水下壳体结构低频声辐射预报方法与试验测试技术研究
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摘要
大长径比壳体结构是决定艇体低频噪声辐射性能的主要结构，研究其低频声辐射特性，对潜艇机械系统振动和辐射噪声的定量预估以及采取相应的减振降噪措施具有实际意义。本文工作的主要目的有两个，一是根据艇体结构在低频段的声辐射特征及现有的预报方法特点，探索能够提高水下大长径比壳体结构低频振动响应和声辐射计算效率的预报方法；二是充分利用混响法在非消声水池中测量结果具有良好重复性的可信优势，扩展其低频应用，为实现潜艇辐射噪声的准确测量及对噪声源进行识别提供试验方法依据。
本文通过计算预报及试验测量两个层面展开了水下壳体结构低频声辐射特性的研究工作。
预报研究方面，首先采用模态展开法解析推导了简支在半无限长圆柱障板上的带声学覆盖层的水下加肋圆柱壳振动响应及辐射声场，该解析模型可以方便地退化为加肋圆柱壳和圆柱壳模型，便于验证后续数值计算及等效算法的正确性。其次，建立了水下大长径比复杂壳体结构声辐射简化的有限元+边界元数值计算方法，采用ANSYS软件和SYSNOISE软件联合计算实现。通过分析附连水对大长径比壳体结构低频振动的影响，得出对于水中大长径比壳体结构低频振动，流体对结构的耦合作用可以利用附加水质量以线密度增量的形式直接加载到结构中来近似。进而在利用ANSYS计算水中大长径比壳体结构的低频振动响应时，选择不小于5倍壳体结构半径的有限流体域代替传统的以吸声边界半径尺度形成的巨大球形流体域，大大提高了数值计算效率。接着，提出了一种利用水下梁模型等效计算大长径比(L/a>20)圆柱壳低频振动响应和辐射声功率的方法。该等效模型基于欧拉梁理论，采用附加水质量近似流固耦合作用，通过计算梁的等效杨氏模量系数，使其与圆柱壳的梁式弯曲振动模态对应。给出了不同长径比圆柱壳前五阶弯曲模态频率的等效杨氏模量系数曲线，利用梁模型并结合此曲线，可准确、高效预报水下圆柱壳前五阶梁式弯曲振动频率范围内的低频域辐射声功率。最后，将该等效算法拓展至复杂壳体结构的低频辐射声功率的预报中，通过对不同边界条件、变截面线形、结构参数变化等因素的计算分析，表明等效梁算法在等效计算大长径比壳体结构低频辐射声功率具有普适性和高效性。
试验研究方面，提出了一种基于声场精细校准的声源辐射声功率混响法低频扩展测试技术，以实现复杂结构声源辐射声功率的混响法准确测量，该方法避免了传统混响测量技术中需要对非消声水池的混响时间进行测量，扩展了非消声水池中混响法在低于下限频率时的适用范围。理论推导了绝对软边界的矩形混响水池内点源声场及均匀脉动球源辐射阻的表达式，数值计算分析了该混响场与自由场均方声压及辐射阻比值的对应关系，分析了声源辐射阻对辐射声功率的影响，给出了混响法低频扩展测试技术原理的理论依据。分别在消声水池和非消声水池中开展了典型声源及圆柱壳结构声源辐射声功率的测量试验研究，验证了利用混响法低频扩展测试技术在非消声水池中测量未知声源低频辐射声功率的准确性与有效性。试验结果表明，运用该混响测试技术在下限频率为8000Hz的玻璃水池中对球形声源2000Hz以上范围进行辐射声功率测量，消除了玻璃水池中声场由简正波共振带来的剧烈起伏影响，准确得到声源在消声水池中的声功率，窄带谱偏差小于3dB，声功率级的1/3倍频程谱偏差小于1dB。在非消声水池中运用该混响测试技术在2000Hz以上范围测量圆柱壳结构的辐射声功率，采用不同已知声源对声场校准，得到的圆柱壳模型辐射声功率结果具有良好的一致性，和消声水池测量结果比较偏差小于1.5dB。
A shell structure with large length-to-radius ratio is the typical structure of a hull. Studyon its low-frequency radiation characteristics has practical significance in quantitativelyforecasting and through appropriate measures reducing the vibration and sound radiation ofthe submarine. There are two purposes in this work, the first one is based on the soundradiation characteristics and the existing forecasting methods, an efficient forecasting methodis explored to predict the vibration and the sound radiation of the shell structure with largelength-to-radius ratio in low frequency; the second one is to achieve the accuratemeasurement of the submarine radiated noise and the noise sources identification, thelow-frequency applications are to be expanded by use of the reverberant measurement resultsin a non-anechoic water tank.
The investigations on predicting and measuring the sound radiation of underwater shellstructure in low frequency are carried out in this work.
In forecasting research, firstly, the modal expansion method is used in the analyticanalysis of vibration and radiation of an underwater ring-stiffened cylindrical shell withacoustic coating, which is simply supported on semi-infinite cylindrical baffles, is derived.The analytical model can be used to verify the correctness of the numerical calculation andthe equivalent algorithm, subsequently. Secondly, a simplified FEM+BEM numerical methodis established to predict the radiation characteristics of the underwater complex shell structurewith a large length-to-radius ratio, and which is carried out by use of ANSYS and SYSNOISE.The coupling effect of the fluid on the low-frequency vibration can be approximated to anadded density loading to the structure. For calculating the response of the low-frequencyvibration in water by using ANSYS, a limited fluid domain of not less than five times theradius of the shell structure is chosen instead of the huge spherical fluid domain determinedby the sound absorbing boundary radius, thus the efficiency of the numerical calculation isgreatly improved. Then, in order to improve the computational efficiency of the vibration andthe sound radiation of underwater cylindrical shells with the large length-to-radius ratio(L/a>20) in low frequency, a method using the equivalent beams is proposed. The equivalentbeam theoretical model is based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, in which the interactionbetween the structures and water is approximated as added mass. Different equivalentYoung’s modulus coefficients for the beam models are obtained, through which the modalfrequencies of the beams are made identical to the beam-type modal frequencies of the cylindrical shell. The equivalent Young’s modulus coefficients curves for the first five orderbeam-type natural frequencies of cylindrical shells with different length-to-radius ratio arecalculated, through which the radiated sound power and the beam-type modes of theunderwater simply cylindrical shells in the first five beam-type bending frequency range canbe precisely predicted by using a simple beam theoretical model. Finally, the equivalentalgorithm is expanded into the prediction of the radiated sound power of a complex variablecross-section shell structure in low frequency, which is shown as an universal and efficientmethod by analyzing the effect of different boundary, structural parameters and other factors.
In experimental research, a fine calibration method is proposed by measuring thedifference between the mean square sound pressure in the non-anechoic water tank and that inthe free-field, and the radiated sound power of a complex structure is accurately measured.Using this fine calibration method, the reverberant measurement is expanded to be valid innon-anechoic water tank below the lower limit frequency range, and the measurement ofreverberation time in the non-anechoic water tank is avoided. In order to find the theoreticalbasis of the fine calibration method on reverberant measurement, the sound field and theradiation resistance of a point source in a rectangle reverberant pool with absolutely softboundary are derived, both the reverberant field to free field ratio of the mean square soundpressure and the ratio of the radiation resistance are further analyzed by numericalcomputation, and effect of the radiation resistance on the radiated sound power is analyzed. Inthe end of this work, both the radiated sound power of the typical sound source and thecomplex structure are measured in the anechoic water tank and the non-anechoic water tank,respectively, and the accuracy and the validity of the fine calibration method on reverberantmeasurement are verified. The test results show that, for a spherical sound source above2000Hz, the radiated sound power is accurately measured in the glass pool with lower limit infrequency being8000Hz, and the intense undulation effect caused by the normal waveresonance is eliminated. Compared to the radiated sound power tested in the anechoic watertank, the narrowband spectrum deviation tested in non-anechoic water tank is less than3dB,and the sound power level of1/3octave spectrum deviation is less than1dB. For a cylindricalshell model in the range2000Hz above, by using different known sound source for calibration,a good consistency of the radiated sound power is measured in the non-anechoic water tank,and the deviation compared to the results tested in anechoic water tank is less than1.5dB.
本文通过计算预报及试验测量两个层面展开了水下壳体结构低频声辐射特性的研究工作。
预报研究方面，首先采用模态展开法解析推导了简支在半无限长圆柱障板上的带声学覆盖层的水下加肋圆柱壳振动响应及辐射声场，该解析模型可以方便地退化为加肋圆柱壳和圆柱壳模型，便于验证后续数值计算及等效算法的正确性。其次，建立了水下大长径比复杂壳体结构声辐射简化的有限元+边界元数值计算方法，采用ANSYS软件和SYSNOISE软件联合计算实现。通过分析附连水对大长径比壳体结构低频振动的影响，得出对于水中大长径比壳体结构低频振动，流体对结构的耦合作用可以利用附加水质量以线密度增量的形式直接加载到结构中来近似。进而在利用ANSYS计算水中大长径比壳体结构的低频振动响应时，选择不小于5倍壳体结构半径的有限流体域代替传统的以吸声边界半径尺度形成的巨大球形流体域，大大提高了数值计算效率。接着，提出了一种利用水下梁模型等效计算大长径比(L/a>20)圆柱壳低频振动响应和辐射声功率的方法。该等效模型基于欧拉梁理论，采用附加水质量近似流固耦合作用，通过计算梁的等效杨氏模量系数，使其与圆柱壳的梁式弯曲振动模态对应。给出了不同长径比圆柱壳前五阶弯曲模态频率的等效杨氏模量系数曲线，利用梁模型并结合此曲线，可准确、高效预报水下圆柱壳前五阶梁式弯曲振动频率范围内的低频域辐射声功率。最后，将该等效算法拓展至复杂壳体结构的低频辐射声功率的预报中，通过对不同边界条件、变截面线形、结构参数变化等因素的计算分析，表明等效梁算法在等效计算大长径比壳体结构低频辐射声功率具有普适性和高效性。
试验研究方面，提出了一种基于声场精细校准的声源辐射声功率混响法低频扩展测试技术，以实现复杂结构声源辐射声功率的混响法准确测量，该方法避免了传统混响测量技术中需要对非消声水池的混响时间进行测量，扩展了非消声水池中混响法在低于下限频率时的适用范围。理论推导了绝对软边界的矩形混响水池内点源声场及均匀脉动球源辐射阻的表达式，数值计算分析了该混响场与自由场均方声压及辐射阻比值的对应关系，分析了声源辐射阻对辐射声功率的影响，给出了混响法低频扩展测试技术原理的理论依据。分别在消声水池和非消声水池中开展了典型声源及圆柱壳结构声源辐射声功率的测量试验研究，验证了利用混响法低频扩展测试技术在非消声水池中测量未知声源低频辐射声功率的准确性与有效性。试验结果表明，运用该混响测试技术在下限频率为8000Hz的玻璃水池中对球形声源2000Hz以上范围进行辐射声功率测量，消除了玻璃水池中声场由简正波共振带来的剧烈起伏影响，准确得到声源在消声水池中的声功率，窄带谱偏差小于3dB，声功率级的1/3倍频程谱偏差小于1dB。在非消声水池中运用该混响测试技术在2000Hz以上范围测量圆柱壳结构的辐射声功率，采用不同已知声源对声场校准，得到的圆柱壳模型辐射声功率结果具有良好的一致性，和消声水池测量结果比较偏差小于1.5dB。
A shell structure with large length-to-radius ratio is the typical structure of a hull. Studyon its low-frequency radiation characteristics has practical significance in quantitativelyforecasting and through appropriate measures reducing the vibration and sound radiation ofthe submarine. There are two purposes in this work, the first one is based on the soundradiation characteristics and the existing forecasting methods, an efficient forecasting methodis explored to predict the vibration and the sound radiation of the shell structure with largelength-to-radius ratio in low frequency; the second one is to achieve the accuratemeasurement of the submarine radiated noise and the noise sources identification, thelow-frequency applications are to be expanded by use of the reverberant measurement resultsin a non-anechoic water tank.
The investigations on predicting and measuring the sound radiation of underwater shellstructure in low frequency are carried out in this work.
In forecasting research, firstly, the modal expansion method is used in the analyticanalysis of vibration and radiation of an underwater ring-stiffened cylindrical shell withacoustic coating, which is simply supported on semi-infinite cylindrical baffles, is derived.The analytical model can be used to verify the correctness of the numerical calculation andthe equivalent algorithm, subsequently. Secondly, a simplified FEM+BEM numerical methodis established to predict the radiation characteristics of the underwater complex shell structurewith a large length-to-radius ratio, and which is carried out by use of ANSYS and SYSNOISE.The coupling effect of the fluid on the low-frequency vibration can be approximated to anadded density loading to the structure. For calculating the response of the low-frequencyvibration in water by using ANSYS, a limited fluid domain of not less than five times theradius of the shell structure is chosen instead of the huge spherical fluid domain determinedby the sound absorbing boundary radius, thus the efficiency of the numerical calculation isgreatly improved. Then, in order to improve the computational efficiency of the vibration andthe sound radiation of underwater cylindrical shells with the large length-to-radius ratio(L/a>20) in low frequency, a method using the equivalent beams is proposed. The equivalentbeam theoretical model is based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, in which the interactionbetween the structures and water is approximated as added mass. Different equivalentYoung’s modulus coefficients for the beam models are obtained, through which the modalfrequencies of the beams are made identical to the beam-type modal frequencies of the cylindrical shell. The equivalent Young’s modulus coefficients curves for the first five orderbeam-type natural frequencies of cylindrical shells with different length-to-radius ratio arecalculated, through which the radiated sound power and the beam-type modes of theunderwater simply cylindrical shells in the first five beam-type bending frequency range canbe precisely predicted by using a simple beam theoretical model. Finally, the equivalentalgorithm is expanded into the prediction of the radiated sound power of a complex variablecross-section shell structure in low frequency, which is shown as an universal and efficientmethod by analyzing the effect of different boundary, structural parameters and other factors.
In experimental research, a fine calibration method is proposed by measuring thedifference between the mean square sound pressure in the non-anechoic water tank and that inthe free-field, and the radiated sound power of a complex structure is accurately measured.Using this fine calibration method, the reverberant measurement is expanded to be valid innon-anechoic water tank below the lower limit frequency range, and the measurement ofreverberation time in the non-anechoic water tank is avoided. In order to find the theoreticalbasis of the fine calibration method on reverberant measurement, the sound field and theradiation resistance of a point source in a rectangle reverberant pool with absolutely softboundary are derived, both the reverberant field to free field ratio of the mean square soundpressure and the ratio of the radiation resistance are further analyzed by numericalcomputation, and effect of the radiation resistance on the radiated sound power is analyzed. Inthe end of this work, both the radiated sound power of the typical sound source and thecomplex structure are measured in the anechoic water tank and the non-anechoic water tank,respectively, and the accuracy and the validity of the fine calibration method on reverberantmeasurement are verified. The test results show that, for a spherical sound source above2000Hz, the radiated sound power is accurately measured in the glass pool with lower limit infrequency being8000Hz, and the intense undulation effect caused by the normal waveresonance is eliminated. Compared to the radiated sound power tested in the anechoic watertank, the narrowband spectrum deviation tested in non-anechoic water tank is less than3dB,and the sound power level of1/3octave spectrum deviation is less than1dB. For a cylindricalshell model in the range2000Hz above, by using different known sound source for calibration,a good consistency of the radiated sound power is measured in the non-anechoic water tank,and the deviation compared to the results tested in anechoic water tank is less than1.5dB.
引文
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