基于红旗Linux的维、汉、英多语种操作系统的设计与实现
摘要
Linux操作系统具有开放性、灵活性与易用性等特点，在进入我国以后，受到了政府、企业与大学研究机构重视，Linux的研究开发获得蓬勃发展，国内涌现出了红旗Linux、中软Linux等多个优秀的中文Linux操作系统，在用户中引起了较大反响。基于Linux开发的中文操作系统已经成为我国具有自主知识产权操作系统事实上的标准和发展方向。
维文与汉文差别较大，属于不同语言体系，系统实现难度较大。新疆大学一直致力于维、汉文多语种操作系统的开发。从DOS2.0开始，陆续研发出从DOS系列到windows系列维、哈、柯、汉、英多语种操作系统平台。取得了较多的学术成果，但是由于Microsoft公司在推出Window系列平台以后，不再公开源代码，所以在Windows平台上对维、汉文操作系统的研究一直处于不掌握操作系统核心技术，只能跟踪外国公司技术更新，在系统外围进行修改的窘境。
在我区，由于其民族构成的特点以及地理位置的重要性，研究具有自主知识产权的维、汉、英多语种操作系统，具有重大的政治、经济、社会意义和广泛的应用前景。因而本文主要探讨了在红旗Linux的基础上，以Linux的国际化、本地化框架为指针，根据维文使用习惯，开发出符合国际标准的、兼容汉英文的输入、显示，具有使用方便、灵活，兼容性好等特点的多语种Linux操作系统。作者所做的工作的主要工作集中在以下几个方面：
（1）分析了Linux操作系统中本地化数据库的格式，建立了维吾尔文的Linux基本函数库和X window系统两层本地化（locale）数据库，使系统应用程序使用基本函数支持维吾尔文的使用习惯和处理方式，X window系统可以正确进行维吾尔文字输入、输出和在客户程序之间通信。
（2）根据Linux系统图形界面信息国际化机制，制定了一整套维吾尔文界面文字信息翻译步骤、方案和配置方法。在将对应的文字信息翻译成维文后，系统开始菜单、桌面项、提示信息以及系统应用程序的界面全部可以显示为维吾尔文。
（3）作者全面研究了Linux系统上使用的各种类型输入法，对比分析了维文在键盘映射输入方式与输入法服务器输入方式下，同时输入中文、维文的优缺点，开发了维文键盘映射输入法和输入法服务器方式输入维文两种维文输入法。可以方便、灵活地进行维文输入法的切换。
（4）深入研究分析了Linux系统上图形库Qt中复杂文本层处理技术，在此基础上根据维语使用特点，按照维吾尔文的变形和书写规则，加入了维文自动选型支持模块以及维文从右向左书写入口函数。实现维文从右到左输入、显示与自动选型。
通过以上方式在红旗Linux的基础上研发的维、汉、英多语种Linux操作系统，在保证红旗Linux操作系统所有功能的基础上，实现了以下功能：
（1）提供维吾尔语的用户界面，当然也可以支持英、汉等语言的用户界面。用
户可以自由地切换所使用的语言环境，相应地，应用程序将自动地使用相应语言的界面；0
（2）提供维吾尔文键盘映射和输入法服务器等两种类型的输入法，用户可以灵活的根据使用环境不同而自由的选择不同输入方法。提高系统的灵活性与适用性。
（3）针对维吾尔语的语言特性，提供符合语言习惯的界面布局方式。系统开始菜单、标题栏、应用程序的下拉菜单等全部是靠右对齐
（4）以维文使用习惯为导向，在图形函数库Qt中加入维文支持，从而使基于KDE和Qt库编制的图形应用程序全面支持维文向右对齐、从右向左输入排版、自动选形（包括在编辑状态自动选形）。
(5)在图形方式下，可以象中文一样地使用维文建立维文文件名、建立文件夹、搜索维文文件等操作系统文字处理功能。
Linux OS is of openness, flexibility and utilization. After it came into China, it attracted the attention of government, firms, universities and researching institutes and the study and exploration about Linux is forgoing rapidly ahead. Many Chinese Linux OS, such as RedFlag and ChinaSoft, are highly praised by users. In fact, the Chinese OS based on Linux has been the standard and developing orientation of OS which possess our owns intellectual property right.
It is difficult to realize the Uighur, Chinese, English OS because these are lots of difference between Uighur and Chinese which belong to different language structure. XinJiang University keeps on devoting itself upon developing multilingualization OS. From the commencement of DOS2.0, XinJiang University has been developed series of DOS and Windows multi-language OS that are able to deal with Uighur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Chinese and English. Unfortunately, the Microsoft don’t publish its source codes after the Windows OS was published, so we don’t master the core technique about studying and researching the Uighur and Chinese OS on Windows platform.and we have to be after the other’s innovationof technique and patch up it outside the system.
Due to the trait of people’s constitution and the geographical importance in our region, Studying and researching a multilingualization OS which possession our own intellectual property right has an effect on the politics, economy and society and confronts a wide implying prospect. According to this, this paper mainly debates upon the multilingualization OS which is based on the RedFlag Linux and is directed by the structure of Linux’s internationalization and localicationand which can input and output Chinese and English, which makes the makes the multi-language Linux OS be widely used in a lot of aspects. What the writer have done concentrates on the following:
(1)Analizing the formation of localized database in the Linux OS and constructing Uighur localized database in glibc and X window and render foundmental funtion surpport the Uighur applying habits, X window system precisely carry out inputing and outputing Uighur letter and communicating Uighur letter among processes.
(2)Accoreding to the internationalization mechinism of information about Linux GUI, a set of translating steps, plan and configuration about Uighur GUI word was created. After the corresponding resources file is
translated into Uighur, the systematic interface, including beginning menu, desktop item, tips and interface of applying program, could manifest themselves Uighur.
(3)The writer overally studied the input methods of Linux and compared the inputting server and keyboard mapping by which input Uighur. He has developped two Uighur inputting methods on Linux. One is keyboard mapping inputting method, the other is Uighur input module which is added to chinese input server to input Uighur. By so doing, it is easy to input Uighur.
(4)We try our best to research complex text layout technique of Qt lib. Based on transforming traits of Uighur, we developped automaticly selected glyph module according to Uighur glyph transforming rules and added entry of writing funtion from righut to left. We realized writing and manifesting of Uighur from right to left, selecting automaticly Uighur glyph.
Due to what we had done, a series of function are available while our multilingualization Linux OS owns all funtion of RedFlag Linux. Realizing mainly following function:
(1)The GUI to support Uighur is supplied and the same to English and Chinese, etc. Users can freely interchange linguistic environment and the applying program would automatically avail itself of the right orientation linguistic GUI.
(2)Uighur keyboard mapping inputting and Uighur inputting module of IM server are presented and user can freely select diffent input ways to different surrounding, which will promote the flexibility and applicability.
(3)Focusing on the Uighur trait, layout of GUI agree with the Uighur linguistic property. For example starting menu, title column, droppi
维文与汉文差别较大，属于不同语言体系，系统实现难度较大。新疆大学一直致力于维、汉文多语种操作系统的开发。从DOS2.0开始，陆续研发出从DOS系列到windows系列维、哈、柯、汉、英多语种操作系统平台。取得了较多的学术成果，但是由于Microsoft公司在推出Window系列平台以后，不再公开源代码，所以在Windows平台上对维、汉文操作系统的研究一直处于不掌握操作系统核心技术，只能跟踪外国公司技术更新，在系统外围进行修改的窘境。
在我区，由于其民族构成的特点以及地理位置的重要性，研究具有自主知识产权的维、汉、英多语种操作系统，具有重大的政治、经济、社会意义和广泛的应用前景。因而本文主要探讨了在红旗Linux的基础上，以Linux的国际化、本地化框架为指针，根据维文使用习惯，开发出符合国际标准的、兼容汉英文的输入、显示，具有使用方便、灵活，兼容性好等特点的多语种Linux操作系统。作者所做的工作的主要工作集中在以下几个方面：
（1）分析了Linux操作系统中本地化数据库的格式，建立了维吾尔文的Linux基本函数库和X window系统两层本地化（locale）数据库，使系统应用程序使用基本函数支持维吾尔文的使用习惯和处理方式，X window系统可以正确进行维吾尔文字输入、输出和在客户程序之间通信。
（2）根据Linux系统图形界面信息国际化机制，制定了一整套维吾尔文界面文字信息翻译步骤、方案和配置方法。在将对应的文字信息翻译成维文后，系统开始菜单、桌面项、提示信息以及系统应用程序的界面全部可以显示为维吾尔文。
（3）作者全面研究了Linux系统上使用的各种类型输入法，对比分析了维文在键盘映射输入方式与输入法服务器输入方式下，同时输入中文、维文的优缺点，开发了维文键盘映射输入法和输入法服务器方式输入维文两种维文输入法。可以方便、灵活地进行维文输入法的切换。
（4）深入研究分析了Linux系统上图形库Qt中复杂文本层处理技术，在此基础上根据维语使用特点，按照维吾尔文的变形和书写规则，加入了维文自动选型支持模块以及维文从右向左书写入口函数。实现维文从右到左输入、显示与自动选型。
通过以上方式在红旗Linux的基础上研发的维、汉、英多语种Linux操作系统，在保证红旗Linux操作系统所有功能的基础上，实现了以下功能：
（1）提供维吾尔语的用户界面，当然也可以支持英、汉等语言的用户界面。用
户可以自由地切换所使用的语言环境，相应地，应用程序将自动地使用相应语言的界面；0
（2）提供维吾尔文键盘映射和输入法服务器等两种类型的输入法，用户可以灵活的根据使用环境不同而自由的选择不同输入方法。提高系统的灵活性与适用性。
（3）针对维吾尔语的语言特性，提供符合语言习惯的界面布局方式。系统开始菜单、标题栏、应用程序的下拉菜单等全部是靠右对齐
（4）以维文使用习惯为导向，在图形函数库Qt中加入维文支持，从而使基于KDE和Qt库编制的图形应用程序全面支持维文向右对齐、从右向左输入排版、自动选形（包括在编辑状态自动选形）。
(5)在图形方式下，可以象中文一样地使用维文建立维文文件名、建立文件夹、搜索维文文件等操作系统文字处理功能。
Linux OS is of openness, flexibility and utilization. After it came into China, it attracted the attention of government, firms, universities and researching institutes and the study and exploration about Linux is forgoing rapidly ahead. Many Chinese Linux OS, such as RedFlag and ChinaSoft, are highly praised by users. In fact, the Chinese OS based on Linux has been the standard and developing orientation of OS which possess our owns intellectual property right.
It is difficult to realize the Uighur, Chinese, English OS because these are lots of difference between Uighur and Chinese which belong to different language structure. XinJiang University keeps on devoting itself upon developing multilingualization OS. From the commencement of DOS2.0, XinJiang University has been developed series of DOS and Windows multi-language OS that are able to deal with Uighur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Chinese and English. Unfortunately, the Microsoft don’t publish its source codes after the Windows OS was published, so we don’t master the core technique about studying and researching the Uighur and Chinese OS on Windows platform.and we have to be after the other’s innovationof technique and patch up it outside the system.
Due to the trait of people’s constitution and the geographical importance in our region, Studying and researching a multilingualization OS which possession our own intellectual property right has an effect on the politics, economy and society and confronts a wide implying prospect. According to this, this paper mainly debates upon the multilingualization OS which is based on the RedFlag Linux and is directed by the structure of Linux’s internationalization and localicationand which can input and output Chinese and English, which makes the makes the multi-language Linux OS be widely used in a lot of aspects. What the writer have done concentrates on the following:
(1)Analizing the formation of localized database in the Linux OS and constructing Uighur localized database in glibc and X window and render foundmental funtion surpport the Uighur applying habits, X window system precisely carry out inputing and outputing Uighur letter and communicating Uighur letter among processes.
(2)Accoreding to the internationalization mechinism of information about Linux GUI, a set of translating steps, plan and configuration about Uighur GUI word was created. After the corresponding resources file is
translated into Uighur, the systematic interface, including beginning menu, desktop item, tips and interface of applying program, could manifest themselves Uighur.
(3)The writer overally studied the input methods of Linux and compared the inputting server and keyboard mapping by which input Uighur. He has developped two Uighur inputting methods on Linux. One is keyboard mapping inputting method, the other is Uighur input module which is added to chinese input server to input Uighur. By so doing, it is easy to input Uighur.
(4)We try our best to research complex text layout technique of Qt lib. Based on transforming traits of Uighur, we developped automaticly selected glyph module according to Uighur glyph transforming rules and added entry of writing funtion from righut to left. We realized writing and manifesting of Uighur from right to left, selecting automaticly Uighur glyph.
Due to what we had done, a series of function are available while our multilingualization Linux OS owns all funtion of RedFlag Linux. Realizing mainly following function:
(1)The GUI to support Uighur is supplied and the same to English and Chinese, etc. Users can freely interchange linguistic environment and the applying program would automatically avail itself of the right orientation linguistic GUI.
(2)Uighur keyboard mapping inputting and Uighur inputting module of IM server are presented and user can freely select diffent input ways to different surrounding, which will promote the flexibility and applicability.
(3)Focusing on the Uighur trait, layout of GUI agree with the Uighur linguistic property. For example starting menu, title column, droppi
引文
DANIEL P.BOVET & MARCO CESATI著，陈莉君、冯锐、牛欣源译，《深入理解Linux内核》，中国电力出版社，2001年10月
毛德操、胡希明著，《Linux内核源代码情景分析》，浙江大学出版社，2001年11月
陈莉君编著，《Linux操作系统内核分析》，人民邮电出版社，2000年8月
《信息技术 信息交换用汉字编码字符集 基本集的扩充》，中国标准出版社，2001年3月，北京
《信息技术 开放系统中文API界面规范(GB/T 16681-1996)》，中国标准出版社，1997，北京
International Standard ISO/IEC 10646-1 Second Edition 2000-09-15，Information technology — Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set(UCS) —Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane，
Yufang Sun, Jian Wu, Design and Implementation of CJK Character Set on UNIX system, 9th International Unicode Conference, San Jose, CA, USA, 1996.9
International Components for Unicode，http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/
The Unicode Consortium，http://www.Unicode.org/
The Open Group，http://www.opengroup.org/
Free Standards Group，http://www.freestandards.org/
Linux Standard Base，http://www.Linuxbase.org/spec/
The Linux Globalization Specification，http://www.li18nux.org/li18nux2k/
Multilingual Features in Windows XP Professional，http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/pro/techinfo/planning/multilingual/default.asp
Markus Kuhn，UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux，http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/Unicode.html
Mark Davis，Forms of Unicode，http://www-124.ibm.com/icu/docs/papers/forms_of_Unicode/
Markus Scherer，A brief introduction to code pages and Unicode，http://www-124.ibm.com/icu/docs/papers/codepages_and_Unicode.html
Linux Development Platform Specification，http://www.freestandards.org/ldps/
The X Desktop Standard，http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/
The OpenType Specification, http://www.microsoft.com/truetype/tt/tt.htm
Drag-and-Drop Protocol for the X Window System ，http://www.newplanetsoftware.com/xdnd/
Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual (ICCCM)，ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.6/xc/doc/hardcopy/ICCCM/icccm.PS.gz
X session management protocol，ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.6/xc/doc/hardcopy/SM/xsmp.PS.gz
session management library (SMlib)，ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.6/xc/doc/hardcopy/SM/SMlib.PS.gz
Qt Internationalization，http://www.trolltech.com/products/qt/whitepaper/whitepaper-8.html
Introduction to I18N,debian Project
http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/index.en.html
[27] Masahiko Narita,Hideki Hiura:The Input Method Protocol[S],Version 1.0 ,X Consortium
Standard ,Open Software Foundation
IM Server Developers Kit-c Language Interface, X11R6 Xi18N Implementation Group http://ftp.unicomp.br/pub/X11/releases/unsupported/lib/IMdit
pango project,http://www.pango.org/
Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem，http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/Linux/ext2intro.html
Linux Filesystem Structure，http://www.pathname.com/fhs/1.2/fsstnd-toc.html
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard，http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
Adrian Nye，Xlib Reference Manual for Version 11，O’Reilly & Associates,Inc.
于明俭，Linux国际化本地化和中文化，http://www.opencjk.org/~yumj/
开源软件国际化·简体中文组 http://i18n.Linux.net.cn
吴健、李国华、李祥凯，《开放式跨平台的输入方法子系统》，《软件学报（增刊）》，1996年6月
吴健，《开放系统中文处理平台设计与实现》，中科院软件所硕士毕业论文，1998年5月
王旭，《炎黄中文平台X窗口汉字输入法服务器程序详细设计说明书》，技术报告，1998年11月
叶以民、程波、孙玉芳、胡钦谙，《高品质汉字字形服务器及其实用化》，’98中文信息处理国际会议论文集，清华大学出版社，1998年11月
“九五”国家重点科技攻关项目《开放系统中文处理应用平台(98-779-01-02)》技术报告，中国科学院软件研究所开放系统与中文信息处理中心，2000年9月
Neil Matthew等著，叶小虎、龙浩等译，《Linux高级编程》，机械工业出版社，2002年1月
LisoLeg Linux Source LEarning Group，http://www.lisoleg.net/cgi-bin/lisoleg.pl?view=books.html
操作系统理论的探索，http://www-900.ibm.com/developerWorks/Linux/theory/os/explore/part2
/index.shtml
《Linux与自由软件总蓝图》，台湾软件自由协会，http://www.softwareliberty.org/project/software-map/v1.01/map.html
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard，http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
Unicode Glossary，http://www.unicode.org/glossary/index.html
毛德操、胡希明著，《Linux内核源代码情景分析》，浙江大学出版社，2001年11月
陈莉君编著，《Linux操作系统内核分析》，人民邮电出版社，2000年8月
《信息技术 信息交换用汉字编码字符集 基本集的扩充》，中国标准出版社，2001年3月，北京
《信息技术 开放系统中文API界面规范(GB/T 16681-1996)》，中国标准出版社，1997，北京
International Standard ISO/IEC 10646-1 Second Edition 2000-09-15，Information technology — Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set(UCS) —Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane，
Yufang Sun, Jian Wu, Design and Implementation of CJK Character Set on UNIX system, 9th International Unicode Conference, San Jose, CA, USA, 1996.9
International Components for Unicode，http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/
The Unicode Consortium，http://www.Unicode.org/
The Open Group，http://www.opengroup.org/
Free Standards Group，http://www.freestandards.org/
Linux Standard Base，http://www.Linuxbase.org/spec/
The Linux Globalization Specification，http://www.li18nux.org/li18nux2k/
Multilingual Features in Windows XP Professional，http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/pro/techinfo/planning/multilingual/default.asp
Markus Kuhn，UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux，http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/Unicode.html
Mark Davis，Forms of Unicode，http://www-124.ibm.com/icu/docs/papers/forms_of_Unicode/
Markus Scherer，A brief introduction to code pages and Unicode，http://www-124.ibm.com/icu/docs/papers/codepages_and_Unicode.html
Linux Development Platform Specification，http://www.freestandards.org/ldps/
The X Desktop Standard，http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/
The OpenType Specification, http://www.microsoft.com/truetype/tt/tt.htm
Drag-and-Drop Protocol for the X Window System ，http://www.newplanetsoftware.com/xdnd/
Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual (ICCCM)，ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.6/xc/doc/hardcopy/ICCCM/icccm.PS.gz
X session management protocol，ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.6/xc/doc/hardcopy/SM/xsmp.PS.gz
session management library (SMlib)，ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.6/xc/doc/hardcopy/SM/SMlib.PS.gz
Qt Internationalization，http://www.trolltech.com/products/qt/whitepaper/whitepaper-8.html
Introduction to I18N,debian Project
http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/index.en.html
[27] Masahiko Narita,Hideki Hiura:The Input Method Protocol[S],Version 1.0 ,X Consortium
Standard ,Open Software Foundation
IM Server Developers Kit-c Language Interface, X11R6 Xi18N Implementation Group http://ftp.unicomp.br/pub/X11/releases/unsupported/lib/IMdit
pango project,http://www.pango.org/
Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem，http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/Linux/ext2intro.html
Linux Filesystem Structure，http://www.pathname.com/fhs/1.2/fsstnd-toc.html
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard，http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
Adrian Nye，Xlib Reference Manual for Version 11，O’Reilly & Associates,Inc.
于明俭，Linux国际化本地化和中文化，http://www.opencjk.org/~yumj/
开源软件国际化·简体中文组 http://i18n.Linux.net.cn
吴健、李国华、李祥凯，《开放式跨平台的输入方法子系统》，《软件学报（增刊）》，1996年6月
吴健，《开放系统中文处理平台设计与实现》，中科院软件所硕士毕业论文，1998年5月
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