内蒙古赤峰市金蟾山金矿床成矿机制与成矿构造背景研究
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摘要
金蟾山金矿床位于华北克拉通北缘东段赤峰-朝阳金矿化集中区。区域内主要出露太古界建平群及元古界明安山群变质岩；中生界中侏罗系至白垩系砂砾岩、火山碎屑岩及凝灰岩；以及新生界上第三系和第四系地层。研究区海西-燕山期岩浆活动强烈,并以中酸性岩类为主,各类脉岩广泛发育。东西向深大断裂和北东、北北东向断隆断陷带控制了区内岩浆岩和矿床的分布。区内金矿点近百处,已开采的金矿床十几处。
矿区出露地层主要为晚太古代建平群、元古宙明安山群变质岩以及第四系沉积物。区内岩浆岩主要为安家营子花岗岩,后期发育大量脉岩,以流纹斑岩最为发育。控矿构造为一系列北东-北北东向平行侧列产出的断裂。矿体呈脉状产于断裂构造中,产状与断裂一致。矿石矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿等,金矿物主要为银金矿,其次为自然金和金银矿。脉石矿物以石英为主,其次为绿泥石、绢云母、钾长石、高岭土及碳酸盐等。矿石结构主要有自形-半自形、他形粒状结构、包含结构、交代结构以及碎裂结构等。构造类型主要有块状、斑杂状、浸染状、细脉浸染状、细脉-网脉状及条带状构造等。围岩蚀变发育,主要有钾长石化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、硅化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化等。该矿床可以划分为内生期和表生期两个成矿期,内生期又可进一步分为石英—黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段和石英-黄铁矿-碳酸盐三个成矿阶段。
与成矿密切相关的安家营子花岗岩SiO2含量为60.70%～68.01%,MgO 0.41%～2.44%；具高Al2O3≥15%和Sr(488×10-6～686×10-6)、低Y(9.04×10-6～18.60×10-6)和Yb(0.84×10-6～1.76×10-6)特点,富集轻稀土、亏损重稀土(La/Yb) N=17.62-56.11)和高场强元素及弱的负Eu异常等,与中国东部埃达克质岩的地球化学特征相似。主要氧化物Harker图解及主微量元素Al2O3 (SiO2)/CaO-Na2O/CaO、Ce/Rb-La/Rb等协变图解具有良好的线性演化关系,指示岩浆源区可能存在混合作用；这与花岗岩中含椭球状暗色包体、且包体中含花岗岩成分,镜下观察见花岗岩中黑云母斑晶含长针状磷灰石、角闪石斑晶中包裹黑云母、长石具有反环带以及暗色包体内含钾长石大斑晶等组成所揭示的岩浆混合信息一致。全岩ISr(t)变化于0.7055～0.7060、εNd(t)为-8.19,同位素组成具沿地幔演化线分布特点；铅同位素组成206Pb/204Pb=17.194-17.288,207Pb/204Pb=15.340-15.391, 208Pb/204Pb=37.243-37.392,构造模式图解显示其主要位于下地壳和地幔演化线之间或地幔与造山带演化线之间,线性分布特点明显,共同表明安家营子花岗岩具壳幔混合特征。综合岩相学、主微量元素地球化学及同位素地球化学结果可知：岩石成因与俯冲板片的部分熔融、玄武质岩浆的地壳混染与分离结晶过程(AFC)以及拆沉榴辉岩相下地壳的部分熔融熔融模式相区别,而其源区过程可能为底侵高温岩浆促使早期底侵形成的玄武质下地壳和/或古老下地壳部分熔融,两者混合形成埃达克质熔体。定量模型计算表明,安家营子花岗岩演化过程中斜长石和黑云母、锆石等矿物的分离结晶对微量元素的变化产生了显著影响。
矿石石英流体包裹体的H-O同位素δ18O水=2.1‰～8.4‰、δD水为-96.5‰～-80‰,方解石δ180水为-7.5‰～8.3‰,δD水介于-102‰～54‰,表明金蟾山金矿床成矿流体主要为岩浆水,后期有大气降水的混合。黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿的S同位素δ34S值为-2.6‰～+7.6‰,峰值0‰～+1‰,均值+1.6‰,塔式效应明显,具岩浆硫特点。Pb同位素206Pb/204Pb=17.088-17.591、207Pb/204Pb=15.367-15.578、208Pb/204Pb=37.167-38.091,与安家营子岩体铅同位素组成一致,表明成矿物质来源于深源岩浆。以上同位素结果均表明金成矿与安家营子花岗岩具有密切的成因联系。石英流体包裹体的均一温度为220～380℃,盐度为4.0～40.1ω(NaCl)%,流体包裹体密度集中于0.66～0.87g/cm3,压力和深度估算分别为21.16～34.19Mpa、0.80～1.29 km,属浅成成矿环境。由包裹体气液相成分可知金蟾山金矿床成矿流体属H2O-CO2-KCl-NaCl型,金以硫化物络合物迁移为主。以下两种机制可导致金的沉淀：(1)深部高温成矿流体与大气降水混合,流体冷却,引起金硫络合物平衡的破坏,是金沉淀的主要机理；(2)含矿流体沿破碎带迁移过程中,水岩反应和成矿流体中Fe2+、Zn2+、Pb2+等的沉淀,导致pH、fO2和硫的总浓度的降低,引起金硫络合物平衡的破坏,导致金沉淀。
金蟾山金矿床直接的赋矿围岩安家营子花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为132±5Ma,矿田内广泛发育的流纹斑岩脉大部分与金矿脉、矿化蚀变带平行分布,局部可见其侵入到矿化蚀变带中,侵位时代比金矿化时代略晚或同期,其锆石U-Pb年龄为124.9～126.5Ma,从而将金矿成矿时代限定在132～126Ma之间,属燕山晚期。这一时期与中国东部岩石圈减薄、剧烈的岩浆活动及成矿大爆发等地质事件相吻合,表明金蟾山金矿床与我国胶东、小秦岭等地金矿床类似,是深部岩石圈破坏的成矿响应。安家营子花岗岩携带的深部成矿物质沿北北东向(红山-八里罕?)断裂上升侵位,岩浆期后成矿热液充填于北东、北北东向断裂中,形成了金蟾山主要工业矿体。
Jinchanshan gold deposit located in eastern of north margin of North China platform, Chifeng-Chaoyang gold mineralization concentration area. In the region, exposed Archean Jianping Group and Proterozoic Minganshan Group metamorphic rocks; Mesozoic middle Jurassic to Cretaceous sandstone, conglomerate, pyroclastic rocks and tuff; and Cenozoic Tertiary and quaternary strata. Magmatism of Hercynian-Yanshan period in study is strong, the mainly are intermediate-acid rocks,and various types of dykes are extensive development. East-West deep fault and NE, NNE rift zone control the distribution of magmatic rocks and deposits in the region area. The are nearly one hundred gold points, and more than ten exploited gold deposits in this area.
The main formations outcropped in the mining area are late archean Jianping group,proterozoic Mingan group metamorphic and quaternary sediments. Anjiayingzi granite is the main Magmatic rock in mining area. There are also many dikes such as quartz porphyry, granite prophyry, felsite prophyry, rhyolite prophyry, invaded at late period. The main ore-controlling structure are fault, which strike is NE-NNE. Orebody located in these faults, shape like vein, has a same attitude as the faults. Main Metallic mineral is pyrite, next are chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrrhotite and a little of matildite, skutterudite and cobaltite. The main auriferous minerals is electrum, next are native gold and kustelite. The main nonmetallic mineral is quartz, next are chlorite, sericite, potash feldspar, kaolinite and carbonate. The main ore texture have euhedral-half euhedral texture, allotriomorphic granular texture, including texture, metasomatic texture.solid solution separation texture and fragmentation texture. Structure type have massive tectonic type, complex-shaped plaques, disseminated, veinlet disseminated, stringer vein-stockwork, and banded structure, etc.. Wall rock had occurred alteration, mainly of potash feldspathization, sericitization, chloritization, silicification, pyritization, carbonatization and so on. The deposit can be divided into endogenous period and supergene period of both the endogenous period is further divided into quartz-pyrite stage, polymetallic sulfide stage and quartz-pyrite-carbonate ore stage.
SiO2 of Anjiayingzi granite closely related with the mineralization is 60.70%-68.01%, MgO ranging from 0.41% to 2.44%; and with high Al2O3≥15%, high Sr (488×10-6 686×10-6), low Y (9.04×10-6-18.60×10-6) and Yb (0.84×10-6-1.76×10-6), and LREE enriched and HREE deficit(La/Yb) N=17.62-56.11),and weak negative Eu anomalies,with geochemical characteristics of typical adakitic rocks. Harker diagrams of the major oxides and Al2O3 (SiO2)/ CaO-Na2O/CaO, Ce/Rb-La/Rb diagrams of major and trace elements have good linear evolution relationship, indicating magma mixed in magma source; oval dark inclusion in granite and granite composition in inclusion, long apatite in biotite phenocrysts, mafic hornblende phenocrysts with biotite, feldspar anti-ring and dark inclusion bodies containing large feldspar phenocrysts of microscopic observation, indicating the same crust-mantle mixed messages. Isr (t) change from 0.7055 to 0.7060 andεNd (t) is-8.19 the whole rock, distribution of isotopic composition along the mantle evolution line; Pb isotopic composition of 206Pb/204Pb=17.194-17.288,207Pb/204Pb=15.340-15.391,208Pb/204Pb=37.243-37.392,structure model diagrams show the Pb isotopic is mainly between the lower crust and upper mantle or between the mantle and the orogenic evolution of lines, have good linear distribution, which indicate crust-mantle mixed feature of Anjiayingzi granite. Petrographic, major and trace element geochemistry and isotope results suggest:rock genesis have different from partial melting of subducted slab, crustal contamination and fractional crystallization processes (AFC) of basaltic magma and partial melting model of eclogite facies lower crust. The sourse maybe mixed between old lower crust and basic melt which come from partial melting of underplate basaltic lower crust.Quantitative model show that fractional crystallization of plagioclase, biotite, zircon and other minerals in evolution of Anjiayingzi granite have a significant affect on changes of the trace element.
The study on H-0 isotopic of fluid inclusions in quartzs have shown that metallogenetic fluids in Jinchanshan gold deposit are mainly magmatic water with meteoric water mixed later. Characteristics of S and Pb isotopic in sulfides indicate that metallogenic matter are from deep-derived magma,with crust-mantle mixing characteristics.These isotope results above show that gold mineralization have a close genetic relationship with Anjiayingzi granite. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in Quartzs are 220-380℃, and salinity is 4.0-40.1ω(NaCl)%, and density is concentrated in 0.66-0.87g/cm3, and pressure and depth estimates are 21.16-34.19Mpa and 0.80-1.29 km, show a shallow metallogenetic environment. Gas and liquid components of fluid inclusions show that metallogenetic fluids in Jinchanshan gold deposit is H2O-CO2-KCl-NaCl-type, that is alkali-rich.In this high-temperature and alkaline fluids, migrate of gold is mainly complexes of sulfide. A variety of mechanisms can result in the precipitation of gold:the deep high-temperature ore fluids are mixed with meteoric water and then fluid cooling, which result in break of balance on Au-S complexes is the main mechanism of gold deposition;With ore fluid migrating along with the broken, water-rock reactions and sedimentation of Fe2+, Zn2+, Pb2+in forming fluids which result in the drop of PH、fO2 and total concentration of sulfur, causing break of balance on Au-S complexes leading to gold deposition.
U-Pb zircon age of Anjiayingzi granite rock the direct ore-bearing rock of Jinchansh gold deposit is 132±5Ma. Widely developed of rhyolite porphyry dikes within the ore field in the majority gold veins and alteration zone or parallel distribution with its invasion to the alteration, the emplacement age slightly later than the age of gold mineralization and the same period, the U-Pb zircon age is 124.9-126.5Ma, thus limiting the times of gold mineralization is 132-126Ma, between an late Yanshan. This period is coincide with lithospheric thinning in eastern China, intense magmatic activity and mineralization geological events, which show the Jinchanshan gold deposit and Jiaodong gold deposit, gold deposits in Qinling and other places, all the deep lithosphere destruction into mine response. Anjiayingzi carried deep granite minerals along the NNE (Red Hill-balihan?), magmatic ore-forming hydrothermal fill in the north east, north-trending fault formed the Jinchanshan gold deposit.
矿区出露地层主要为晚太古代建平群、元古宙明安山群变质岩以及第四系沉积物。区内岩浆岩主要为安家营子花岗岩,后期发育大量脉岩,以流纹斑岩最为发育。控矿构造为一系列北东-北北东向平行侧列产出的断裂。矿体呈脉状产于断裂构造中,产状与断裂一致。矿石矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿等,金矿物主要为银金矿,其次为自然金和金银矿。脉石矿物以石英为主,其次为绿泥石、绢云母、钾长石、高岭土及碳酸盐等。矿石结构主要有自形-半自形、他形粒状结构、包含结构、交代结构以及碎裂结构等。构造类型主要有块状、斑杂状、浸染状、细脉浸染状、细脉-网脉状及条带状构造等。围岩蚀变发育,主要有钾长石化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、硅化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化等。该矿床可以划分为内生期和表生期两个成矿期,内生期又可进一步分为石英—黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段和石英-黄铁矿-碳酸盐三个成矿阶段。
与成矿密切相关的安家营子花岗岩SiO2含量为60.70%～68.01%,MgO 0.41%～2.44%；具高Al2O3≥15%和Sr(488×10-6～686×10-6)、低Y(9.04×10-6～18.60×10-6)和Yb(0.84×10-6～1.76×10-6)特点,富集轻稀土、亏损重稀土(La/Yb) N=17.62-56.11)和高场强元素及弱的负Eu异常等,与中国东部埃达克质岩的地球化学特征相似。主要氧化物Harker图解及主微量元素Al2O3 (SiO2)/CaO-Na2O/CaO、Ce/Rb-La/Rb等协变图解具有良好的线性演化关系,指示岩浆源区可能存在混合作用；这与花岗岩中含椭球状暗色包体、且包体中含花岗岩成分,镜下观察见花岗岩中黑云母斑晶含长针状磷灰石、角闪石斑晶中包裹黑云母、长石具有反环带以及暗色包体内含钾长石大斑晶等组成所揭示的岩浆混合信息一致。全岩ISr(t)变化于0.7055～0.7060、εNd(t)为-8.19,同位素组成具沿地幔演化线分布特点；铅同位素组成206Pb/204Pb=17.194-17.288,207Pb/204Pb=15.340-15.391, 208Pb/204Pb=37.243-37.392,构造模式图解显示其主要位于下地壳和地幔演化线之间或地幔与造山带演化线之间,线性分布特点明显,共同表明安家营子花岗岩具壳幔混合特征。综合岩相学、主微量元素地球化学及同位素地球化学结果可知：岩石成因与俯冲板片的部分熔融、玄武质岩浆的地壳混染与分离结晶过程(AFC)以及拆沉榴辉岩相下地壳的部分熔融熔融模式相区别,而其源区过程可能为底侵高温岩浆促使早期底侵形成的玄武质下地壳和/或古老下地壳部分熔融,两者混合形成埃达克质熔体。定量模型计算表明,安家营子花岗岩演化过程中斜长石和黑云母、锆石等矿物的分离结晶对微量元素的变化产生了显著影响。
矿石石英流体包裹体的H-O同位素δ18O水=2.1‰～8.4‰、δD水为-96.5‰～-80‰,方解石δ180水为-7.5‰～8.3‰,δD水介于-102‰～54‰,表明金蟾山金矿床成矿流体主要为岩浆水,后期有大气降水的混合。黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿的S同位素δ34S值为-2.6‰～+7.6‰,峰值0‰～+1‰,均值+1.6‰,塔式效应明显,具岩浆硫特点。Pb同位素206Pb/204Pb=17.088-17.591、207Pb/204Pb=15.367-15.578、208Pb/204Pb=37.167-38.091,与安家营子岩体铅同位素组成一致,表明成矿物质来源于深源岩浆。以上同位素结果均表明金成矿与安家营子花岗岩具有密切的成因联系。石英流体包裹体的均一温度为220～380℃,盐度为4.0～40.1ω(NaCl)%,流体包裹体密度集中于0.66～0.87g/cm3,压力和深度估算分别为21.16～34.19Mpa、0.80～1.29 km,属浅成成矿环境。由包裹体气液相成分可知金蟾山金矿床成矿流体属H2O-CO2-KCl-NaCl型,金以硫化物络合物迁移为主。以下两种机制可导致金的沉淀：(1)深部高温成矿流体与大气降水混合,流体冷却,引起金硫络合物平衡的破坏,是金沉淀的主要机理；(2)含矿流体沿破碎带迁移过程中,水岩反应和成矿流体中Fe2+、Zn2+、Pb2+等的沉淀,导致pH、fO2和硫的总浓度的降低,引起金硫络合物平衡的破坏,导致金沉淀。
金蟾山金矿床直接的赋矿围岩安家营子花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为132±5Ma,矿田内广泛发育的流纹斑岩脉大部分与金矿脉、矿化蚀变带平行分布,局部可见其侵入到矿化蚀变带中,侵位时代比金矿化时代略晚或同期,其锆石U-Pb年龄为124.9～126.5Ma,从而将金矿成矿时代限定在132～126Ma之间,属燕山晚期。这一时期与中国东部岩石圈减薄、剧烈的岩浆活动及成矿大爆发等地质事件相吻合,表明金蟾山金矿床与我国胶东、小秦岭等地金矿床类似,是深部岩石圈破坏的成矿响应。安家营子花岗岩携带的深部成矿物质沿北北东向(红山-八里罕?)断裂上升侵位,岩浆期后成矿热液充填于北东、北北东向断裂中,形成了金蟾山主要工业矿体。
Jinchanshan gold deposit located in eastern of north margin of North China platform, Chifeng-Chaoyang gold mineralization concentration area. In the region, exposed Archean Jianping Group and Proterozoic Minganshan Group metamorphic rocks; Mesozoic middle Jurassic to Cretaceous sandstone, conglomerate, pyroclastic rocks and tuff; and Cenozoic Tertiary and quaternary strata. Magmatism of Hercynian-Yanshan period in study is strong, the mainly are intermediate-acid rocks,and various types of dykes are extensive development. East-West deep fault and NE, NNE rift zone control the distribution of magmatic rocks and deposits in the region area. The are nearly one hundred gold points, and more than ten exploited gold deposits in this area.
The main formations outcropped in the mining area are late archean Jianping group,proterozoic Mingan group metamorphic and quaternary sediments. Anjiayingzi granite is the main Magmatic rock in mining area. There are also many dikes such as quartz porphyry, granite prophyry, felsite prophyry, rhyolite prophyry, invaded at late period. The main ore-controlling structure are fault, which strike is NE-NNE. Orebody located in these faults, shape like vein, has a same attitude as the faults. Main Metallic mineral is pyrite, next are chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrrhotite and a little of matildite, skutterudite and cobaltite. The main auriferous minerals is electrum, next are native gold and kustelite. The main nonmetallic mineral is quartz, next are chlorite, sericite, potash feldspar, kaolinite and carbonate. The main ore texture have euhedral-half euhedral texture, allotriomorphic granular texture, including texture, metasomatic texture.solid solution separation texture and fragmentation texture. Structure type have massive tectonic type, complex-shaped plaques, disseminated, veinlet disseminated, stringer vein-stockwork, and banded structure, etc.. Wall rock had occurred alteration, mainly of potash feldspathization, sericitization, chloritization, silicification, pyritization, carbonatization and so on. The deposit can be divided into endogenous period and supergene period of both the endogenous period is further divided into quartz-pyrite stage, polymetallic sulfide stage and quartz-pyrite-carbonate ore stage.
SiO2 of Anjiayingzi granite closely related with the mineralization is 60.70%-68.01%, MgO ranging from 0.41% to 2.44%; and with high Al2O3≥15%, high Sr (488×10-6 686×10-6), low Y (9.04×10-6-18.60×10-6) and Yb (0.84×10-6-1.76×10-6), and LREE enriched and HREE deficit(La/Yb) N=17.62-56.11),and weak negative Eu anomalies,with geochemical characteristics of typical adakitic rocks. Harker diagrams of the major oxides and Al2O3 (SiO2)/ CaO-Na2O/CaO, Ce/Rb-La/Rb diagrams of major and trace elements have good linear evolution relationship, indicating magma mixed in magma source; oval dark inclusion in granite and granite composition in inclusion, long apatite in biotite phenocrysts, mafic hornblende phenocrysts with biotite, feldspar anti-ring and dark inclusion bodies containing large feldspar phenocrysts of microscopic observation, indicating the same crust-mantle mixed messages. Isr (t) change from 0.7055 to 0.7060 andεNd (t) is-8.19 the whole rock, distribution of isotopic composition along the mantle evolution line; Pb isotopic composition of 206Pb/204Pb=17.194-17.288,207Pb/204Pb=15.340-15.391,208Pb/204Pb=37.243-37.392,structure model diagrams show the Pb isotopic is mainly between the lower crust and upper mantle or between the mantle and the orogenic evolution of lines, have good linear distribution, which indicate crust-mantle mixed feature of Anjiayingzi granite. Petrographic, major and trace element geochemistry and isotope results suggest:rock genesis have different from partial melting of subducted slab, crustal contamination and fractional crystallization processes (AFC) of basaltic magma and partial melting model of eclogite facies lower crust. The sourse maybe mixed between old lower crust and basic melt which come from partial melting of underplate basaltic lower crust.Quantitative model show that fractional crystallization of plagioclase, biotite, zircon and other minerals in evolution of Anjiayingzi granite have a significant affect on changes of the trace element.
The study on H-0 isotopic of fluid inclusions in quartzs have shown that metallogenetic fluids in Jinchanshan gold deposit are mainly magmatic water with meteoric water mixed later. Characteristics of S and Pb isotopic in sulfides indicate that metallogenic matter are from deep-derived magma,with crust-mantle mixing characteristics.These isotope results above show that gold mineralization have a close genetic relationship with Anjiayingzi granite. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in Quartzs are 220-380℃, and salinity is 4.0-40.1ω(NaCl)%, and density is concentrated in 0.66-0.87g/cm3, and pressure and depth estimates are 21.16-34.19Mpa and 0.80-1.29 km, show a shallow metallogenetic environment. Gas and liquid components of fluid inclusions show that metallogenetic fluids in Jinchanshan gold deposit is H2O-CO2-KCl-NaCl-type, that is alkali-rich.In this high-temperature and alkaline fluids, migrate of gold is mainly complexes of sulfide. A variety of mechanisms can result in the precipitation of gold:the deep high-temperature ore fluids are mixed with meteoric water and then fluid cooling, which result in break of balance on Au-S complexes is the main mechanism of gold deposition;With ore fluid migrating along with the broken, water-rock reactions and sedimentation of Fe2+, Zn2+, Pb2+in forming fluids which result in the drop of PH、fO2 and total concentration of sulfur, causing break of balance on Au-S complexes leading to gold deposition.
U-Pb zircon age of Anjiayingzi granite rock the direct ore-bearing rock of Jinchansh gold deposit is 132±5Ma. Widely developed of rhyolite porphyry dikes within the ore field in the majority gold veins and alteration zone or parallel distribution with its invasion to the alteration, the emplacement age slightly later than the age of gold mineralization and the same period, the U-Pb zircon age is 124.9-126.5Ma, thus limiting the times of gold mineralization is 132-126Ma, between an late Yanshan. This period is coincide with lithospheric thinning in eastern China, intense magmatic activity and mineralization geological events, which show the Jinchanshan gold deposit and Jiaodong gold deposit, gold deposits in Qinling and other places, all the deep lithosphere destruction into mine response. Anjiayingzi carried deep granite minerals along the NNE (Red Hill-balihan?), magmatic ore-forming hydrothermal fill in the north east, north-trending fault formed the Jinchanshan gold deposit.
引文
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