多天线系统中的有限反馈与预编码技术研究
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摘要
当前,无线通信正以前所未有的速度向前发展,以满足用户对视频、音频和多媒体娱乐等先进无线业务的要求。为突破频谱和功率等资源的稀缺性对无线通信进一步发展的限制,多天线技术应运而生,通过大力挖掘其特有的空间自由度,有效的提高了频谱利用率、增强传输可靠性、或者它们的一个折中。基于多天线系统的有限反馈与预编码技术,使得空时传输信号自适应于信道状态,以进一步提高系统的性能。对于有限反馈与预编码技术的设计,其关键在于如何在有限的反馈带宽上传输尽可能多的可靠信道信息和如何用有限的信道信息设计简单有效的预编码策略。本学位论文对分布式和集中式多天线系统的反馈方法设计、预编码矩阵构建、反馈量减少和资源优化分配等进行了深入的研究,并提出了一些创新性的策略,主要包括如下几个方面：
研究了分布式多天线系统中基于量化码书的有限反馈与预编码技术。首先研究了分布式多天线系统的信道分布的特点,分析了码书设计所需要考虑的因素,并给出了一种二步码书设计方法,其可以在系统性能和设计复杂度之间取得一个很好的折中。然后,通过最小化空时码字的平均成对错误概率的上限,得到了一种不需要额外反馈信息的发射功率分配方法,这样可以进一步提高反馈信息的利用效率。根据信道的时间相关性,将信道状态的变化建模为一个有限状态离散马尔科夫过程,在此基础上得到了一种性能无损的基于子码书的反馈减少算法。此外,还根据各信道状态出现概率的非同一性,设计了两种性能无损和性能有损的反馈减少改进算法。从而,为分布式多天线系统提供了一套集码书设计、码字选择、功率分配和反馈减少于一身的有限反馈与预编码策略。
研究了分布式多天线系统中基于角度域参数的有限反馈与预编码技术。首先分析了分布式多天线系统中无线信号传播的特点,分别为瑞利衰落信道和莱斯衰落信道建立了一个基于平均到达角、角度扩展、归一化接收天线距离和K因子等角度域参数的非Kronecker信道模型。基于这一信道模型,并通过最小化空时码字的平均成对错误概率上限,揭示了信道角度域参数与最佳预编码矩阵之间的内在联系,得到了一种基于信道角度域参数的预编码矩阵设计方法,这种方法具有反馈量少、处理时延小和鲁棒性高的优点。为了进一步减少预编码矩阵的设计复杂度,对空时码字的平均成对错误概率上限进行了渐进分析,分别得到了瑞利和莱斯信道衰落情况下高和低信噪比时的简化预编码矩阵设计方法。最后,对信道角度域参数与分集阶数和编码增益这两种重要的性能指标之间的关系进行了分析,并且发现,在相同条件下,这种基于角度域参数的预编码矩阵设计方法在莱斯衰落信道下可以取得比瑞利衰落信道下更好的性能,随着K因子的增大,获得的性能增益也逐渐增加。
研究了集中式多天线系统中具有服务质量保证的有限反馈与预编码技术,并分别针对单用户和多用户这两种情况给出了相应的解决方案。对于单用户系统,基于有效带宽理论,揭示了在给定最大时延限制条件下,发射功率和反馈带宽之间的内在联系,从而可以根据系统特点对这两种稀缺资源进行联合优化分配。进一步,还分析了信道估计误差对系统性能的影响,并给出了相应的联合资源分配策略。对于多用户系统,’将无速率编码同多用户传输相结合,给出了多波束机会式波束成型和正交空分多址这两种有限反馈预编码传输策略,并得到了这两种传输策略基于系统参数的切换门限。然后,分别对两种传输策略情况下用户数与时廷限制之间的关系进行了分析,得到了满足时延限制时所能容忍的最大用户数。以最大化系统的净容量(即系统吞吐量与反馈量之差)为目标,得到了两种传输策略下的最佳反馈门限,只有接收信号质量大于这一门限的用户才需要反馈自己的信息,从而在系统性能和反馈量之间取得了一个很好的折中。
Recently, wireless communication is developing with an unprecedented speed, with the goal of satisfying the demand of mobile users for various advanced wireless services, such as video, audio and multimedia entertainment. In order to break out the constraint of the scarcities of bandwidth and power on the further development of wireless communication, multiantenna technology is proposed to improve spectrum efficiency, enhance transmission reliability, or a tradeoff of both by exploiting its unique spatial degree of freedom. The limited feedback pre-coding technology based on multiantenna systems adapts the predetermined space-time signal to the channel state, so as to further improve the system performance. The crux of the design of the limited feedback precoding technology lies on how to convey the channel information as much as possible by using limited bandwidth and how to design the simple but powerful precoding method based on limited feedback information. This dissertation gives an intensive investiga-tion on the the design of feedback methods, the construction of precoding matrix, the reduction of feedback amount and joint optimization of various resources in distributed and co-located multiantenna systems, and proposes several novel strategies as listed as follows:
For the design of quantization codebook based limited feedback precoding technology in distributed multiantenna systems, the characteristics of channel distribution of distributed multi-antenna system is first analyzed, and the challenges of codebook design is investigated in detail, so that a two-step codebook design method is proposed, which can achieve a tradeoff between system performance and implementation complexity. Then, by minimizing the upper bound of the average pairwise error probability of space-time signal, a power allocation strategy without requiring extra feedback information is derived, which can further improve the utility efficiency of feedback information. According to the temporal correlation, the variety of channel can be modeled as a finite-state discrete Markov process. Based on this model, a feedback reduction scheme by making use of sub-codebook without performance loss is derived. In addition, due to the nonidentical appearance probability of the channel states, other two modified feedback reduction schemes are obtained accordingly. Thereby, a full limited feedback precoding strat-egy including codebook design, codeword selection, power allocation and feedback reduction is tailored for the distributed multiantenna systems.
For the design of channel angular domain parameters based limited feedback precoding technology in distributed multiantenna systems, first through analyzing the propagation charac-teristics of wireless signal from distributed antennas, the non-Kronecker channel models in terms of angular domain parameters, such as average angle of arrival, angular spread, normalized re-ceive antenna spacing and K-factor, are built for rayleigh and ricean fading channels, respec-tively. Based on the channel models and by minimizing the upper bound of average pairwise error probability of space-time signal, the relationship of channel angular domain parameters and the optimal precoding matrix is revealed, and an angular domain parameters based precod-ing matrix design method is proposed, which has the advantages of small feedback amount, low computation delay and high robustness. In order to further decrease the design complexity, by the asymptotical analysis of the upper bound of average pairwise error probability, two simple precoding matrix design methods at high and low SNR regions for rayleigh and ricean fading channels are derived. After investigating the effect of angular domain parameters on diversity order and coding gain, it is found that, under the same condition, the design method over ricean channel performs better than that over rayleigh channel, and the performance gain increases as the K-factor increases.
For the design of QoS driven limited feedback precoding technology in co-located multi-antenna systems, both single user case and multiuser case are considered. In the former case, according to the theory of effective bandwidth, the intrinsic relationship between transmit power and feedback bandwidth when given the maximum delay constraint is released, so that the two scarce resources can be jointly optimized according to the system characteristics. Furthermore, the effect of channel estimation error on the performance is investigated in some detail and the responding joint optimization scheme is given. In the latter case, by combining rateless coding and multiuser transmission, two limited feedback precoding transmission schemes, including multibeam opportunistic beamforming and orthogonal space division multiplex access, are pre-sented and the switch threshold in terms of system parameters is gained. Then, via analyzing the relationship between the number of users and delay constraint, the maximum accessible num-ber of users when given delay requirement is derived. Finally, by maximizing the netput (the difference of system throughput and feedback amount), the optimal feedback thresholds for the two transmission schemes are derived. Only the user whose receive signal's quality is higher than the threshold are needed to convey its information, so that a proper balance between system performance and feedback amount can be achieved.
研究了分布式多天线系统中基于量化码书的有限反馈与预编码技术。首先研究了分布式多天线系统的信道分布的特点,分析了码书设计所需要考虑的因素,并给出了一种二步码书设计方法,其可以在系统性能和设计复杂度之间取得一个很好的折中。然后,通过最小化空时码字的平均成对错误概率的上限,得到了一种不需要额外反馈信息的发射功率分配方法,这样可以进一步提高反馈信息的利用效率。根据信道的时间相关性,将信道状态的变化建模为一个有限状态离散马尔科夫过程,在此基础上得到了一种性能无损的基于子码书的反馈减少算法。此外,还根据各信道状态出现概率的非同一性,设计了两种性能无损和性能有损的反馈减少改进算法。从而,为分布式多天线系统提供了一套集码书设计、码字选择、功率分配和反馈减少于一身的有限反馈与预编码策略。
研究了分布式多天线系统中基于角度域参数的有限反馈与预编码技术。首先分析了分布式多天线系统中无线信号传播的特点,分别为瑞利衰落信道和莱斯衰落信道建立了一个基于平均到达角、角度扩展、归一化接收天线距离和K因子等角度域参数的非Kronecker信道模型。基于这一信道模型,并通过最小化空时码字的平均成对错误概率上限,揭示了信道角度域参数与最佳预编码矩阵之间的内在联系,得到了一种基于信道角度域参数的预编码矩阵设计方法,这种方法具有反馈量少、处理时延小和鲁棒性高的优点。为了进一步减少预编码矩阵的设计复杂度,对空时码字的平均成对错误概率上限进行了渐进分析,分别得到了瑞利和莱斯信道衰落情况下高和低信噪比时的简化预编码矩阵设计方法。最后,对信道角度域参数与分集阶数和编码增益这两种重要的性能指标之间的关系进行了分析,并且发现,在相同条件下,这种基于角度域参数的预编码矩阵设计方法在莱斯衰落信道下可以取得比瑞利衰落信道下更好的性能,随着K因子的增大,获得的性能增益也逐渐增加。
研究了集中式多天线系统中具有服务质量保证的有限反馈与预编码技术,并分别针对单用户和多用户这两种情况给出了相应的解决方案。对于单用户系统,基于有效带宽理论,揭示了在给定最大时延限制条件下,发射功率和反馈带宽之间的内在联系,从而可以根据系统特点对这两种稀缺资源进行联合优化分配。进一步,还分析了信道估计误差对系统性能的影响,并给出了相应的联合资源分配策略。对于多用户系统,’将无速率编码同多用户传输相结合,给出了多波束机会式波束成型和正交空分多址这两种有限反馈预编码传输策略,并得到了这两种传输策略基于系统参数的切换门限。然后,分别对两种传输策略情况下用户数与时廷限制之间的关系进行了分析,得到了满足时延限制时所能容忍的最大用户数。以最大化系统的净容量(即系统吞吐量与反馈量之差)为目标,得到了两种传输策略下的最佳反馈门限,只有接收信号质量大于这一门限的用户才需要反馈自己的信息,从而在系统性能和反馈量之间取得了一个很好的折中。
Recently, wireless communication is developing with an unprecedented speed, with the goal of satisfying the demand of mobile users for various advanced wireless services, such as video, audio and multimedia entertainment. In order to break out the constraint of the scarcities of bandwidth and power on the further development of wireless communication, multiantenna technology is proposed to improve spectrum efficiency, enhance transmission reliability, or a tradeoff of both by exploiting its unique spatial degree of freedom. The limited feedback pre-coding technology based on multiantenna systems adapts the predetermined space-time signal to the channel state, so as to further improve the system performance. The crux of the design of the limited feedback precoding technology lies on how to convey the channel information as much as possible by using limited bandwidth and how to design the simple but powerful precoding method based on limited feedback information. This dissertation gives an intensive investiga-tion on the the design of feedback methods, the construction of precoding matrix, the reduction of feedback amount and joint optimization of various resources in distributed and co-located multiantenna systems, and proposes several novel strategies as listed as follows:
For the design of quantization codebook based limited feedback precoding technology in distributed multiantenna systems, the characteristics of channel distribution of distributed multi-antenna system is first analyzed, and the challenges of codebook design is investigated in detail, so that a two-step codebook design method is proposed, which can achieve a tradeoff between system performance and implementation complexity. Then, by minimizing the upper bound of the average pairwise error probability of space-time signal, a power allocation strategy without requiring extra feedback information is derived, which can further improve the utility efficiency of feedback information. According to the temporal correlation, the variety of channel can be modeled as a finite-state discrete Markov process. Based on this model, a feedback reduction scheme by making use of sub-codebook without performance loss is derived. In addition, due to the nonidentical appearance probability of the channel states, other two modified feedback reduction schemes are obtained accordingly. Thereby, a full limited feedback precoding strat-egy including codebook design, codeword selection, power allocation and feedback reduction is tailored for the distributed multiantenna systems.
For the design of channel angular domain parameters based limited feedback precoding technology in distributed multiantenna systems, first through analyzing the propagation charac-teristics of wireless signal from distributed antennas, the non-Kronecker channel models in terms of angular domain parameters, such as average angle of arrival, angular spread, normalized re-ceive antenna spacing and K-factor, are built for rayleigh and ricean fading channels, respec-tively. Based on the channel models and by minimizing the upper bound of average pairwise error probability of space-time signal, the relationship of channel angular domain parameters and the optimal precoding matrix is revealed, and an angular domain parameters based precod-ing matrix design method is proposed, which has the advantages of small feedback amount, low computation delay and high robustness. In order to further decrease the design complexity, by the asymptotical analysis of the upper bound of average pairwise error probability, two simple precoding matrix design methods at high and low SNR regions for rayleigh and ricean fading channels are derived. After investigating the effect of angular domain parameters on diversity order and coding gain, it is found that, under the same condition, the design method over ricean channel performs better than that over rayleigh channel, and the performance gain increases as the K-factor increases.
For the design of QoS driven limited feedback precoding technology in co-located multi-antenna systems, both single user case and multiuser case are considered. In the former case, according to the theory of effective bandwidth, the intrinsic relationship between transmit power and feedback bandwidth when given the maximum delay constraint is released, so that the two scarce resources can be jointly optimized according to the system characteristics. Furthermore, the effect of channel estimation error on the performance is investigated in some detail and the responding joint optimization scheme is given. In the latter case, by combining rateless coding and multiuser transmission, two limited feedback precoding transmission schemes, including multibeam opportunistic beamforming and orthogonal space division multiplex access, are pre-sented and the switch threshold in terms of system parameters is gained. Then, via analyzing the relationship between the number of users and delay constraint, the maximum accessible num-ber of users when given delay requirement is derived. Finally, by maximizing the netput (the difference of system throughput and feedback amount), the optimal feedback thresholds for the two transmission schemes are derived. Only the user whose receive signal's quality is higher than the threshold are needed to convey its information, so that a proper balance between system performance and feedback amount can be achieved.
引文
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