一维金属/介质光子晶体的理论研究
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摘要
光子晶体是由具有不同介电常数的材料排成的周期结构,电磁波在其中传播时由于受到布拉格散射而被调制而形成光子能带结构,光子能带之间可能出现带隙,称为光子带隙。频率落在光子带隙中的光子将不能够在介质中传播。这个独特的性质极大的改变了光的传播特性,使人们可以控制量子器件中的自发辐射,以及实现光子信息科技中的光操控。光子带隙结构在自然界中也可以找到,这些结构很好的解释了许多生物中艳丽炫目的色彩形成。
本论文研究的是电磁波在一维金属/介质光子晶体中的传播特性,论文分为四章:
第一章概述了光子晶体的基本概念、研究现状,以及制备方法,并对基于光子晶体特殊性质而产生的应用做了介绍。
第二章阐述了光子晶体的理论计算方法。并对研究工作中所常用的两种计算方法—一维传输矩阵法和二维时域有限差分方法(FDTD)进行了重点介绍。
第三章中,系统研究了一维金属/介质光子晶体中的能带结构。一维金属/介质光子晶体可以被看作具有等效等离子体频率的有效金属/介质。通过能带计算以及场强分析,发现了关于一维金属/介质光子晶体结构中等效等离子体频率的许多有趣的性质,比方说结构的等效等离子体频率和介质光学厚度的关系。而且我们发现,当金属的厚度接近趋附深度时,结构的等效等离子体频率只和介质层的光学厚度成反比,同时和所使用的金属材料以及厚度均无关。加大结构中介质层的光学厚度,该结构的等效等离子体频率能够降低至极低频率,比如说红外区域。
第四章中,研究了一维金属/介质光子晶体结构中全方位带隙的特性。采用一维金属/介质光子晶体体系,第一次发现了TM波的全方位带隙。我们指出,表面波的存在是一维结构中产生三维全方位带隙的必要条件。这样,全方位带隙在一维单负材料(负介电系数材料和负磁导率材料)中都可以出现。采用一维三层结构的光子晶体,可以实现同时对于TE波和TM波的三维全方位带隙。
Photonic Crystals(PCs) are artificial materials with a periodic modulation in the dielectric constant which can create a range of forbidden frequencies called a photonic band gap(PBG).Photons with frequencies within the band gap cannot propagate through the medium. This unique feature can alter dramatically the properties of light,enabling control of spontaneous emission in quantum devices and light manipulation for photonic information technology.Photonic band-dap structures can also be found in nature,and they explain the color diversity of some of the living creatures.
In this thesis,the propagation properties of electromagnetic waves in one-dimensional(1D) metallic-dielectric photonic crystals(MDPC) are studied theoretically.The thesis consists of four chapters.
In the first chapter,the basic conception,the recent research progress and the fabrications of PCs are summarized,including the applications of the unique properties of PCs.
In the second chapter,theoretical methods for PCs are presented. The transfer matrix method and the finite-difference time-domain method are discussed in brief.
In the third chapter,the photonic band structures of 1D MDPCs are studied theoretically.We show that a 1D MDPC can be considered as an effective metallic medium with a well-defined effective plasma frequency. Many interesting properties such as the relationship between the effective plasma frequency and the optical thickness of the dielectric layers are presented by photonic band calculations and field distribution analysis. This effective plasma frequency is found to be inversely proportional to the optical thickness of the dielectric layer and is independent of either the constituent metal or the thickness of the metallic layer.By increasing the optical thickness of the dielectric layer the effective plasma frequency of a 1D MDPC can be depressed into extremely low frequencies such as far infrared or even below.
In the fourth chapter,the properties of complete PBGs in 1D MDPCs are studied theoretically.Complete PBGs for TM Waves are founded in the 1D MDPCs for the first time.We show that the necessary condition which can lead to a complete PBG lies in the existence of surface waves in 1D periodic structures.Thus,complete PBGs also exist in a single-negative(negative permittivity or negative permeability) metamaterial.Base on a three-layer structure,a complete PBG for both TE and TM waves can be achievable.
本论文研究的是电磁波在一维金属/介质光子晶体中的传播特性,论文分为四章:
第一章概述了光子晶体的基本概念、研究现状,以及制备方法,并对基于光子晶体特殊性质而产生的应用做了介绍。
第二章阐述了光子晶体的理论计算方法。并对研究工作中所常用的两种计算方法—一维传输矩阵法和二维时域有限差分方法(FDTD)进行了重点介绍。
第三章中,系统研究了一维金属/介质光子晶体中的能带结构。一维金属/介质光子晶体可以被看作具有等效等离子体频率的有效金属/介质。通过能带计算以及场强分析,发现了关于一维金属/介质光子晶体结构中等效等离子体频率的许多有趣的性质,比方说结构的等效等离子体频率和介质光学厚度的关系。而且我们发现,当金属的厚度接近趋附深度时,结构的等效等离子体频率只和介质层的光学厚度成反比,同时和所使用的金属材料以及厚度均无关。加大结构中介质层的光学厚度,该结构的等效等离子体频率能够降低至极低频率,比如说红外区域。
第四章中,研究了一维金属/介质光子晶体结构中全方位带隙的特性。采用一维金属/介质光子晶体体系,第一次发现了TM波的全方位带隙。我们指出,表面波的存在是一维结构中产生三维全方位带隙的必要条件。这样,全方位带隙在一维单负材料(负介电系数材料和负磁导率材料)中都可以出现。采用一维三层结构的光子晶体,可以实现同时对于TE波和TM波的三维全方位带隙。
Photonic Crystals(PCs) are artificial materials with a periodic modulation in the dielectric constant which can create a range of forbidden frequencies called a photonic band gap(PBG).Photons with frequencies within the band gap cannot propagate through the medium. This unique feature can alter dramatically the properties of light,enabling control of spontaneous emission in quantum devices and light manipulation for photonic information technology.Photonic band-dap structures can also be found in nature,and they explain the color diversity of some of the living creatures.
In this thesis,the propagation properties of electromagnetic waves in one-dimensional(1D) metallic-dielectric photonic crystals(MDPC) are studied theoretically.The thesis consists of four chapters.
In the first chapter,the basic conception,the recent research progress and the fabrications of PCs are summarized,including the applications of the unique properties of PCs.
In the second chapter,theoretical methods for PCs are presented. The transfer matrix method and the finite-difference time-domain method are discussed in brief.
In the third chapter,the photonic band structures of 1D MDPCs are studied theoretically.We show that a 1D MDPC can be considered as an effective metallic medium with a well-defined effective plasma frequency. Many interesting properties such as the relationship between the effective plasma frequency and the optical thickness of the dielectric layers are presented by photonic band calculations and field distribution analysis. This effective plasma frequency is found to be inversely proportional to the optical thickness of the dielectric layer and is independent of either the constituent metal or the thickness of the metallic layer.By increasing the optical thickness of the dielectric layer the effective plasma frequency of a 1D MDPC can be depressed into extremely low frequencies such as far infrared or even below.
In the fourth chapter,the properties of complete PBGs in 1D MDPCs are studied theoretically.Complete PBGs for TM Waves are founded in the 1D MDPCs for the first time.We show that the necessary condition which can lead to a complete PBG lies in the existence of surface waves in 1D periodic structures.Thus,complete PBGs also exist in a single-negative(negative permittivity or negative permeability) metamaterial.Base on a three-layer structure,a complete PBG for both TE and TM waves can be achievable.
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