchard, C. and Lortie, G. Heredity and endurance performance[J]. Sports Medicine, 1985, 1:38-64
[33] A.W.S.Watson 著.武维一,王琳,叶永延,郑亦华,郭廉彰译.身体素质与运动成绩[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1999:1-3
[34] 沈同,王镜岩著.生物化学[M].北京高等教育出版社,1991
[35] 朱洁等.分子遗传学在运动医学中的应用[J].中国运动医学杂志,1999,18(2):153-155
[36] 王秀香,明大阳.关于跳高运动员选材理论的综述[J].体育科学,2002,22(3):70-72
[37] Bouchard C, et al. Familial resemblance for VO2max in the sedentary state: the HERITAGE Family Study[J]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1998,30(2):252-258.
[38] Bouchard C, An P, Rice T, et al. Familial Aggregation of VO2max response to exercise training: results from the HERITAGE Family Study[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1999,87(3): 1003-1008.
[39] 陈青等.人类运动能力的遗传学研究新方法—单根毛发中线粒体DNA RFLP分析[J].中国运动医学杂志,1999,18(1):44-45
[40] Matthew Brearley.mtDNAD-loop多态性与澳大利亚自行车运动员有氧运动能力关系初探[J].天津体育学院学报,2001,16(4):6-8
[41] 吴侔天译.奥林匹克运动2003年禁用清单(奥林匹克运动反兴奋剂条例)[J].反兴奋剂动态,2002,12
[42] 张绍岩,邵伟东等.中国人骨成熟度评价标准及应用[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1995
[43] 刘宝林.对判定儿童骨龄方法的评价[J].中华预防医学杂志,1997,1:6
[44] 田麦久主编.运动训练学词解[M].北京:北京体育大学运动训练学教研室,1999
[45] Edmund R. Burke. Science of Cycling[M]. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.,1986:13
[46] 阎建辉等.赛场自行车运动员 100 米计时赛优秀自行车运动员最佳模型的研究[J].山西体育科技,1989,2:13-20
[47] 白鸿毅等.自行车运动员机能评定的方法、指标和标准[J].山西体育科技,1987,3:12-24
[48] 自行车:阿姆斯特朗夺冠的秘诀是什么[N],中国体育报,2002年8月9日
[49] 张镜如主编.生理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998:301-369
[50] 王瑞元主编.运动生理学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2002
[51] 《运动解剖学》编委会.运动解剖学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2000
[52] 于频主编.系统解剖学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998:262-387
[53] 陈彦龙.自行车运动[M].太原:山西人民出版社,1984:38-57
[54] Fowler B, Elcombe DD, Kelso B, et al. The threshold for hypoxia effects on perceptual-motor performance[J]. Hum factors, 1987,29(1):61-66
[55] 《运动生理学》教材小组.运动生理学[M].北京:人民体育出版社.1990:242
[56] 冯炜权主编.运动生物化学原理[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社.1995:281-283
[57] 杨锡让主编.实用运动生理学[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社.1998:391-425
[58] 李峰等.运动性疲劳大鼠脑组织中一氧化氮合酶和内皮素mRNA表达的变化规律及中药“体复康”的调节作用[J].中国运动医学杂志,2001,20(2):116-120
[59] Newell DW, Aaslid R edited. Transcranial Doppler[M]. Raven Press Ltd, New York, 1992:33-81
[60] 顾凡及,宋如垓,范思陆等.不同状态下脑电图复杂性探索[J].生物物理报,1994,10(3):439-445
[61] 刘建平,贺太纲,郑崇勋,等.EEG复杂性测度用于大脑负荷状态的研究[J].生物医学工程学,1997,14(1):33-37
[62] 孟欣,欧阳楷.脑电信号的几个非线性动力学分析方法[J].北京生物医学工程,1997,16(3):135-139
[63] 吴祥宝,徐京华.复杂性与脑功能[J].生物物理学报,1991,71(4):103
[64] 柳丽春.对全国自行车训练理论有关问题初探[J].山西体育科技,1989,3:22-26
[65] 李安琪.浅析业余少年女子自行车运动员的选材[J].山西体育科技,2001,21(2):22-26
[65] 宋景茂.国外运动员选材研究文献综述[J].山西体育科技,1990,第1-4期
[66] Hoare, D. Norms for Sport Related Fitness Tests in Australian Students Aged 12-17 Years. Belconnen, ACT: Australian Sports Commission, 1994
[67] Hoare, D. The Australian National Talent Search Program[J]. Coaching Focus, 1996, 31,3-4
[68] Kim Anderson. Cycling for Women[M]. Pennsylvania: Rodale Press, Inc.,1989
[69] 赖柳明.对肌肉力量评估方法的思考,运动生理学进展-----质疑与思考[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社.2000:289-291
[70] Bompa, T O. Talent identification. Science Periodical on Research and technology
in Sport. Ottawa, Feb 1985,1
[71] Kozel, J. Talent Identification and Development in Germany. Coaching focus, 31. Spring 1996, 12-13.
[72] Peltola, E. Talent Identification. New Studies in Athletics, 7(3),Sept 1992, 7-12.
[73] Peltola, E. Talent Identification. Sport Psychology Bulletin, 3(5),1992 10-11.
[74] Hahn, A. Identification and Selection of Talent in Australian Rowing. 6(3),1990,5-11.
[75] 浦钧宗,高崇玄,冯炜权等.优秀运动员机能评定手册[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1989:136-137
[76] 王太生等.山西省自行车、摔跤运动员无氧能力测评标准的研究[J].山西体育科技,2001,21(4):1-6
[77] [德]Urs Gering, Thomas Frischknecht 著,邓二红译.山地自行车[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2001
[78] John C. Kalohn. Introduction to Computer-and web-based Assessment[C]. 2002 Busan asian games sport science concress(proceedings Ⅱ), 2002 Busan asian games sport science congress organizing, 1758-1784
[79] 国民体质监测系统课题组.中国国民体质监测系统的研究(第一版)[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2000
[80] 萨师煊,王珊主编.数据库系统概论(第三版),高等教育出版社,2000:2