异质性服务企业出口、FDI与外包选择研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
服务业的国际化对一个融入全球经济的发展中经济体具有重要意义。《中国服务业发展报告2012》中指出,经济体成熟的一个重要的标准就是服务业占比不断提高。《中国服务业发展报告2013》中指出,服务业早在2011年就是劳动就业的第一大部门,2011年、2012年连续两年服务业利用外资都超过了制造业。服务经济在国民经济和社会发展中正发挥着越来越重要的作用。全球化正在深化,一个国家或经济体的服务业能够广泛而深入地参与到全球化的进程中,对该国服务业发展水平的提高至关重要。在服务业全球化程度日益加深的背景下,中国服务业参与全球化是中国经济发展转方式调结构的必然选择。从服务贸易、服务业FDI以及服务业外包三个重要指标看,中国与世界先进水平还有一定的差距,但也体现出中国巨大的发展潜力。在这样的现实背景下,中国服务业参与全球化的问题得到政府和学术界的广泛关注。
     异质性企业贸易理论也称为新新贸易理论,是目前和未来研究国际贸易以及国际投资问题的主导方向和趋势,但该理论体系还不够完善,需要进一步地扩展研究领域和研究对象。然而从现有文献看,大多数的国内外文献都是研究制造业的异质性企业参与国际贸易和国际投资活动。主要研究论题是异质性制造企业的国际化路径选择,以及参与国际化的不同生产率水平的企业内生边界的确定。在全球经济转向服务业的发展背景下,将异质性企业贸易理论关于企业异质性的假定延伸到对服务企业的研究中,研究异质性服务企业参与国际市场的模式选择,以及全球安排生产活动的组织模式选择,这无疑具有重大的理论意义和现实意义。当前我国要促进服务业发展,进一步扩大服务业开放,拓宽和深化我国参与全球分工的产业链,提升我国在全球分工体系的地位,建立新型开放体系。在异质性企业贸易理论的指导下,将理论和实证研究进一步扩展,研究我国服务企业是否应该走出去,通过什么方式走出去,以及哪些企业应该首先走出去,能否以更大规模更高水平的参与全球服务业分工体系,对我们有至关重要的理论和现实意义。本文主要在异质性企业贸易理论的基本假设下,研究异质性服务企业参与国际市场时出口与FDI两种模式的选择;在服务企业在全球安排生产活动时FDI与外包的选择;在服务企业以FDI的模式参与国际市场时,绿地投资与跨国并购的选择问题。
     本文采用文献梳理、理论模型构建、比较研究、计量分析等方法,研究企业异质性视角下,服务企业出口、FDI与外包的选择,得出如下结论:
     第一,以制造业企业为研究对象的异质性企业贸易理论基本上适用于对异质性服务企业国际贸易和国际投资行为的研究。在假设企业已经明确自身的生产率水平且服务产品都是异质的条件下,生产率较高的服务企业会开展FDI;生产率次高的企业会选择服务贸易出口;生产率最低的企业在供应国内市场。由于模型中假设企业对自身生产率状况是明确的,因此不存在企业退出市场的选择。
     第二,企业生产率差异是决定服务贸易出口和服务业FDI选择的重要因素,但不是唯一因素;发展中国家的服务业OFDI呈现出与发达国家不同的特征。利用中国服务业分行业面板数据,可以验证生产率差异对服务企业不同国际市场进入模式选择的影响。
     第三,要素密集度不同的服务行业,服务业跨国公司对FDI和离岸外包的组织模式选择不同。在契约不完全的情况下,企业生产率的差异能够影响企业FDI与外包组织模式的选择:资本密集型行业中,高生产率的企业选择FDI的组织模式;而生产率较低的企业选择离岸外包的组织模式。
     第四,在服务业各行业中,由于企业流动能力在不同行业中的表现不同,从而不同行业的服务业跨国公司对绿地投资和跨国并购的选择不同。在研发技术密集型行业,效率(生产率)较高的企业会选择跨国并购,而效率(生产率)相对较低的企业会选择绿地投资;而在人力资本密集型行业和广告营销密集型行业,效率(生产率)较高的企业会选择绿地投资,而效率(生产率)较低的企业会选择跨国并购。
     本文包括6章内容,其基本结构和主要内容如下:第1章为导言,主要阐述本文的研究背景和研究意义,研究方法和主要研究内容,以及主要创新点等。第2章为相关文献综述。梳理了异质性企业国际市场进入模式和国际生产组织模式选择的理论和实证分析,以及服务业参与国际化的理论和实证研究,指出当前异质性企业贸易理论没有扩展到服务领域,引出本文研究的出发点。第3章为异质性服务企业服务贸易出口与服务业FDI的选择研究。在Helpman等(2004)的理论框架基础上,得出异质性服务企业出口与FDI选择的条件;然后利用服务业行业和企业的数据进行实证检验。第4章为异质性服务企业FDI与外包的选择研究。在Antras和Helpman(2004)的理论框架基础上,得出异质性服务企业FDI与外包选择的条件;然后利用中国各地区承接服务外包规模以及各地区的契约不完全程度,从侧面检验影响服务企业FDI与外包选择的影响因素。第5章为异质性服务企业绿地投资与跨国并购的选择研究。在Nocke和Yeaple(2007)的理论框架基础上,得出异质性服务企业绿地投资与跨国并购的选择条件;然后利用全球服务业内部各个行业中跨国并购与绿地投资的比较分析,得出要素密集度不同的行业的企业倾向于不同的选择。第6章为结论和政策建议。
     相对于已有文献,本文尝试在以下方面进行探索性研究:
     第一,将异质性企业贸易理论的经典模型应用到异质性服务企业出口与FDI选择的研究上,发现生产率表示的企业异质性是企业服务贸易出口和服务业FDI选择的重要决定影响。利用中国服务业行业层面和全球最大的服务业跨国公司企业层面的数据对理论进行验证;将企业异质性与国际投资的OLI范式相结合,找出影响中国服务企业服务贸易出口和服务业OFDI的重要影响因素。
     第二,对异质性企业国际生产组织模式选择的模型进行修正,建立适用于异质性服务企业FDI与外包选择的模型。得出在契约不完全的条件下,不同的服务行业由于核心服务的密集程度不同,导致对剩余所有权的控制能力不同,使得企业对FDI和离岸外包的选择不同。在经验分析中,从中国作为服务外包承接国的角度侧面检验了契约不完全对跨国公司离岸外包行为的影响,得出契约不完全的程度越低,跨国公司越倾向于选择外包的组织模式。
     第三,对异质性企业的FDI进入模型进行调整和修正,用以解释异质性服务企业绿地投资和跨国并购的行为选择。得出要素密集度不同的服务行业中,企业对绿地投资和跨国并购的选择不同。在经验分析中,利用全球服务业跨国并购和绿地投资的数据,通过对比和定量分析,得出不同行业中跨国公司有不同的选择,并总结出一般性的结论,与理论分析的结果基本一致。
The internationalization of service industries is important for a developing country participated in the global economy.showed that the increasing of the proportion of service sector was an important criterion for mature economies.showed that service industries were the biggest sectors of employment as early as in2011. And utilization of FDI in service is more than in manufacture sector in2011and2012. It is sure that service economy is playing an important role in the national economy and social development. It is essential for a country to improve service level if the country's service industry can be involved in the process of globalization widely and deeply. Under this background, China's service industry to participate in globalization is the inevitable choice. There are huge potential for China's development in service trade, service FDI and service outsourcing. Under this reality, China's service industry involved in the globalization have been widely concerned by government and academia.
     Heterogeneous firms trade theory can be called the new new trade theory. It is leading the current and future research directions and trends in international trade and investment. But the theoretical system is still not perfect and it need to expand the research areas. Now most of the research literatures were about the heterogenous firms in manufacturing to participate the international trade and investment activities. The global economy is transferring to services. Under this situation to study the international market enry mode and international production pattern of heterogeneous firms in services is great importment. To promote the development of China's services and to expand the liberalization of services, and then to establish a new open system. In this paper, under the basic assumptions of heterogeneous firms trade theory, to study the heterogeneity service firms how to participate in international markets, by FDI or export; to study the heterogeneity service firms how to arrenge the production activities in the global through FDI or outsourcing; to study the FDI entry mode of heterogeneity service firms bu cross-border mergers and acquisitions and greenfield investment.
     In this paper, we used the research methods including the literature review, theoretical modeling, comparative studies, and econoinetrics analysis method to study heterogenous service firms's choice under service export, service FDI or service outsourcing. On the basis of these research methods, the main research conclusions of this paper are as follows:
     First, the heterogenous firm trade theory for manufacturing is suitable for the study of heterogeneous firms in services. Under the assumption that the enterprise has made their productivity levels clear and service products are heterogeneous, we found the service firm with higher productivity will carry out FDI in international market; the service firm with little higher productivity will choose services.export to international market; and the firms with the least productive will product and service in the domestic market. Since the model assumes that the firms know their productivity, the choice of business out of the market and therefore do not exist.
     Second, productivity differences of heterogeneous firms are the important factors that determine firms' choice between service FDI and services exports, but it is not the only factor. There are different characteristics between services OFDI from developing countries and developed countries. Based on the panel data of China's service industry, we can test the impact of productivity differences on service firms' selection of different international markets entry mode.
     Third, the different elements intensity in service sector, the service firms in this sector will choose a different organizational mode, service FDI or service outsourcing. In the case of incomplete contracts, differences in firm productivity can influence the choice of FDI and outsourcing:the firm with higher productivity will choose FDI, while the firm with lower productivity will choose outsourcing in other countries.
     Fourth, in the service industry, due to the flow capacity of firm is different in different sectors, so different services multinational companies in different industries will have different choice between Greenfield investments and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. In the R&D-intensive industries, the firm with higher efficiency (productivity) will choose to cross-border M&A. While in human capital-intensive industries, and advertising and marketing-intensive industries, the firm with higher efficiency (productivity) will choose Greenfield investment..
     This research consists of six chapters. The first chapter is introduction, which introduces the background and purpose of this research, research methods, theoretical framework, structure and contribution. Chapter2is literature review. It synthesizes the existing research by domestic and foreign scholars from theoretical and empirical levels and points out the shortcoming. On this basis, it raises starting point of this study. Chapter3to study heterogenous firms in service how to made choosen between service export and FDI. On the basis of the theoretical framework of Helpman (2004), to catch the conditions of heterogeneous firms wheather services export or FDI; then use the services industry and firm-level data for empirical testing.Chanper4is the selection of the heterogeneity firm in FDI and outsourcing. Based on the theoretical framework of Antras and Helpman (2004), to gain the selected conditions in FDI and outsourcing for heterogeneity service firms.Then using provincial panel data of China to test the impact of incomplete contract on services outsourcing. Chapter5is the selection of heterogeneous services firms in Greenfield investment and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Based the theoretical framework of Nocke and Yeaple (2007), to get the selection criteria in Greenfield investments and cross-border M&A for heterogeneous service firms. Then using the comparative analysis method to reaearch the different choice between Greenfield investments and cross-border mergers and acquisitions in internal services worldwide. It showes that different firms in different sectors own different elements intensive tend to make different choices. Chapter6is the conclusions and policy recommendations.
     This paper has done exploratory research in the followiny aspects:
     First, make the classical model of heterogeneous firms trade theory applied to the study of heterogeneity service firms'choice between export and FDI.The impact of firm heterogeneity in productivity on services exports and FDI. In the empirical study, using the sector-level data from China and the firm-level data from the world's largest service multinational corportations to validate the theory; and combining heterogeneous firms with OLI paradigm of international investment, to identify the impact factors of China's service export and service OFDI.
     Second, to amend the model of heterogeneous firms' international production organization mode selection, and make it suit heterogeneous services company selected in service FDI and service outsourcing. Under the conditions of incomplete contract, different service sectors due to different intensity of core services, resulting in the different controlling of remaining ownership, and then firms have dfferent choice in FDI and outsourcing. In the empirical analysis, using the province-level panel data from China to test the impact of incomplete contract on outsourcing, the lower the incomplete contract, the bigger scale of service outsourcing.
     Third, to adjust the heterogeneous firms FDI entry mode model to explain the heterogeneity service firms made choice in Greenfield investment and cross-border M&A. The service sector with different factor intensity, the firms may make different choices in Greenfield investments and cross-border M&A. In the empirical analysis, using data from global M&A database to compare the multinational companies in different sectors have different options, and summed up the general conclusion is consistent with the results of theoretical analysis.
引文
① UNCTAD (2004). World Investment Report:The Shift Towards Services.
    ② UNCTAD (2006). World Investment Report:FDI from Developing and Transition Economies:Implications for Development.
    ① UNCTAD (2011). World Investment Report:Non-Equity Modes of International Production and Dvelopment.
    ① 数据来源于国际数据公司(IDC),间接数据来源于中国服务外包研究中心编写的《中国服务外包发展报告2013》。
    ① 数据主要来源于中国服务外包研究中心编写的《中国服务外包发展报告2013》。
    ① 数据主要来源于中国服务外包研究中心编写的《中国服务外包发展报告2013》
    [1]白远,罗立彬等.服务业国际直接投资——引进来与走出去[M].中国金融出版社:北京,2010.
    [2]班允浩.FDI进入方式选择:绿地投资与跨国并购,[D],东北财经大学硕士学位论文,2004.
    [3]陈立敏.贸易创造还是贸易替代——对外直接投资与对外贸易关系的研究综述[J].国际贸易问题.2010(4):122-128.
    [4]陈恩,王方方,扶涛.企业生产率与中国对外直接投资相关性研究——基于省际动态面板的实证分析[J].经济问题,2012(1):58-63.
    [5]程惠芳,岑丽君.FDI、产业结构与国际经济周期协动性研究[J].经济研究,2010(9):17-28.
    [6]戴翔.中国企业“走出去”的生产率悖论及其解释——基于行业面板数据的实证分析[J].南开经济研究,2013(2):44-59.
    [7]顾露露,Robert Reed.中国企业海外并购失败了吗?[J]经济研究,2011(7):116-129.
    [8]黄玖立,冼国明.企业异质性与区域间贸易:中国企业市场进入的微观证据[J].世界经济,2012(4):3-22.
    [9]黄先海,石东楠.对外贸易对我国全要素生产率影响的测度与分析[J].世界经济研究,2005(1):22-26.
    [10]霍景东,黄群慧.影响工业服务外包的因素分析——基于22个工业行业的面板数据分析[J].中国工业经济,2012(12):44-56.
    [11]江小涓.服务外包:合约形态变革以及理论蕴意——人力资本市场配置及劳务活动企业配置的统—[J].经济研究,2008(7):4-11.
    [12]江小涓等.服务全球化与服务外包:现状、趋势及理论分析[M],人民出版社:北京,2008.
    [13]李春顶.中国出口企业是否存在生产率悖论:基于中国制造业企业数据的检验[J].世界经济,2010(7):64-81.
    [14]李春顶,赵美英.出口贸易是否提高了我国企业的生产率?——基于中国2007年制造业企业数据的检验[J].财经研究,2010(4):14-24.
    [15]李春顶,唐丁祥.出口与企业生产率:新新贸易理论下的我国数据检验(1997-2006)[J].国际贸易问题,2010(9):13-22.
    [16]李春顶.出口贸易,FDI与我国企业的国际化路径选择[J].南开经济研究,2009(2):15-28.
    [17]李俊江,孙黎.中国企业国际生产组织模式选择及实证分析[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2013(11):21-31.
    [18]李磊,郑昭阳.议中国对外直接投资是否为资源寻求型[J].国际贸易问题,2012(2):146-157.
    [19]李泳.中国企业对外直接投资成效研究[J].管理世界,2009(9):34-43.
    [20]李元旭,谭云清.国际服务外包下接包企业技术创新能力提升路径——基于溢出效应和吸收能力视角[J].中国工业经济,2010(12):66-75.
    [21]李卓,刘杨,陈永清.发展中国家跨国公司的国际化战略选择:针对中国企 业实施“走出去”战略的模型分析[J].世界经济,2006(11):11-23.
    [22]李杨,蔡春林.中国服务贸易发展影响因素的实证分析[J].国际贸易问题,2008(5):75-79.
    [23]李坤望,王永进.契约执行效率与地区出口绩效差异[J].经济学(季刊),2010,9(3):1007-1028.
    [24]刘迎秋,张亮,魏政.中国民营企业“走出去”竞争力50强研究——基于2008年中国民营企业“走出去”与竞争力数据库的分析[J].中国工业经济,2009(2):5-14.
    [25]刘兴凯,张诚.中国服务业全要素生产率增长及其收敛分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2010(3):55-67.
    [26]卢锋.服务外包的经济学分析:产品内分工的视角[M].北京大学出版社:北京,2007.
    [27]卢锋.当代服务外包的经济学观察:产品内分工的分析视角[J].世界经济,2007(8):22-35.
    [28]卢锋.我国承接服务外包问题研究[J].经济研究,2007(9):49-61.
    [29]马述忠,郑博文.中国企业的出口行为与生产率关系的历史回溯2001-2007[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2010(7):8-17.
    [30]裴长洪,樊瑛.中国企业对外直接投资的国家特定优势[J].中国工业经济,2010(7):45-54.
    [31]裴长洪,郑文.国家特定优势:国际投资理论的补充解释[J].经济研究,2011(11):21-35.
    [32]彭国华.双边国际贸易引力模型中地区生产率的经验研究[J],经济研究,2007(8):123-132.
    [33]孙黎.异质性企业国际生产组织模式选择研究[D].吉林大学博士论文,2012.
    [34]汤二子,李影,张海英.异质性企业,出口与“生产率悖论”——基于2007年制造业企业层面的证据[J].南开经济研究,2011(3):79-96.
    [35]田巍,余淼杰.企业生产率和企业“走出去”对外直接投资:基于企业层面数据的实证研究[J].经济学(季刊),2012,11(2):383-408.
    [36]王方芳,扶涛.中国对外直接投资的贸易因素——基于出口引致和出口平台的双重考察[J].财经研究,2013(4):91-101.
    [37]王洛林.全球化:服务外包与中国的政策选择[M].经济管理出版社:北京,2010.
    [38]王恕立,胡宗彪.中国服务业分行业生产率变迁及异质性考察[J].经济研究,2012(4):15-27.
    [39]王永进,李坤望.研发密集度与跨国公司组织模式选择——基于金融市场摩擦的分析[J].世界经济研究,2009(10):68-75.
    [40]薛求知,郑琴琴.服务型跨国公司的出现及扩张动因[J].世界经济研究,2002(5):52-57.
    [41]姚战琪.工业和服务外包对中国工业生产率的影响[J].经济研究,2010(7):91-102.
    [42]杨春妮.全球服务业直接投资:理论与实证[M].中国经济出版社:北京,2007.
    [43]杨勇.中国服务业全要素生产率再测算[J].世界经济,2008(10):46-55.
    [44]易靖韬,傅佳莎.企业生产率与出口:浙江省企业层面的证据[J].世界经济,2011(5):74-92.
    [45]杨瑞龙,刘刚.企业的异质性假设和企业竞争优势的内生性分析[J].中国工业经济,2002(1):88-95.
    [46]原毅军,刘浩.中国制造业服务外包与服务业劳动生产率的提升[J].中国工业经济,2009(5):67-76.
    [47]殷风.中国服务贸易比较优势测度及其稳定性分析[J].财贸经济,2010(6):81-88.
    [48]朱延珺,李宏兵.异质性企业国际转移的动力机制与路径选择——HFT模型和NEG模型的拓展及验证[J].国际贸易问题,2011(10):48-59.
    [49]赵忠秀,吕智.企业出口影响因素的研究述评——基于异质性企业贸易理论的视角[J].国际贸易问题,2009(9):123-128.
    [50]张建红,周朝鸿.中国企业走出去的制度障碍研究——以海外收购为例[J].经济研究,2010(6):80-92.
    [51]张莉,张为付.企业外包决定因素的研究——基于微观行为的理论分析[J].南京社会科学,2013(5):15-21.
    [52]张为付,李逢春.对外直接投资决定因素的演进——FDI决定理论研究新进展[J].国际贸易问题,2011(4):162-174.
    [53]张燕,谢建国.出口还是对外直接投资:中国企业“走出去”影响因素研究[J].世界经济研究,2012(3):63-69.
    [54]张月友,刘丹鹭.逆向外包:中国经济全球化的一种新战略[J].中国工业经济,2013(5):70-82.
    [55]赵春明,何艳.从国际经验看中国对外直接投资的产业和区位选择[J].世界经济,2002(6):38-41.
    [56]谢杰,刘任余.基于空间视角的中国对外直接投资的影响因素与贸易效应研究[J].国际贸易问题,2011(6):66-74.
    [57]徐雪,谢玉鹏.我国对外直接投资区位选择影响因素的实证分析[J].管理世界,2008(4):167-168.
    [58]Abraham, K.G., and Taylor S.K., (1996), Firms' Use of Outside Contractors: Theory and Evidence [J]. Journal of Labor Economics,14:394-424.
    [59]Amiti, M., and Shang-Jin Wei (2005), Fear of Service Outsourcing:Is It Justified?[J]. Economic Policy,20:307-347.
    [60]Antras, Pol (2003), Firms, Contracts, and Trade Structure [J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,118(4):1375-1418.
    [61]Antras, P., and Helpman E., (2004), Global Sourcing [J] Journal of Political Economy,112(3):552-580.
    [62]Antras, P., (2005), Incomplete Contracts and the Product Cycle [J]. American Economic Review,95(4):1054-73.
    [63]Antras, P., Luis Garicano and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. (2006), Offshoring in a Knowledge Economy [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics.121:1,31-77.
    [64]Antras, P., Mihir Desai, and C. Fritz Foley, (2009). Multinational Firms, FDI Flows and Imperfect Capital Markets [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,124 (3):1171-1219.
    [65]Antras, P., and Helpman, E., (2008), Contractual Frictions and Global Sourcing, In The Organization of Firms in a Global Economy[M].Elhanan Helpman, Verdier, T, and Marin, D,9-54. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
    [66]Baldwin, E. M. and Richard E. (2005), Heterogeneous Firms and Trade: Testable and Untestable Properties of the Melitz model[R]. NBER Working Paper No.11471.
    [67]Baldwin,E. M. (2011), Labor Immigration and Labor Markets in the GCC Countries:National Patterns And Trends[R].Kuwait Programmed on Development, Governance and Globalization in the Gulf States, No.15.
    [68]Ball C.A. and Tschoegl A.E. (1982). The Decision to Establish a Foreign Bank Branch or Subsidiary [J].Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 17(3):411-424.
    [69]Bardi, Edward J. and Tracey, Michael (1991), Transportation Outsourcing:A Survey of U.S. Practices [J].International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management,21:15-21.
    [70]Bartel, Ann, Saul Lach and Nachum Sicherman (2005), "Outsourcing and Technological Change[R]. NBER Working Paper No.11158.
    [71]Bernard, A.B., and J. Bradford Jensen (1999), Exceptional Exporter Performance:Cause, Effect, or Both?[J]. Journal of International Economics 47:1-25.
    [72]Bernard, A.B., and Jensen, J.B., (2004), Why Some Firms Export[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics,86:561-569.
    [73]Bernard, A.B., Jensen, J.B., and Schott, P.K., (2007), Comparative Advantage and Heterogeneous Firms [J]. Review of Economic Studies,74(1):31-66.
    [74]Bernard, A.B., Jensen, J.B., and Schott, P.K., (2009). Importers, Exporters, and Multinationals:A Portrait of Firms in the U.S. that Trade Goods [M]. Producer dynamics:New evidence from micro data, University of Chicago Press, 513-552.
    [75]Bernard, A.B., Eaton, J., Jensen, J.B. and Kortum, S. (2003),Plants and Productivity in International Trade [J]. American Economic Review,93:1268-1290.
    [76]Bhagwati, Jagdish, Arvind Panagariya and T.N. Srinivasan (2005), The Muddles over Outsourcing [J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives 18:93-114.
    [77]Bolton, Patrick and Mathias Dewatripont (2005), Contract Theory [M]. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    [78]Biesebroeck, J.V., (2005). Exporting raises productivity in sub-Saharan African manufacturing firms [J]. Journal of International Economics,67(2):373-391.
    [79]Bigsten, A., and Collier, P., (2004). Do African Manufacturing Firms Learn from Exporting?[J] The Journal of Development Studies,40(3):115-141.
    [80]Borga, Maria and William J. Zeile (2004), International Fragmentation of Production and Intra-firm Trade of U.S. Multinational Companies [R].NBER Working Paper 2004-02.
    [81]Bustos, P., (2005). Rising Wage Inequality in the Argentinean Manufacturing Sector:The Impact of Trade and Foreign Direct Investment on Technology and Skill Upgrading [M]. Harvard University.
    [82]Costinot, A., (2005). Contract Enforcement, Division of Labor, and the Pattern of Trade [M]. Princeton University.
    [83]Cheung Y, and Qian, X.W., (2009). The Empirics of China's Outward Direct Investment [J]. Pacific Economic Review,14(3):312-341.
    [84]Chin Hee Hahn, (2005). Exporting and Performance of Plants Evidence from Korean Manufacturing [C]. International Trade in East Asia, NBER-East Asia Seminar on Economics,14. University of Chicago Press.
    [85]Das, Mita, Mark J. Roberts and James R. Tybout (2005). Market Entry Costs, Producer Heterogeneity and Export Dynamics [R]. NBER Working Paper No. 8629.
    [86]Delgado, Miguel A., Jose C. Farinas, and Sonia Ruano (2002). Firm Productivity and Export Markets:A Non-Parametric Approach [J]. Journal of International Economics,57:397-422.
    [87]Dunning, J. H., (1980). Towards an Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Tests[J]. Journal of International Business Studies,2:9-31.
    [88]Dunning, J. H., (2001). The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production:past, Present and Future [J]. International journal of the economics of business,8(2):173-190.
    [89]Dunning, J. H., (1988). The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production:A Restatement and Some Possible Extensions [J]. Journal of International Business Studies,19(1), p.1-31.
    [90]Dunning, J. H., (1981). Explaining the International Direct Investment Position of Countries:Towards a Dynamic or Developmental Approach [J]. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,117(1):30-64.
    [91]Dunning, J. H., (1989). Multinational Enterprises and the Growth of Services: Some Conceptual and Theoretical Issues [J]. Service industries journal, 9(1):5-39.
    [92]Dunning, J. H. and Alison McKaig-Berliner, (2002). The geographical sources of competitiveness:the professional business services industry [J]. Transnational Corporations,11 (3):1-38.
    [93]Eaton, J., Samuel K. and Francis K, (2004). Dissecting Trade:Firms, Industries, and Export Destination [J].American Economic Review,94:150-154.
    [94]Ekholm, Karolina, Rikard Forslid, and James R. Markusen (2004). Export-Platform Foreign Direct Investment [M].University of Colorado.
    [95]Feenstra, Robert C. (1998). Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production in theGlobal Economy [J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12:31-50.
    [96]Feenstra, Robert C. (2003). Advanced International Trade [M]. Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress.
    [97]Feenstra, Robert C. and Gordon H. Hanson (1996). Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality [J]. American Economic Review,86:240-245.
    [98]Feenstra, Robert C. and Gordon H. Hanson (2005). Ownership and Control in Outsourcing to China:Estimating the Property-Rights Theory of the Firm[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,120:729-761.
    [99]Feenstra, Robert C. and Barbara J. Spencer (2005). Contractual Versus Generic Outsourcing:The Role of Proximity [M]. University of California, Davis.
    [100]Goldberg L.G. and Saunders A., (1981). The Determinants of Foreign Banking Activity in the United States, Journal of Banking & Finance,5(1):17-32.
    [101]Grossman, Sanford J., and Oliver D. Hart (1986). The Costs and Benefits of Ownership:A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration [J]. Journal of Political Economy,94(4):691-719.
    [102]Grossman, Gene M. and Elhanan Helpman (2002). Integration versus Outsourcing in Industry Equilibrium[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117:85-120.
    [103]Grossman, Gene M. and Elhanan Helpman (2003). Outsourcing versus FDI in Industry Equilibrium [J]. Journal of the European Economic Association,1: 317-327.
    [104]Grossman, Gene M. and Elhanan Helpman (2004), Managerial Incentives and the International Organization of Production J]. Journal of International Economics,63:237-262.
    [105]Grossman, Gene M. and Elhanan Helpman (2005), Outsourcing in a Global Economy[J]. Review of Economic Studies,72(1):135-159.
    [106]Grossman, Gene M., Elhanan Helpman and Adam Szeidl (2005), Complementarities Between Outsourcing and Foreign Sourcing J]. American Economic Review,95:19-24.
    [107]Grossman, Gene M., Elhanan Helpman and Adam Szeidl (2006), Optimal Integration Strategies for the Multinational Firm J]. Journal of International Economics.70(1):216-238.
    [108]Hall, R.E. and Jones, C.I., (1999), Why do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output than Others [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,114:83-116.
    [109]Hanson, Gordon H., Raymond J. Mataloni, Jr. and Matthew J. Slaughter (2005), Vertical Production Networks in Multinational Firms J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics,87(4):664-678.
    [110]Hanson, G.H., Xiang Chong(2008), Testing the Melitz Model of Trade:an Application to U.S. Motion Picture Exports[R]. NBER Working Paper, No.14461.
    [111]Head, K. and Ries J., (2003), Heterogeneity and the FDI versus Export Decision of Japanese Manufacturers [J]. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,17(4):448-467.
    [112]Helpman, E., (1981), International Trade in the Presence of Product Differentiation, Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition:A Chamberlin-Heckscher-Ohlin Approach [J]. Journal of International Economics 11:305-340.
    [113]Helpman, E. (2006). Trade, FDI, and the Organization of Firms [J]. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol XLIV:589-630.
    [114]Helpman, E., and Paul R. Krugman (1985). Market Structure and Foreign Trade [M]. Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
    [115]Helpman, E., Melitz M.J., and Yeaple, S.R., (2004). Export versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms [J]. American Economic Review,94:300-316.
    [116]Helpman, E., Melitz, M.J., and Rubinstein, Y., (2004). Trading Partners and Trading Volumes [M]. Harvard University.
    [117]Helpman, E., Melitz, M.J., and Rubinstein, Y., (2008). Estimating Trade Flows: Trading Partners and Trading Volumes [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(2):441-487.
    [118]Hummels, D., Jun Ishii, and Kei-Mu Yi (2001). The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specialization in World Trade [J]. Journal of International Economics 54:75-96.
    [119]Jean, Sebastien (2002). International Trade and Firms' Heterogeneity under Monopolistic Competition [J]. Open Economies Review,13:291-311.
    [120]Khoury S.J., (1979). International Banking:A Special Look at Foreign Banks in the U.S., [J]. Journal of International Business Studies,10(4):36-42.
    [121]Kumar N. (2004). Emerging TNCs:Trends, Patterns and Determinants of Outward FDI by Indian Enterprises [J]. Journal of International Economics, 63(2):237-262.
    [122]Lall S. (1983). Multinationals in Indian Big Business:Industrial Characteristic of Foreign Investment in A Heavily Regulated Economy [J]. Journal of Development Economics,13:143-57.
    [123]Landefeld, J. Steve and Raymond Mataloni (2004). Offshore Outsourcing and Multinational Companies [M]. Presentation at the Brookings Institution.
    [124]Li and Moshirian, F., (2004). International Investment in Insurance Services in the US[J]. Journal of Multinational Financial Management,14(3):249-260.
    [125]Liu, X.H., Buck, T. and Shu, C., (2005). Chinese economic development, the next stage:outward FDI? [J]. International Business Review,14(1):97-115.
    [126]Lu, J., Lu Y. and Tao Z., (2010). Exporting Behavior of Foreign Affiliates: Theory and Evidence [J]. Journal of International Economics,81(2):197-205.
    [127]Moshiria F., and Pham T., (2000). Determinants of US Investment in Real Estate Abroad[J]. Journal of Multinational Financial Management,10(1):63-72.
    [128]Marin, Dalia und Verdier, Thierry, (2007). Competing in Organizations:Firm Heterogeneity and International Trade. Miinchener Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Beitrage (VWL) 2007-20.
    [129]Marin, Dalia und Verdier, Thierry, (2008). Power Inside the Firm and the Market:A GeneralL Equilibrium Approach [J]. Journal of the European Economic Association,6(4):752-788.
    [130]Markusen, J.R., (2005). Modeling the offshoring of White-Collar Services: From Comparative Advantage to the New Theories of Trade and FDI[R]. NBER Working No.11827.
    [131]Maurin, E.D., Thesmar, D., Thoenig, M., (2002). Globalization and the Demand for Skill:An Export Channel [R]. CEPR Discussion Paper 3406, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
    [132]McLaren, John (2000). Globalization and Vertical Structure [J]. American Economic Review,90:1239-1254.
    [133]Melitz, Marc J. (2003), The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity [J]. Econometrica 71 (6); 1695-1725.
    [134]Melitz, M. J. and Ottviano, G. I. P., (2008). Market Size, Trade and Productivity [J]. Review of Economic Studies,75:295-316。
    [135]Melitz, M.J. and Ghironi, F.,(2005). International Trade and Macroeconomic Dynamics with Heterogeneous Firms [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(3):865-915.
    [136]Mayer, T., Melitz, M.J. and Ottviano, G. I. P., (2010). Market Size, Competition and the product mix of exporters.[R]. National Bank of Belgium Working Papers.
    [137]Mayer, T., Mejean, I. and Nefussi, B. (2010). The location of domestic and foreign production affiliates by French multinational firms [J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 68:115-128.
    [138]Mengista, T., and Pattillo, C., (2004). Export Orientation and Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa [J]. IMF Staff Papers,51(2):327-353.
    [139]Morck, R., Yeung, B and Zhao, M. Y, (2008). Perspectives on China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 39:337-350.
    [140]Neary, J. Peter (2003). Globalization and Market Structure [J]. Journal of the European Economic Association,1:245-271.
    [141]Nigh D., Cho K. and Krishnan S., (1986). The Role of Location-Related Factors in U.S. Banking Involvement Abroad:An Empirical Examination [J]. Journal of International Business Studies,17(3):59-72.
    [142]Nocke, V., Yeaple S., (2007). Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions vs. Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment:The Role of Firm Heterogeneity [J]. Journal of International Economics,72:336-365.
    [143]Nunn, N., and Trefler, D., (2008). The Boundaries of the Multinational Firm:An Empirical Analysis [M]. In:Helpman E, Marin D, Verdier T The Organization of Firms in a Global Economy. Cambridge:Harvard University Press.55-83.
    [144]Nunn, N., and Trefler, D., (2013). Incomplete contracts and the boundaries of the multinational firm [J]. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 94(10):330-344.
    [145]Slangen,Arjen and Hennart,J.F. (2007). Greenfield or AcquisitionEntry:A Review of the Empirical Foreign Establishment Mode Literature [J]. Journal of International Management, (13):403-429.
    [146]Spencer, Barbara J. (2005). International Outsourcing and Incomplete Contracts [J]. Canadian Journal of Economics 38, pp.1107-1135.
    [147]UNCTAD (2002). World Investment Report:Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness [R].
    [148]Wang, C. Q., Hong, J.J. and Kafouros. M., (2012). What Drives Outward FDI of Chinese Firms:Testing the Explanatory Power of Three Theoretical Frameworks [J]. International Business Review,21(3):425-38.
    [149]Wells, L.T. (1983). Third World Multinationals:The Rise of Foreign Investment from Developing Countries [M]. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
    [150]Weinstein, A.K., (1977). Foreign Investment by Services Firms:The Case of the Multinational Advertising Agency [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1):83-92.
    [151]Yang, M., (2009). Isomorphic or not? Examining cross-border mergers and acquisitions by Chinese firms,1985-2006 [J]. Chinese Management Studies, 3(1):43-57.
    [152]Yao, S.J., Sutherland, D. and Chen, J., (2010). China's Outward FDI and Resource-Seeking Strategy:A Case Study on Chinalco and Rio Tinto [J]. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics,17:313-326.
    [153]Yeaple, S.R., (2003). The Complex Integration Strategies of Multinationals and Cross Country Dependencies in the Structure of Foreign Direct Investment [J]. Journal of International Economics,60:293-314.
    [154]Yeaple. S.R., (2005). Firm Heterogeneity, International Trade and Wages [J]. Journal of International Economics,65:1-20.
    [155]Yeaple, S.R., (2006). Offshoring, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Structure of U.S. Trade [J]. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(2-3):602-611.
    [156]Yeaple S.R., (2009). Firm Heterogeneity and the Structure of U.S. Multinational Activity [J]. Journal of International Economics,78(2):206-215.
    [157]Yeats, Alexander J. (2001). Just How Big Is Global Production Sharing? [M] in Arndt, Sven W. and Henryk Kierzkowski, eds., Fragmentation:New Production Patterns in the World Economy, Oxford:Oxford University Press.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700