抽头式微波滤波器的分析与设计
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摘要
现代微波通信技术的迅速发展,使得频谱资源变得日益紧张,对微波滤波器的指标要求也越来越高,比如高选择性、低损耗、小体积以及低成本等,势必推动了对微波滤波器更深入的研究。
抽头式输入\输出单元,以其紧凑的结构形式,灵活的设计方法,早在上世纪六七十年代就被许多人员研究,但是由于等效电路法分析该单元的精度较差、调试难度大、研制周期长等原因,影响了抽头式微波滤波器的广泛应用。随着计算机性能的提高,以及微波CAD技术的进步,高频电磁仿真软件仿真的精度和效率不断提高,可以将传统的等效电路设计方法与高频电磁仿真软件相结合,提高设计精度,缩短研制周期。
本文主要工作是深入研究抽头式结构微波滤波器,以实现对这类滤波器的高效快速设计。现总结如下:
1.对微波滤波器的设计理论进行系统的分析,阐述了微波滤波器的传输函数、低通原型、频率变换、倒置变换器以及元件损耗对带内插损的影响等方面。
2.对抽头线单元和内部耦合结构进行了详细研究,给出了等效电路和参数提取两种分析方法,并编写了相应的设计程序。
3.结合具体的微波滤波器设计指标,分别给出了不同类型滤波器的设计实例,其中包括梳状线、交指线以及直接耦合等结构形式,并对各种结构形式的适用条件和范围作了较细致的分析,给出了相应的选型依据,最后还给出了部分微波滤波器的仿真和测试结果及分析。
总之,本文对抽头式结构进行了细致的研究,并灵活的运用到微波滤波器的实际设计中,所设计的微波滤波器,结构紧凑,性能优良,具有较好的工程应用价值。
With the rapid development of modern microwave communication techniques, the spectrum is becoming more and more precious and crowded. The requirements for microwave filters with high selectivity, low loss, small size and low cost are increasing, which promotes the deeper research for the microwave filters.
The tapped line input\output block with compact structures and flexible design method, was studied by many designers in the sixties and seventies of last century. But it is because the weak precision, hard tuning and long design period of traditional equivalent circuit method influences the development and wide use of this block.
Now days, with the improvement of computer capacities and technique of microwave CAD, the precision and efficiency of the high frequency simulation softer is raising highly. So we can associate the equivalent circuit method with the softer of high frequency simulation, to improve the characteristics and shorten the design period.
The purpose of this paper gives the deeper research of tapped line microwave filters, to provide the fast and precise design for the kinds of filters. The main works are as follows:
1. The paper systematically describes basic concepts and theories that form the foundation for design of general microwave filters. The topics will cover filter transfer function, lowpass prototype filters, frequency transformations, immittance inverters and the passband insertion loss under the influence of the dissipation of filter elements
2. The tapped line I/O block and the internal coupling structure is systematically analyzed. Two methods of analysis and design programs of filters are given .
3. Some examples of filters are designed for special requirements, including combline, interdigital line and direct coupled. The analysis of any kinds is also given. At the last of partial examples, simulation results and measurements are given, which agree well with each other.
In all,the paper systematically studies the tapped line microwave filters. The filters with compact size and good property are great suitable for the engineering.
抽头式输入\输出单元,以其紧凑的结构形式,灵活的设计方法,早在上世纪六七十年代就被许多人员研究,但是由于等效电路法分析该单元的精度较差、调试难度大、研制周期长等原因,影响了抽头式微波滤波器的广泛应用。随着计算机性能的提高,以及微波CAD技术的进步,高频电磁仿真软件仿真的精度和效率不断提高,可以将传统的等效电路设计方法与高频电磁仿真软件相结合,提高设计精度,缩短研制周期。
本文主要工作是深入研究抽头式结构微波滤波器,以实现对这类滤波器的高效快速设计。现总结如下:
1.对微波滤波器的设计理论进行系统的分析,阐述了微波滤波器的传输函数、低通原型、频率变换、倒置变换器以及元件损耗对带内插损的影响等方面。
2.对抽头线单元和内部耦合结构进行了详细研究,给出了等效电路和参数提取两种分析方法,并编写了相应的设计程序。
3.结合具体的微波滤波器设计指标,分别给出了不同类型滤波器的设计实例,其中包括梳状线、交指线以及直接耦合等结构形式,并对各种结构形式的适用条件和范围作了较细致的分析,给出了相应的选型依据,最后还给出了部分微波滤波器的仿真和测试结果及分析。
总之,本文对抽头式结构进行了细致的研究,并灵活的运用到微波滤波器的实际设计中,所设计的微波滤波器,结构紧凑,性能优良,具有较好的工程应用价值。
With the rapid development of modern microwave communication techniques, the spectrum is becoming more and more precious and crowded. The requirements for microwave filters with high selectivity, low loss, small size and low cost are increasing, which promotes the deeper research for the microwave filters.
The tapped line input\output block with compact structures and flexible design method, was studied by many designers in the sixties and seventies of last century. But it is because the weak precision, hard tuning and long design period of traditional equivalent circuit method influences the development and wide use of this block.
Now days, with the improvement of computer capacities and technique of microwave CAD, the precision and efficiency of the high frequency simulation softer is raising highly. So we can associate the equivalent circuit method with the softer of high frequency simulation, to improve the characteristics and shorten the design period.
The purpose of this paper gives the deeper research of tapped line microwave filters, to provide the fast and precise design for the kinds of filters. The main works are as follows:
1. The paper systematically describes basic concepts and theories that form the foundation for design of general microwave filters. The topics will cover filter transfer function, lowpass prototype filters, frequency transformations, immittance inverters and the passband insertion loss under the influence of the dissipation of filter elements
2. The tapped line I/O block and the internal coupling structure is systematically analyzed. Two methods of analysis and design programs of filters are given .
3. Some examples of filters are designed for special requirements, including combline, interdigital line and direct coupled. The analysis of any kinds is also given. At the last of partial examples, simulation results and measurements are given, which agree well with each other.
In all,the paper systematically studies the tapped line microwave filters. The filters with compact size and good property are great suitable for the engineering.
引文
[1] 洪伟. 微波理论与技术的新进展和发展趋势. 微波学报, Vol.12,1996,No.4. pp. 341~344.
[2] M. Dishal. A simple design procedure for small percentage bandwidth round-rod interdigital filters,IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techniques. vol. MTT-13, Sept. 1965, pp. 696–698.
[3] International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., Reference Data for Radio Engineers, 4th Ed. Howard W. Sams Co., Inc. pp. 576
[4] S.B.Cohn. Generalized design of band pass and other filters by computer optimization. IEEE Znt. Microwave Symp. Dig.Tech. Papers, 1974, pp. 272–273
[5] E. G. Cristal. Tapped-line coupled transmission lines with applications to interdigital and combfine filters, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techniques. vol. M’TT-23, Dec. 1975 , pp. 1007-1012,
[6] Caspi, Shimon and J. Adelman. Design of Combline And Interdigital Filters With Tapped-Line input, IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, MTT-36, no. 4,April 1988, pp. 759-763
[7] Christoph Ernst and Vasil Postoyslko . Tapped-line Interdigital Filter Equivalent Circuits. IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, MTT-S, Digest, 1997, pp. 759-763.
[8] Joscph S.Wong. Microstrip Tapped-line Filters Design. IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, MTT-27, NO.1, 1979, pp. 44-50.
[9] Kang Wook Kim and Chan-Ho Park and Sung-Jin Han . A new design procedure of tapped coupled-line filters. Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004. IEEE , Volume: 3 , 20-25 June 2004, pp. 2863–2866.
[10] Jia-Sheng Hong. M.J.Lancaster,Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications, New York , A Wiley-Interscience Publication,2001
[11] A.Fukasawa. Analysis and composition of a new microwave filter configuration with inhomogeneous dielectric medium. IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, vol.MTT-30.Sept.1982, pp. 1367-1375.
[12] K.Hano,H.Kohriyama and K.-I.Sawamoto. A direct-coupled λ 4-coaxial resonator bandpass filter for land mobile communications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, vol.MTT-34.Sept.1986, pp. 972-976.
[13] H.-W. Yao,Ji-Fuh Liang and K.A.Zaki. Accuracy of Coupling Computations and Its Application to DR Filter Design. IEEE .MTT-S .1994, pp. 723-726.
[14] H.-W. Yao. EM simulation of resonant and transmission structures applications to filtersand multiplexers. Ph.D dissertation, Elect. Comput.Eng. Dept., Univ. Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, 1995.
[15] H.-W.Yao, K.A.Zaki, A.E.Atia, and R.Hershtig. Full-wave modeling of conducting posts in rectangular waveguides and its applications to slot coupled combline filters. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 43, Dec. 1995,pp. 2824–2830
[16] H.-W.Yao,K.A.Zaki, A.E.Atia,and R.Hershtig. Generalized slot coupled comb line filters. IEEE MTT-S Int.Microwave Symp .Dig,vol.2,1995, pp. 395–398.
[17] C. Wang, H.-W. Yao, K. A. Zaki, and R. R. Mansour. Mixed modes cylindrical planar dielectric resonator filters with rectangular enclosure. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.., vol. 43, Dec.1995, pp. 2817–1823.
[18] Yu Rong,K.A.Zaki. Full-wave Analysis of Coupling Between Cylindrical Combline Resonators. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 43, Dec.1999, pp. 1721-1729.
[19] Mahmoud El Sabbagh, Kawthar A. Zaki, Hui-Wen Yao and Ming Yu.Full-Wave analysis of Coupling Between Combline Resonators and Its Application to Combline Filters With Canonical Configurations. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 49, Dec.2001, pp. 2384-2392.
[20] Ayyangar R.Harish,Joseph Sahaya Kulandai Raj. A Direct Method to Compute the Coupling Betweeen Nonidentical Microwave Cavities. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 52, Dec.2004 ,pp. 2645-2650.
[21] 卢建平,高峰. 微带抽头式交指型带通滤波器的精确设计. 火控雷达技术,2000年6月,第29卷,pp. 51-54.
[22] 李国治,吴国安等.抽头式梳状线带通滤波器设计.华中科技大学学报,2003年8月,第31卷,第8期,pp. 56-58.
[23] 苏永川,何子述等. L 波段发夹线型微带滤波器的设计. 电子科技大学学报, 2004 年 2月 第 33 卷,第 1 期,pp. 16-18.
[24] 徐鸿飞,朱成钰等. 同轴腔带通滤波器的一种设计方法. 微波学报,2004 年 6 月,第 20卷,第 2 期,pp. 55-58.
[25] 甘本祓,吴万春.《现代微波滤波器的结构与设计》.科学出版社,1973
[26] 李嗣范.《微波元件原理与设计》.北京:人民邮电出版社,1982
[27] 林为干. 《微波网络》.北京:国防工业出版社,1978
[28] M.E.Van Valkenburg. Introduction to Modern Network Synthsis. John Wiley&Sons. 1960.
[29] G.J.Matthaei, L.Yang,and E. M. Jones. Microwave Filters, Impedance Matching Networks and Coupling Structures, New York : MeGraw-Hill, 1964.
[30] J.D.Rhodes. Theory of Electrical Filters, New York: John Wiley &Sons.1976.
[31] Ian Hunter, Theory and Design of Microwave filters, IEE electromagnetic waves seiries;NO.48, 2002.
[32] J.A.G.Malherbe . Microwave Transmission Lines Filters. Dedham,MA:Artech House,1979.
[33] G. L. Matthaei. Comb-line band-pass filters of narrow or moderate band-width.Microwave J., vol. 6, Aug. 1963. pp. 82–91.
[34] Robert J.Wenzel. Synthesis of Combline and Capacitively Loaded Interdigital Bandpass Filters of Arbitrary Bandwidth. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techniques., vol. MTT-19 , Augest,1971. pp. 678–686.
[35] William J.Getsinger. Couple Rectangular Bars Between Parallel Plates . IRE Trans. On Microwave Theory and Techniques, MTT. 8, Jan. 1962, pp. 65-72.
[36] Cristal, E. G. Coupled circular cylindrical rods between parallel ground planes. IRE Trans. On Micvowave Theory and Techniques, MTT. 12,Jul. 1964, pp. 428-439.
[37] John O.Scanlan. Theory of Microwave Coupled-line Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE. Vol.68.NO.2 Feb.1980 ,pp. 209-231.
[38] 郑清扩,王锡良,韩世虎. 抽头式梳状线微波滤波器的精确设计.第十一届中国电子学会青年学术年会,2005.
[39] M.Makimoto,S.Yamashita .《无线通信中的谐振器与滤波器》.赵宏锦译,北京:国防工业出版社,2002.
[40] 张志勇 《Matlab 6.5》,北京航空大学出版社,2003.
[2] M. Dishal. A simple design procedure for small percentage bandwidth round-rod interdigital filters,IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techniques. vol. MTT-13, Sept. 1965, pp. 696–698.
[3] International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., Reference Data for Radio Engineers, 4th Ed. Howard W. Sams Co., Inc. pp. 576
[4] S.B.Cohn. Generalized design of band pass and other filters by computer optimization. IEEE Znt. Microwave Symp. Dig.Tech. Papers, 1974, pp. 272–273
[5] E. G. Cristal. Tapped-line coupled transmission lines with applications to interdigital and combfine filters, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techniques. vol. M’TT-23, Dec. 1975 , pp. 1007-1012,
[6] Caspi, Shimon and J. Adelman. Design of Combline And Interdigital Filters With Tapped-Line input, IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, MTT-36, no. 4,April 1988, pp. 759-763
[7] Christoph Ernst and Vasil Postoyslko . Tapped-line Interdigital Filter Equivalent Circuits. IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, MTT-S, Digest, 1997, pp. 759-763.
[8] Joscph S.Wong. Microstrip Tapped-line Filters Design. IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, MTT-27, NO.1, 1979, pp. 44-50.
[9] Kang Wook Kim and Chan-Ho Park and Sung-Jin Han . A new design procedure of tapped coupled-line filters. Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004. IEEE , Volume: 3 , 20-25 June 2004, pp. 2863–2866.
[10] Jia-Sheng Hong. M.J.Lancaster,Microstrip Filters For RF/Microwave Applications, New York , A Wiley-Interscience Publication,2001
[11] A.Fukasawa. Analysis and composition of a new microwave filter configuration with inhomogeneous dielectric medium. IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, vol.MTT-30.Sept.1982, pp. 1367-1375.
[12] K.Hano,H.Kohriyama and K.-I.Sawamoto. A direct-coupled λ 4-coaxial resonator bandpass filter for land mobile communications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory, vol.MTT-34.Sept.1986, pp. 972-976.
[13] H.-W. Yao,Ji-Fuh Liang and K.A.Zaki. Accuracy of Coupling Computations and Its Application to DR Filter Design. IEEE .MTT-S .1994, pp. 723-726.
[14] H.-W. Yao. EM simulation of resonant and transmission structures applications to filtersand multiplexers. Ph.D dissertation, Elect. Comput.Eng. Dept., Univ. Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, 1995.
[15] H.-W.Yao, K.A.Zaki, A.E.Atia, and R.Hershtig. Full-wave modeling of conducting posts in rectangular waveguides and its applications to slot coupled combline filters. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 43, Dec. 1995,pp. 2824–2830
[16] H.-W.Yao,K.A.Zaki, A.E.Atia,and R.Hershtig. Generalized slot coupled comb line filters. IEEE MTT-S Int.Microwave Symp .Dig,vol.2,1995, pp. 395–398.
[17] C. Wang, H.-W. Yao, K. A. Zaki, and R. R. Mansour. Mixed modes cylindrical planar dielectric resonator filters with rectangular enclosure. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.., vol. 43, Dec.1995, pp. 2817–1823.
[18] Yu Rong,K.A.Zaki. Full-wave Analysis of Coupling Between Cylindrical Combline Resonators. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 43, Dec.1999, pp. 1721-1729.
[19] Mahmoud El Sabbagh, Kawthar A. Zaki, Hui-Wen Yao and Ming Yu.Full-Wave analysis of Coupling Between Combline Resonators and Its Application to Combline Filters With Canonical Configurations. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 49, Dec.2001, pp. 2384-2392.
[20] Ayyangar R.Harish,Joseph Sahaya Kulandai Raj. A Direct Method to Compute the Coupling Betweeen Nonidentical Microwave Cavities. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 52, Dec.2004 ,pp. 2645-2650.
[21] 卢建平,高峰. 微带抽头式交指型带通滤波器的精确设计. 火控雷达技术,2000年6月,第29卷,pp. 51-54.
[22] 李国治,吴国安等.抽头式梳状线带通滤波器设计.华中科技大学学报,2003年8月,第31卷,第8期,pp. 56-58.
[23] 苏永川,何子述等. L 波段发夹线型微带滤波器的设计. 电子科技大学学报, 2004 年 2月 第 33 卷,第 1 期,pp. 16-18.
[24] 徐鸿飞,朱成钰等. 同轴腔带通滤波器的一种设计方法. 微波学报,2004 年 6 月,第 20卷,第 2 期,pp. 55-58.
[25] 甘本祓,吴万春.《现代微波滤波器的结构与设计》.科学出版社,1973
[26] 李嗣范.《微波元件原理与设计》.北京:人民邮电出版社,1982
[27] 林为干. 《微波网络》.北京:国防工业出版社,1978
[28] M.E.Van Valkenburg. Introduction to Modern Network Synthsis. John Wiley&Sons. 1960.
[29] G.J.Matthaei, L.Yang,and E. M. Jones. Microwave Filters, Impedance Matching Networks and Coupling Structures, New York : MeGraw-Hill, 1964.
[30] J.D.Rhodes. Theory of Electrical Filters, New York: John Wiley &Sons.1976.
[31] Ian Hunter, Theory and Design of Microwave filters, IEE electromagnetic waves seiries;NO.48, 2002.
[32] J.A.G.Malherbe . Microwave Transmission Lines Filters. Dedham,MA:Artech House,1979.
[33] G. L. Matthaei. Comb-line band-pass filters of narrow or moderate band-width.Microwave J., vol. 6, Aug. 1963. pp. 82–91.
[34] Robert J.Wenzel. Synthesis of Combline and Capacitively Loaded Interdigital Bandpass Filters of Arbitrary Bandwidth. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techniques., vol. MTT-19 , Augest,1971. pp. 678–686.
[35] William J.Getsinger. Couple Rectangular Bars Between Parallel Plates . IRE Trans. On Microwave Theory and Techniques, MTT. 8, Jan. 1962, pp. 65-72.
[36] Cristal, E. G. Coupled circular cylindrical rods between parallel ground planes. IRE Trans. On Micvowave Theory and Techniques, MTT. 12,Jul. 1964, pp. 428-439.
[37] John O.Scanlan. Theory of Microwave Coupled-line Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE. Vol.68.NO.2 Feb.1980 ,pp. 209-231.
[38] 郑清扩,王锡良,韩世虎. 抽头式梳状线微波滤波器的精确设计.第十一届中国电子学会青年学术年会,2005.
[39] M.Makimoto,S.Yamashita .《无线通信中的谐振器与滤波器》.赵宏锦译,北京:国防工业出版社,2002.
[40] 张志勇 《Matlab 6.5》,北京航空大学出版社,2003.