油菜田节肢动物群落结构及天敌控害作用的研究
|
摘要
本文通过对肥东地区两块采用不同栽培方式的油菜田进行的全生育期的田间系统调查,研究了油菜田节肢动物群落结构及群落特征动态规律,还研究了害虫、天敌亚群落的结构以及各自优势种群的动态;在数据分析中比较了不同栽培方式对油菜田节肢动物群落结构的影响,并在讨论中提出自己的见解。通过田间系统调查并结合室内捕食性天敌对田间优势害虫的捕食功能反应实验,评价天敌的控害作用,从而为充分利用天敌的生物控制作用提供依据。主要研究结果如下:
1油菜田节肢动物群落结构及其动态
1.1油菜田节肢动物总群落的结构及其动态
肥东地区油菜田节肢动物共计55种,分属2纲、10目、39科,其中害虫7目、19科、28种,天敌6目、15科、22种,中性昆虫的节肢动物3目、4科、4种。油菜移栽田有节肢动物53种,分属38个科,其中害虫27种,天敌22种,中性昆虫4种。油菜直播田有节肢动物53种,分属38个科,其中害虫28种,天敌21种,中性昆虫4种。
在油菜的整个生育期中,群落的多样性与均匀度基本是随着物种丰富度的变化而变化,而优势集中性则显现出相反的趋势。总体来讲,移栽田的优势集中性大于直播田,而多样性与均匀度均小于直播田。
1.2害虫亚群落结构研究
直播田与移栽田的物种丰富度一样,多样性与均匀度分别比移栽田多7.3%和8.9%,也就是说相对而言,在整个调查期间直播田害虫亚群落没有突出的优势种出现。不同的栽培方式对害虫的垂直分布影响不明显,各物种在植株上分布比例相似。
1.3天敌亚群落结构研究
天敌亚群落共有天敌6目、15科、22种,其中捕食性昆虫4目、7科、10种,蜘蛛目9科、11种,寄生性昆虫1种。蜘蛛是两类油菜田生态系统的优势天敌类群,两块油菜田天敌数量结构差异不大,在种类组成上有许多共同种。从数量组成上分析,在油菜田天敌群落中,捕食性昆虫中以异色瓢虫为优势种,蜘蛛以草间小黑蛛和八点球腹蛛为主。不同的栽培方式对天敌的垂直分布影响不明显,各物种在植株上分布比例相似。
天敌节肢动物亚群落物种随时间变化的趋势与整个群落基本一致,显示出节肢动物群落物种丰富度的“M”型变化规律,即物种增加—减少—增加—减少的趋势。天敌与害虫亚群落的发生在时间上存在有明显的相关性。两块调查田的天敌亚群落结构基本没有区别。结合前面的结论,移栽田相对容易产生少数害虫发生猖獗的现象,而直播田的害虫群落更为稳定。所以,通过总体分析认为,直播田的群落更为稳定,更加有利于天敌对害虫的生物控制。
2天敌控害虫作用研究
2.1田间调查的定性化研究
移栽田害虫数量达到高峰的增幅比直播田要大,但害虫数量下降幅度却比直播田要慢,天敌的增减趋势与害虫一致,直播田的天敌数量达到高峰的时间比移栽田要迟。另外,油菜田天敌群落的数量波动与害虫的数量波动明显不同。害虫数量一般在秋冬季达到高峰,而天敌群落则在4月份达到最高数量。因此,在生态控制技术中,防治害虫措施,前期宜尽量采用生物防治措施,如用性引诱剂、Bt(苏云金杆菌)等,促进天敌群落的发展,发挥天敌控害潜能,减少环境污染,,达到对害虫的可持续控制。后期由于天敌等自然控制因子的作用结果,害虫危害水平很低,很少能造成经济损失,通常无须施药防治。
蚜虫(包括桃蚜和萝卜蚜)是油菜田最重要的害虫,在油菜的全生育期内均有发生,而草间小黑蛛和八点球腹蛛是在油菜田出现频率最高的两种天敌。移栽田天敌与蚜虫的发生有一定时滞性,而直播田的天敌与蚜虫表现出非常明显的同步发生趋势。总之,八点球腹蛛和草间小黑蛛是控制苗期蚜虫的重要天敌,应注意加强保护,为控制后期的害虫发展创造条件。
2.2室内实验的定量化研究
异色瓢虫成虫对桃蚜的捕食功能符合HollingⅡ模型,其24h的功能模型为Na=1.0215N/(1+0.00406N),异色瓢虫成虫的最大理论捕食量为251.89头。龟纹瓢虫对桃蚜的捕食功能反应也符合HollingⅡ型,其24h的功能模型为Na=0.9744N/(1+0.0043N),龟纹瓢虫成虫的最大理论捕食量为232.08头。异色瓢虫的捕食量要大于龟纹瓢虫。
This article by investigate two different methods of cultivation of rape fields of the whole growing field in Feidong region,not only studying rape fields of arthropod community structure and dynamics of community characteristics,but also studying the pest and natural enemies of the sub community of structure and their respective dynamics of dominant population;and comparing different methods of cultivation of rape fields of arthropod community structure by analyzed the data,and getting my own views.Through field systemic investigation and predacious function of experiments about natural enemies and the pest of dominant population indoors,evaluating the function of the Natural Enemies' controlling the pests.For the purpose of the basis of making full use of natural enemies to control the biological function.The main conclusion is as follows:
1.Rape Field arthropod community structure and dynamics
1.1 The total of arthropod community structure and dynamics in rape field
There are 55 species of arthropod,belonging to 2 classes.10 orders.39 families, including pest 7 order.19 families.28 species,natural enemies 6 order.15 families. 22 species,neutral insects 3 order.4 families.4 species,in Feidong region rape fields. Rape of direct seeding fields arthropod 53 species belonging to 38 families,of which 28 species of insects,21 types of enemies,Neutral four species of insects.Rape of transplanting fields arthropod 53 species belonging to 38 families,of which 28 species of insects,21 types of enemies,Neutral four species of insects.In the entire growing period, the same of change between the species diversity,evenness and richness,but the dominant concentration are showing the opposite trend.Generally speaking,the Fields dominant concentration were greater than broadcast fields,and diversity and uniformity are less than them.
1.2 The studying of the pests sub community structure
The species richness between direct seeding fields and transplanting fields is same, and the species diversity and evenness more 7.3%and 8.9%than transplanting fields.That is relatively,there are not proEecting dominant species in direct seeding fields of sub community during investigating rape fields.There is not significant effect on pests' vertical distribution of different cultivation methods,and the plant species on the distribution is similar.
1.3 The studying of the natural enemies sub community structure
The kinds of sub communities of natural enemies are 6 orders.15 families.22 species,which predatory insects 4 orders.7 families.10 species,araneae 9 families. 11 specie,and a parasitic insect species.Spiders are proEecting dominant species in two types of rape field ecosystem advantages natural enemies,there are not greatly differ in two rape fields enemies quantitative structure,and they have much of similarities in species of composition.In quantitative composition analysis,heterochromatic ladybug is dominant species in predatory insects,and theridion octomagu and erigonidiurn gramim are dominant species in Spiders,in rapeseed fields enemies communities.There is not significant effect on natural enemies' vertical distribution of different cultivation methods, and the plant species on the distribution is similar.
The similar trends between the sub community of species of Natural enemies of arthropod and the entire community with the time changed,shows species richness of the "M"-type changes,the species change of trend is increase-descrease-increase-descrease. There is clear correlation between the natural enemies and pests in time.It is no basic difference between the natural enemies of the two fields.With previous conclusions,the individual pests of happening is relatively easy in transplanting fields than direct seeding fields,which is stable.Therefore,the communities are more stable and advantage of control pests by natural enemies,in direct seeding fields.
2.Natural enemies of pests control Study
2.1 Qualitative research of field investigation
The number of pests,in transplanting field,increase to peak over direct seeding fields',but them decrease slower than direct seeding fields',the number of natural enemies are uniform with pests on the trend of increase and decrease,and the time of reach the peak,in direct seeding fields,is later than in transplanting field.In addition,the fluctuations obviously different between the number of natural enemy communities and
The number of pests,in rape fields.In general the number of pests in autumn and winter are peak,but it is the highest volume that natural enemy communities in April.So, by technology of ecological control,pest control measures,the best of use of biological control measures in pre-control,sustainable development of natural enemy communities, and natural enemies controlling play potential,reduce environmental pollution,and to achieve sustainable pest control,such as sexual attractants.Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis),and so on.Since the late natural enemies control factor in the results,pest level is very low and rarely cause economic losses,normally not control application.
Aphids(Myzus persicae and Lipaphis erysimi)are the most important pest,they are occurs in the whole growth period of rape.Two kinds of the natural enemies are highest frequency in the rape fields,theridion octomagu and erigonidium gramim,the occurs of time lag between the natural enemies and the pests in transplanting fields,but the same of trend,in direct seeding fields.In short,theridion octomagu and erigonidium gramim,are important natural enemies by used control aphids,and be propectted,for the control of pests in the late create conditions for development.
2.2 Quantitative studies in laboratory
Leis axyrids of adults' predators function coincidence HollingⅡmodel,its functional model for Na=1.0215N/(1+0.00406 N),in 24h,its the theoretical maximum amount of predation 251.89.Propylaea Eaponica of adults' predators function coincidence HollingⅡmodel,its functional model for Na=0.9744N/(1+0.0043 N),in 24h,its predator theory of the largest amount of 232.08.Leis axyrids more Propylaea Eaponica.
1油菜田节肢动物群落结构及其动态
1.1油菜田节肢动物总群落的结构及其动态
肥东地区油菜田节肢动物共计55种,分属2纲、10目、39科,其中害虫7目、19科、28种,天敌6目、15科、22种,中性昆虫的节肢动物3目、4科、4种。油菜移栽田有节肢动物53种,分属38个科,其中害虫27种,天敌22种,中性昆虫4种。油菜直播田有节肢动物53种,分属38个科,其中害虫28种,天敌21种,中性昆虫4种。
在油菜的整个生育期中,群落的多样性与均匀度基本是随着物种丰富度的变化而变化,而优势集中性则显现出相反的趋势。总体来讲,移栽田的优势集中性大于直播田,而多样性与均匀度均小于直播田。
1.2害虫亚群落结构研究
直播田与移栽田的物种丰富度一样,多样性与均匀度分别比移栽田多7.3%和8.9%,也就是说相对而言,在整个调查期间直播田害虫亚群落没有突出的优势种出现。不同的栽培方式对害虫的垂直分布影响不明显,各物种在植株上分布比例相似。
1.3天敌亚群落结构研究
天敌亚群落共有天敌6目、15科、22种,其中捕食性昆虫4目、7科、10种,蜘蛛目9科、11种,寄生性昆虫1种。蜘蛛是两类油菜田生态系统的优势天敌类群,两块油菜田天敌数量结构差异不大,在种类组成上有许多共同种。从数量组成上分析,在油菜田天敌群落中,捕食性昆虫中以异色瓢虫为优势种,蜘蛛以草间小黑蛛和八点球腹蛛为主。不同的栽培方式对天敌的垂直分布影响不明显,各物种在植株上分布比例相似。
天敌节肢动物亚群落物种随时间变化的趋势与整个群落基本一致,显示出节肢动物群落物种丰富度的“M”型变化规律,即物种增加—减少—增加—减少的趋势。天敌与害虫亚群落的发生在时间上存在有明显的相关性。两块调查田的天敌亚群落结构基本没有区别。结合前面的结论,移栽田相对容易产生少数害虫发生猖獗的现象,而直播田的害虫群落更为稳定。所以,通过总体分析认为,直播田的群落更为稳定,更加有利于天敌对害虫的生物控制。
2天敌控害虫作用研究
2.1田间调查的定性化研究
移栽田害虫数量达到高峰的增幅比直播田要大,但害虫数量下降幅度却比直播田要慢,天敌的增减趋势与害虫一致,直播田的天敌数量达到高峰的时间比移栽田要迟。另外,油菜田天敌群落的数量波动与害虫的数量波动明显不同。害虫数量一般在秋冬季达到高峰,而天敌群落则在4月份达到最高数量。因此,在生态控制技术中,防治害虫措施,前期宜尽量采用生物防治措施,如用性引诱剂、Bt(苏云金杆菌)等,促进天敌群落的发展,发挥天敌控害潜能,减少环境污染,,达到对害虫的可持续控制。后期由于天敌等自然控制因子的作用结果,害虫危害水平很低,很少能造成经济损失,通常无须施药防治。
蚜虫(包括桃蚜和萝卜蚜)是油菜田最重要的害虫,在油菜的全生育期内均有发生,而草间小黑蛛和八点球腹蛛是在油菜田出现频率最高的两种天敌。移栽田天敌与蚜虫的发生有一定时滞性,而直播田的天敌与蚜虫表现出非常明显的同步发生趋势。总之,八点球腹蛛和草间小黑蛛是控制苗期蚜虫的重要天敌,应注意加强保护,为控制后期的害虫发展创造条件。
2.2室内实验的定量化研究
异色瓢虫成虫对桃蚜的捕食功能符合HollingⅡ模型,其24h的功能模型为Na=1.0215N/(1+0.00406N),异色瓢虫成虫的最大理论捕食量为251.89头。龟纹瓢虫对桃蚜的捕食功能反应也符合HollingⅡ型,其24h的功能模型为Na=0.9744N/(1+0.0043N),龟纹瓢虫成虫的最大理论捕食量为232.08头。异色瓢虫的捕食量要大于龟纹瓢虫。
This article by investigate two different methods of cultivation of rape fields of the whole growing field in Feidong region,not only studying rape fields of arthropod community structure and dynamics of community characteristics,but also studying the pest and natural enemies of the sub community of structure and their respective dynamics of dominant population;and comparing different methods of cultivation of rape fields of arthropod community structure by analyzed the data,and getting my own views.Through field systemic investigation and predacious function of experiments about natural enemies and the pest of dominant population indoors,evaluating the function of the Natural Enemies' controlling the pests.For the purpose of the basis of making full use of natural enemies to control the biological function.The main conclusion is as follows:
1.Rape Field arthropod community structure and dynamics
1.1 The total of arthropod community structure and dynamics in rape field
There are 55 species of arthropod,belonging to 2 classes.10 orders.39 families, including pest 7 order.19 families.28 species,natural enemies 6 order.15 families. 22 species,neutral insects 3 order.4 families.4 species,in Feidong region rape fields. Rape of direct seeding fields arthropod 53 species belonging to 38 families,of which 28 species of insects,21 types of enemies,Neutral four species of insects.Rape of transplanting fields arthropod 53 species belonging to 38 families,of which 28 species of insects,21 types of enemies,Neutral four species of insects.In the entire growing period, the same of change between the species diversity,evenness and richness,but the dominant concentration are showing the opposite trend.Generally speaking,the Fields dominant concentration were greater than broadcast fields,and diversity and uniformity are less than them.
1.2 The studying of the pests sub community structure
The species richness between direct seeding fields and transplanting fields is same, and the species diversity and evenness more 7.3%and 8.9%than transplanting fields.That is relatively,there are not proEecting dominant species in direct seeding fields of sub community during investigating rape fields.There is not significant effect on pests' vertical distribution of different cultivation methods,and the plant species on the distribution is similar.
1.3 The studying of the natural enemies sub community structure
The kinds of sub communities of natural enemies are 6 orders.15 families.22 species,which predatory insects 4 orders.7 families.10 species,araneae 9 families. 11 specie,and a parasitic insect species.Spiders are proEecting dominant species in two types of rape field ecosystem advantages natural enemies,there are not greatly differ in two rape fields enemies quantitative structure,and they have much of similarities in species of composition.In quantitative composition analysis,heterochromatic ladybug is dominant species in predatory insects,and theridion octomagu and erigonidiurn gramim are dominant species in Spiders,in rapeseed fields enemies communities.There is not significant effect on natural enemies' vertical distribution of different cultivation methods, and the plant species on the distribution is similar.
The similar trends between the sub community of species of Natural enemies of arthropod and the entire community with the time changed,shows species richness of the "M"-type changes,the species change of trend is increase-descrease-increase-descrease. There is clear correlation between the natural enemies and pests in time.It is no basic difference between the natural enemies of the two fields.With previous conclusions,the individual pests of happening is relatively easy in transplanting fields than direct seeding fields,which is stable.Therefore,the communities are more stable and advantage of control pests by natural enemies,in direct seeding fields.
2.Natural enemies of pests control Study
2.1 Qualitative research of field investigation
The number of pests,in transplanting field,increase to peak over direct seeding fields',but them decrease slower than direct seeding fields',the number of natural enemies are uniform with pests on the trend of increase and decrease,and the time of reach the peak,in direct seeding fields,is later than in transplanting field.In addition,the fluctuations obviously different between the number of natural enemy communities and
The number of pests,in rape fields.In general the number of pests in autumn and winter are peak,but it is the highest volume that natural enemy communities in April.So, by technology of ecological control,pest control measures,the best of use of biological control measures in pre-control,sustainable development of natural enemy communities, and natural enemies controlling play potential,reduce environmental pollution,and to achieve sustainable pest control,such as sexual attractants.Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis),and so on.Since the late natural enemies control factor in the results,pest level is very low and rarely cause economic losses,normally not control application.
Aphids(Myzus persicae and Lipaphis erysimi)are the most important pest,they are occurs in the whole growth period of rape.Two kinds of the natural enemies are highest frequency in the rape fields,theridion octomagu and erigonidium gramim,the occurs of time lag between the natural enemies and the pests in transplanting fields,but the same of trend,in direct seeding fields.In short,theridion octomagu and erigonidium gramim,are important natural enemies by used control aphids,and be propectted,for the control of pests in the late create conditions for development.
2.2 Quantitative studies in laboratory
Leis axyrids of adults' predators function coincidence HollingⅡmodel,its functional model for Na=1.0215N/(1+0.00406 N),in 24h,its the theoretical maximum amount of predation 251.89.Propylaea Eaponica of adults' predators function coincidence HollingⅡmodel,its functional model for Na=0.9744N/(1+0.0043 N),in 24h,its predator theory of the largest amount of 232.08.Leis axyrids more Propylaea Eaponica.
引文
[1]谭济才,邓欣,袁哲明.不同类型茶园昆虫蜘蛛群落结构分析.生态学报,1998,18(3):289-294.
[2]戈峰.害虫生态调控的原理与方法[E].生态学杂志,1998,17(2):38-42.
[3]戈峰.害虫区域性生态调控的理论、方法及实践[E].昆虫知识,2001,38(5):337-341.
[4]戈峰,苏建伟.21世纪害虫管理的一些特征展望[E].昆虫知识,2002,39(4):241-246.
[5]郭玉杰,王念英,赵军华,等.中性昆虫在稻田节肢动物群落中作为捕食者营养桥梁作用的研究[E].中国生物防治.1995,11(1):5-9.
[6]郭玉杰,王念英,赵军华,等.不同稻田节肢动物群落中捕食者与猎物的种类和数量特征[E].生物防治通报,1994,10(4):157-161.
[7]胡阳,唐启义,唐健,等.单季稻田节肢动物群落演替规律[E].中国水稻科学,1998,12(4):229-232.
[8]侯美珍,张永强,王卫光.玉米地捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态分析[E].中国生物防治,2005,21(4):209-214.
[9]张古忍,张文庆,古德祥.稻田主要节肢类捕食者群落的结构和动态[E].中山大学学报,1995,(2):1991,33-40.
[10]袁忠林,沈长朋,傅建祥.萝卜田节肢动物群落生态位研究[E].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2000,3 1(3):294-296.
[11]刘金文.青菜田节肢动物群落及其时间生态位初探[E].福建农业学报,2004,19(3):152-155.
[12]农荣贵,张永强.稻田害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落结构和动态[J].蛛形学报,1998,7(1):74-80.
[13]郝树广,张孝羲,程遐年.稻田节肢动物群落优势功能集团的垂直分布、数量动态及天敌作用估计[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):103-107.
[14]师光禄,曹挥,席银宝,等.枣园节肢动物群落优势功能集团的空间时序动态及其相关性[J].林业科学,2003,39(4):78-83.
[15]蒋金炜,马继盛,陈俊炜,等.引黄稻区节肢动物群落的季节特征[J].河南农业大学学报,1994,28(4):344-360.
[16]农荣贵,张永强.稻田害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落结构和动态[J].蛛形学报,1998,7(1):74-80.
[17]陶方玲,王朝阳,张维球.烟地节肢动物群落研究[J].生态科学,1994,2:53-58.
[18]郝树广,张孝羲,程遐年,等.稻田节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能集团的组成与多样性动态[J].昆虫学报,1998,41(4):343-353.
[19]郝树广,张孝羲,程遐年.稻田节肢动物群落优势功能集团的垂直分布、数量动态及天敌作用估计[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):103-107.
[20]师光禄,曹挥,戈峰,等.不同类型枣园节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能集团的组成与多样性时序动态[J].林业科学,2002,38(2):79-86.
[21]毕守东,刘丽,高彩球,等.枣园节肢动物群落结构及其模糊聚类分析应用[J].生态学报,2005,16(10):1893-1897.
[22]邹运鼎,毕守东,周夏芝,等.桃园害虫及天敌群落动态研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):717-720.
[23]郭玉杰,王念英,赵军华,等.4种生态类型稻区节肢动物群落的基本组成与结构特征分析[J].生态学报,1995,15(4):433-441.
[24]刘德广,梁伟光,丁勇,等.复合荔枝园节肢动物群落动态的研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(6):885-889.
[25]周昭旭,陈明,刘长仲,等.间作苜蓿棉田节肢动物群落结构及时问格局[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(4):526-531.
[26]史树森,孟凡平,沈迪山,等.农田生态系中作物构成与节肢动物群落多样性关系的初步研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2004,26(4):419-421.
[27]张古忍,古德祥,张文庆.稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的种库与群落的重建[J].中国生物防治,1997,13(2):65-68.
[28]周强,张古忍,张文庆,等.不同抗性品系稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的结构和动态[J].生态学报,1999,19(5):728-731.
[29]周洪旭,乔晓明,赵春生,等.化学杀虫剂对春甘蓝田节肢动物群落结构的影响[J].莱阳农学院学报,2003,20(3):180-183.
[30]高念昭,李恒源,彭长雄,等.杀虫剂对烟地节肢动物群落的影响[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,25(5):421-424.
[31]刘万学,万方浩,张帆,等.棉铃虫捕食性天敌控制作用评价[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(3):97-101.
[32]胡坚.烟草害虫天敌及其自然控制作用[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(1):59-61.
[33]Dominique Schenk.Sven Bacher.Functional response of a generalist insect predator to one of its prey species in the field[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,2002,71:524-531.
[34]刘江,吴兴富.异色瓢虫对烟蚜的捕食功能反应及密度干扰效应[J].西南农业大学学报,2002,24(5):433-435.
[35]魏炳洲,张卫东,赵玉华.龟纹瓢虫捕食棉蚜的功能反应与寻找效应研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(4):102-105.
[36]孙淑玲,王熠,王进忠.七星瓢虫对刺槐蚜和绣线菊蚜的功能反应[J].北京农学院学报,1999, 14(1):19-23.
[37]范广华,赵建方.横斑瓢虫捕食麦长管蚜的功能反应研究[J].昆虫天敌,1997,(4):187-190.
[38]李学燕,罗佑珍.黑带食蚜蝇对烟蚜的捕食功能反应[J].云南农业大学学报,2000,15(2):109-111.
[39]旷斌,王波,黄保宏.黑缘红瓢虫对朝鲜球坚蚧捕食作用的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2002,29(3):237-240.
[40]薛明,李照会,李强.七星瓢虫对萝卜蚜和桃蚜捕食功能的初步研究[J].山东农业大学学报,1996,6(2):111-114.
[41]王东昌,袁东林,罗兰.异色瓢虫对桃大尾蚜的捕食作用研究[J].植物保护,2001(1):29-31.
[42]邹运鼎,程遐年,巫厚长.不同饥饿程度的龟纹瓢虫成虫对烟蚜的捕食作用.应用生态学报,2000(5):749-752.
[43]邹运鼎,耿继光,陈高新,等.异色瓢虫若虫对麦二叉蚜的捕食作用[J].应用生态学报,1996,7(2):197-200.
[44]邹运鼎,季还,孟庆雷,等.异色瓢虫成虫对麦二叉蚜的捕食作用[J].生物数学学报,1995,10(3):80-86.
[45]庞保平,程家安,陈正贤.酶联免疫吸附试验方法的比较[J].中国生物防治,1999,15(1):31-34.
[46]汤鉴球,温瑞贞.用ELISA评价狼蛛对稻纵卷叶螟的捕食效应[J].中山大学学报,2000,39(2):83-86.
[47]张古忍,张文庆,古德祥.用ELISA检测稻飞虱的捕食性天敌[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1996,35(5):31-34.
[48]张古忍,张文庆,古德祥.用ELISA研究稻田节肢类捕食者对稻飞虱的捕食作用[J].昆虫学报,1997,40(2):171-176.
[49]刘雨芳,古德样,张古忍,等.用ELISA方法检测稻田捕食者对摇蚊的捕食作用[J].生态学报,2002,22(10):1699-1703.
[50]刘雨芳,张古忍,古德祥,等.用ELISA方法研究稻田节肢动物的食物关系.昆虫学报,2002,45(3):352-358.
[51]刘雨芳,古德祥.用ELISA方法检测稻田捕食者对摇蚊的捕食作用.生态学报,2002,22(10):1699-1703.
[52]吕志创,张桂芬,万方浩,等.天敌对烟粉虱捕食作用的SCAR标记检测[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(6):1167-1173.
[53]卿贵华,梁广文,黄寿山.叶菜类蔬菜害虫生态控制系统组建及其效益评价.生态科学,2000,19(1):36-39.
[54]庞雄飞,梁广文.害虫种群系统的控制[M].广州:广东科技出版社.,1995,15-36.
[55]张军,张润志,魏争鸣,等.麦双尾蚜与麦田中生物和非生物因子的灰色关联分析[J].昆虫学报(增刊),1999,42(S):102-110.
[56]邹运鼎,李磊,毕守东,等.石榴园棉蚜及其天敌之间的关系[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(12):2325-2329.
[57]毕守东,邹运鼎,陈高潮,等.各种天敌对麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜种群数量影响程度的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2000,27(2):112-11.
[58]石根生,李典谟.马尾松毛虫空间格局的地学统计学分析[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(6):612-616.
[59]黄保宏,邹运鼎,毕守东,等.朝鲜球坚蚧及黑缘红瓢虫空间格局的地统计学研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(3):413-417.
[60]李磊,邹运鼎,毕守东,等.棉蚜和草间小黑蛛种群空间格局的地统计学研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(6):1043-1046
[61]张毅.油菜生产、市场与技术发展情况的思考[J].中国农技推广(增刊)2006,22:387-391.
[62]丁岩钦.论害虫种群的生态控制[J].生态学报,1993,13(2):99-105.
[63]吕锡祥.农业昆虫学[M](第二版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000,275-333.
[64]彩万志,庞雄飞,花保祯,等.普通昆虫学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2001,269-382.
[65]刘胜毅,马奇祥,周必文,等.油菜病虫草防治彩色图说[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998,1-72.
[66]胡金林.中国农林蜘蛛[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1984,1-482.
[67]农田蜘蛛编写组.农田蜘蛛[M].北京:科学出版社,1980,9-14.
[68]法布尔著,程晓燕译.法布尔观察手记—蜘蛛的生活[M].海口:海南出版社,1999,1-191.
[69]汤顺章,柏毓红,江向军,等.油菜品种及栽培方式对油菜昆虫群落结构的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2003,31(5):751-752,754.
[70]金翠霞,吴亚,王冬亚.稻田节肢动物群落的多样性[J].昆虫学报,1990,33(3):287-295
[71]魏炳洲,张卫东,赵玉华.龟纹瓢虫捕食棉蚜的功能反应与寻找效应研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版).2001,32(4):102-105.
[72]孙儒泳,动物生态学原理[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1987:323-338.
[73]候有明,车俊义.油菜田昆虫群落结构及其防治策略研究[J].西北农业学报,1998,7(2):51-54.
[74]吴进才,胡国文,唐健,等.稻田中性昆虫对群落食物网的调控作用[J].生态学报,1994,14(4):381-386.
[75]Odum E P.Basic Ecology[M].Saund,Col.PUB.1983.
[76]Price P W.Insect Ecology[M].Wiley Interscience Publication,New York,1975.
[77]Price P W.Colonization of crop by arthropods:non-equilibrium communities in soybean fields [J] .Entomol, 1976, 5 (4): 605-611.
[78] Heong, L. K. et al. Athropod community structure of rice ecosystem in Philippines [J]. Bull. Entom.Res. 81:407-416.
[79] Way, M. E. The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice-a review [J]. Bull. Entom. Res. 1995, 84: 567-587.
[80] Root R B. Organization of a plant arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of ollards[J]. Jcol Monogr, 1973,43: 95-124.
[81] Hengeveld R. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the food of ground beetles (Coleoptera:Carabidae): a review [J]. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 1980, 30(4): 555-563.
[82] Solimon M q Fitzgerald E D, Murray R A. Electrophoretic approaches to predator-prey interaction.In: The Ecology of Agricultural. Pests: Biochemical[E]. Approaches (Symondson W O C, Liddell J E, eds.), Chapman&Hall. London, 1996,457468.
[83] Corey D, Kambhampati S, Wilde G Electrophoretic analysis of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera:Anthocorodae) feeding habits in field corn [J]. Journal, of the Kansas Entomological Society,1998,71:11-17.
[84] Traugott M. Ecology and prey spectrum of Cantharis species (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in arable land[J]. PhD Thesis, 2001, University of Innsbruck.
[85] Crook N E, Payne C C. 1980.Comparision of three methods of ELISA for baculoviruses[J].J.Gen.Virol., 46: 29-37.
[86] Hoogendoorn M, Heimpel G E. PCR-based gut content analysis of insect predators: using ribosomal ITS-I fragments from prey to estimate predation frequency[J]. Molecular Ecology, 2001,10: 2059-2068.
[87] Cuthbertson A G S, Fleming C C, Murchie A K. Detection of Rhopalosiphum insertum (apple-grass aphid) predation by the predatory mite Anystis baccarum using molecular gut analysis[J].Agriculture and Forest Entomology, 2003, 5 (3): 219-225.
[88] Williams J G K, Kubelik A R, Livak K J, Rafalsky J A, Tingey S V. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers[J]. Nucleic Acids Research, 1990, 18:6531-6535.
[89] Wolf K, Schoen E D, Perters-Van RiEn E. Optimizing the generation of random amplified polymorphic DNAs in chrysanthemum[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1993, 86:1033-1037.
[90] Sweeney P M, Danneberg T K. Random amplified polymorphic DNA in perennial ryegrass: a comparison of bulk samples vs. individuals[J]. HortScience, 1994, 29: 624-626.
[91] Paran I, Michelmore R W. Development of reliable PCR-based markers linked to downy mildew resistance genes in lettuce[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,1993,85:985-993.
[92]Agusti N,de Vicente M C,Gabarra R.Development of sequence amplified characterized region (SCAR)markers of Helicoverpa armigera:a new PCR-based technique for predator gut analysis[J].Molecular Ecology,1999,8(9):1467-1474.
[93]Agusti N,de Vicente M C,Gabarra R.Developing SCAR markers to study predation on Trialeurodes vaporariorum[J].Insect Molecular Biology,2000,9(3):263-268.
[94]Holling C.S.1959.Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism[J].Can.Entomol,91:385-395.
[2]戈峰.害虫生态调控的原理与方法[E].生态学杂志,1998,17(2):38-42.
[3]戈峰.害虫区域性生态调控的理论、方法及实践[E].昆虫知识,2001,38(5):337-341.
[4]戈峰,苏建伟.21世纪害虫管理的一些特征展望[E].昆虫知识,2002,39(4):241-246.
[5]郭玉杰,王念英,赵军华,等.中性昆虫在稻田节肢动物群落中作为捕食者营养桥梁作用的研究[E].中国生物防治.1995,11(1):5-9.
[6]郭玉杰,王念英,赵军华,等.不同稻田节肢动物群落中捕食者与猎物的种类和数量特征[E].生物防治通报,1994,10(4):157-161.
[7]胡阳,唐启义,唐健,等.单季稻田节肢动物群落演替规律[E].中国水稻科学,1998,12(4):229-232.
[8]侯美珍,张永强,王卫光.玉米地捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态分析[E].中国生物防治,2005,21(4):209-214.
[9]张古忍,张文庆,古德祥.稻田主要节肢类捕食者群落的结构和动态[E].中山大学学报,1995,(2):1991,33-40.
[10]袁忠林,沈长朋,傅建祥.萝卜田节肢动物群落生态位研究[E].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2000,3 1(3):294-296.
[11]刘金文.青菜田节肢动物群落及其时间生态位初探[E].福建农业学报,2004,19(3):152-155.
[12]农荣贵,张永强.稻田害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落结构和动态[J].蛛形学报,1998,7(1):74-80.
[13]郝树广,张孝羲,程遐年.稻田节肢动物群落优势功能集团的垂直分布、数量动态及天敌作用估计[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):103-107.
[14]师光禄,曹挥,席银宝,等.枣园节肢动物群落优势功能集团的空间时序动态及其相关性[J].林业科学,2003,39(4):78-83.
[15]蒋金炜,马继盛,陈俊炜,等.引黄稻区节肢动物群落的季节特征[J].河南农业大学学报,1994,28(4):344-360.
[16]农荣贵,张永强.稻田害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落结构和动态[J].蛛形学报,1998,7(1):74-80.
[17]陶方玲,王朝阳,张维球.烟地节肢动物群落研究[J].生态科学,1994,2:53-58.
[18]郝树广,张孝羲,程遐年,等.稻田节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能集团的组成与多样性动态[J].昆虫学报,1998,41(4):343-353.
[19]郝树广,张孝羲,程遐年.稻田节肢动物群落优势功能集团的垂直分布、数量动态及天敌作用估计[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):103-107.
[20]师光禄,曹挥,戈峰,等.不同类型枣园节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能集团的组成与多样性时序动态[J].林业科学,2002,38(2):79-86.
[21]毕守东,刘丽,高彩球,等.枣园节肢动物群落结构及其模糊聚类分析应用[J].生态学报,2005,16(10):1893-1897.
[22]邹运鼎,毕守东,周夏芝,等.桃园害虫及天敌群落动态研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):717-720.
[23]郭玉杰,王念英,赵军华,等.4种生态类型稻区节肢动物群落的基本组成与结构特征分析[J].生态学报,1995,15(4):433-441.
[24]刘德广,梁伟光,丁勇,等.复合荔枝园节肢动物群落动态的研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(6):885-889.
[25]周昭旭,陈明,刘长仲,等.间作苜蓿棉田节肢动物群落结构及时问格局[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(4):526-531.
[26]史树森,孟凡平,沈迪山,等.农田生态系中作物构成与节肢动物群落多样性关系的初步研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2004,26(4):419-421.
[27]张古忍,古德祥,张文庆.稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的种库与群落的重建[J].中国生物防治,1997,13(2):65-68.
[28]周强,张古忍,张文庆,等.不同抗性品系稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的结构和动态[J].生态学报,1999,19(5):728-731.
[29]周洪旭,乔晓明,赵春生,等.化学杀虫剂对春甘蓝田节肢动物群落结构的影响[J].莱阳农学院学报,2003,20(3):180-183.
[30]高念昭,李恒源,彭长雄,等.杀虫剂对烟地节肢动物群落的影响[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,25(5):421-424.
[31]刘万学,万方浩,张帆,等.棉铃虫捕食性天敌控制作用评价[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(3):97-101.
[32]胡坚.烟草害虫天敌及其自然控制作用[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(1):59-61.
[33]Dominique Schenk.Sven Bacher.Functional response of a generalist insect predator to one of its prey species in the field[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,2002,71:524-531.
[34]刘江,吴兴富.异色瓢虫对烟蚜的捕食功能反应及密度干扰效应[J].西南农业大学学报,2002,24(5):433-435.
[35]魏炳洲,张卫东,赵玉华.龟纹瓢虫捕食棉蚜的功能反应与寻找效应研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(4):102-105.
[36]孙淑玲,王熠,王进忠.七星瓢虫对刺槐蚜和绣线菊蚜的功能反应[J].北京农学院学报,1999, 14(1):19-23.
[37]范广华,赵建方.横斑瓢虫捕食麦长管蚜的功能反应研究[J].昆虫天敌,1997,(4):187-190.
[38]李学燕,罗佑珍.黑带食蚜蝇对烟蚜的捕食功能反应[J].云南农业大学学报,2000,15(2):109-111.
[39]旷斌,王波,黄保宏.黑缘红瓢虫对朝鲜球坚蚧捕食作用的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2002,29(3):237-240.
[40]薛明,李照会,李强.七星瓢虫对萝卜蚜和桃蚜捕食功能的初步研究[J].山东农业大学学报,1996,6(2):111-114.
[41]王东昌,袁东林,罗兰.异色瓢虫对桃大尾蚜的捕食作用研究[J].植物保护,2001(1):29-31.
[42]邹运鼎,程遐年,巫厚长.不同饥饿程度的龟纹瓢虫成虫对烟蚜的捕食作用.应用生态学报,2000(5):749-752.
[43]邹运鼎,耿继光,陈高新,等.异色瓢虫若虫对麦二叉蚜的捕食作用[J].应用生态学报,1996,7(2):197-200.
[44]邹运鼎,季还,孟庆雷,等.异色瓢虫成虫对麦二叉蚜的捕食作用[J].生物数学学报,1995,10(3):80-86.
[45]庞保平,程家安,陈正贤.酶联免疫吸附试验方法的比较[J].中国生物防治,1999,15(1):31-34.
[46]汤鉴球,温瑞贞.用ELISA评价狼蛛对稻纵卷叶螟的捕食效应[J].中山大学学报,2000,39(2):83-86.
[47]张古忍,张文庆,古德祥.用ELISA检测稻飞虱的捕食性天敌[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1996,35(5):31-34.
[48]张古忍,张文庆,古德祥.用ELISA研究稻田节肢类捕食者对稻飞虱的捕食作用[J].昆虫学报,1997,40(2):171-176.
[49]刘雨芳,古德样,张古忍,等.用ELISA方法检测稻田捕食者对摇蚊的捕食作用[J].生态学报,2002,22(10):1699-1703.
[50]刘雨芳,张古忍,古德祥,等.用ELISA方法研究稻田节肢动物的食物关系.昆虫学报,2002,45(3):352-358.
[51]刘雨芳,古德祥.用ELISA方法检测稻田捕食者对摇蚊的捕食作用.生态学报,2002,22(10):1699-1703.
[52]吕志创,张桂芬,万方浩,等.天敌对烟粉虱捕食作用的SCAR标记检测[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(6):1167-1173.
[53]卿贵华,梁广文,黄寿山.叶菜类蔬菜害虫生态控制系统组建及其效益评价.生态科学,2000,19(1):36-39.
[54]庞雄飞,梁广文.害虫种群系统的控制[M].广州:广东科技出版社.,1995,15-36.
[55]张军,张润志,魏争鸣,等.麦双尾蚜与麦田中生物和非生物因子的灰色关联分析[J].昆虫学报(增刊),1999,42(S):102-110.
[56]邹运鼎,李磊,毕守东,等.石榴园棉蚜及其天敌之间的关系[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(12):2325-2329.
[57]毕守东,邹运鼎,陈高潮,等.各种天敌对麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜种群数量影响程度的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2000,27(2):112-11.
[58]石根生,李典谟.马尾松毛虫空间格局的地学统计学分析[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(6):612-616.
[59]黄保宏,邹运鼎,毕守东,等.朝鲜球坚蚧及黑缘红瓢虫空间格局的地统计学研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(3):413-417.
[60]李磊,邹运鼎,毕守东,等.棉蚜和草间小黑蛛种群空间格局的地统计学研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(6):1043-1046
[61]张毅.油菜生产、市场与技术发展情况的思考[J].中国农技推广(增刊)2006,22:387-391.
[62]丁岩钦.论害虫种群的生态控制[J].生态学报,1993,13(2):99-105.
[63]吕锡祥.农业昆虫学[M](第二版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000,275-333.
[64]彩万志,庞雄飞,花保祯,等.普通昆虫学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2001,269-382.
[65]刘胜毅,马奇祥,周必文,等.油菜病虫草防治彩色图说[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998,1-72.
[66]胡金林.中国农林蜘蛛[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1984,1-482.
[67]农田蜘蛛编写组.农田蜘蛛[M].北京:科学出版社,1980,9-14.
[68]法布尔著,程晓燕译.法布尔观察手记—蜘蛛的生活[M].海口:海南出版社,1999,1-191.
[69]汤顺章,柏毓红,江向军,等.油菜品种及栽培方式对油菜昆虫群落结构的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2003,31(5):751-752,754.
[70]金翠霞,吴亚,王冬亚.稻田节肢动物群落的多样性[J].昆虫学报,1990,33(3):287-295
[71]魏炳洲,张卫东,赵玉华.龟纹瓢虫捕食棉蚜的功能反应与寻找效应研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版).2001,32(4):102-105.
[72]孙儒泳,动物生态学原理[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1987:323-338.
[73]候有明,车俊义.油菜田昆虫群落结构及其防治策略研究[J].西北农业学报,1998,7(2):51-54.
[74]吴进才,胡国文,唐健,等.稻田中性昆虫对群落食物网的调控作用[J].生态学报,1994,14(4):381-386.
[75]Odum E P.Basic Ecology[M].Saund,Col.PUB.1983.
[76]Price P W.Insect Ecology[M].Wiley Interscience Publication,New York,1975.
[77]Price P W.Colonization of crop by arthropods:non-equilibrium communities in soybean fields [J] .Entomol, 1976, 5 (4): 605-611.
[78] Heong, L. K. et al. Athropod community structure of rice ecosystem in Philippines [J]. Bull. Entom.Res. 81:407-416.
[79] Way, M. E. The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice-a review [J]. Bull. Entom. Res. 1995, 84: 567-587.
[80] Root R B. Organization of a plant arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of ollards[J]. Jcol Monogr, 1973,43: 95-124.
[81] Hengeveld R. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the food of ground beetles (Coleoptera:Carabidae): a review [J]. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 1980, 30(4): 555-563.
[82] Solimon M q Fitzgerald E D, Murray R A. Electrophoretic approaches to predator-prey interaction.In: The Ecology of Agricultural. Pests: Biochemical[E]. Approaches (Symondson W O C, Liddell J E, eds.), Chapman&Hall. London, 1996,457468.
[83] Corey D, Kambhampati S, Wilde G Electrophoretic analysis of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera:Anthocorodae) feeding habits in field corn [J]. Journal, of the Kansas Entomological Society,1998,71:11-17.
[84] Traugott M. Ecology and prey spectrum of Cantharis species (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in arable land[J]. PhD Thesis, 2001, University of Innsbruck.
[85] Crook N E, Payne C C. 1980.Comparision of three methods of ELISA for baculoviruses[J].J.Gen.Virol., 46: 29-37.
[86] Hoogendoorn M, Heimpel G E. PCR-based gut content analysis of insect predators: using ribosomal ITS-I fragments from prey to estimate predation frequency[J]. Molecular Ecology, 2001,10: 2059-2068.
[87] Cuthbertson A G S, Fleming C C, Murchie A K. Detection of Rhopalosiphum insertum (apple-grass aphid) predation by the predatory mite Anystis baccarum using molecular gut analysis[J].Agriculture and Forest Entomology, 2003, 5 (3): 219-225.
[88] Williams J G K, Kubelik A R, Livak K J, Rafalsky J A, Tingey S V. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers[J]. Nucleic Acids Research, 1990, 18:6531-6535.
[89] Wolf K, Schoen E D, Perters-Van RiEn E. Optimizing the generation of random amplified polymorphic DNAs in chrysanthemum[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1993, 86:1033-1037.
[90] Sweeney P M, Danneberg T K. Random amplified polymorphic DNA in perennial ryegrass: a comparison of bulk samples vs. individuals[J]. HortScience, 1994, 29: 624-626.
[91] Paran I, Michelmore R W. Development of reliable PCR-based markers linked to downy mildew resistance genes in lettuce[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,1993,85:985-993.
[92]Agusti N,de Vicente M C,Gabarra R.Development of sequence amplified characterized region (SCAR)markers of Helicoverpa armigera:a new PCR-based technique for predator gut analysis[J].Molecular Ecology,1999,8(9):1467-1474.
[93]Agusti N,de Vicente M C,Gabarra R.Developing SCAR markers to study predation on Trialeurodes vaporariorum[J].Insect Molecular Biology,2000,9(3):263-268.
[94]Holling C.S.1959.Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism[J].Can.Entomol,91:385-395.