空调冷水变流量系统优化设计与控制研究
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摘要
尽管空调冷水系统的布置型式、控制方法以及系统设计方法经过数十年的发展，有了很大的改进，能耗水平大幅度降低，但是空调水系统，尤其是国内空调水系统仍然存在很多问题。随着科学技术的不断发展，人们对传统的水系统设计思想、运行模式有了新的认识，如何将这些新技术运用到设计和运行管理中去，产生新型式的冷水系统和运行方式，如何充分发挥这些新技术的节能潜力，开发出更简单、节能、可靠的系统型式，是空调节能研究的重要方面。
本文在国内外空调冷水变流量系统的研究成果基础上，针对国内空调冷水系统设计方面存在的不足，对空调冷水系统的优化设计方法做了进一步的研究，将寿命周期费用的概念引入到空调冷水系统设计中去，提出了一种简单可行的设计方法，根据这种设计方法，能使空调冷水系统在不增加寿命周期费用的基础上，实现系统全面的水力平衡，为空调冷水系统高效、节能运行奠定了基础。并采用Microsoft Visual Basic和Microsoft Access编写了可用于实际设计的应用程序。本文针对目前国内普遍采用的一次泵变流量系统存在的问题，吸收了国内外空调冷水变流量系统成功的控制方法的长处，提出了一种既适合中国国情，又经济可行的控制策略，其特点是，只需在现有的一次泵系统控制形式上增加和改进少量控制设备，就能使系统安全、高效、节能运行，并降低了空调冷水系统的能耗，减轻了运行管理人员的工作量。
Although the cooled water system has been carefully studied and developed in the equipment disposal, control strategy and system design during the recent tens of years, the cooled water system in the world ,especially in our country ,still remains many problems unresolved. With the development of the technology in industry, engineers get fresh ideas on the cooled water system design and operation mode. In terms of economization, it is important to know how to apply these fresh thinking and exert the
potential of the new system.
This article is based on the existed HVAC cooled water system, aiming at the design problems encountered during design process, further bringing out a set of optimum system design method by inducing the concept of the LCC(life circle cost) of the water system. According to this method, we can realize overall hydraulic balance without increasing LCC, thus establish the base for high efficiency and economization. The author programs for new design through Microsoft Visual Basic and Microsoft Access, and applies the program successfully to actual system design, and in the end concludes a control strategy adapting the situation of China. The strategy is characterized by adding and meliorating a few of the equipments of the primary pump
system, resulting in safe, efficient and economic operation mode, and lighting the
workload at the same time.
本文在国内外空调冷水变流量系统的研究成果基础上，针对国内空调冷水系统设计方面存在的不足，对空调冷水系统的优化设计方法做了进一步的研究，将寿命周期费用的概念引入到空调冷水系统设计中去，提出了一种简单可行的设计方法，根据这种设计方法，能使空调冷水系统在不增加寿命周期费用的基础上，实现系统全面的水力平衡，为空调冷水系统高效、节能运行奠定了基础。并采用Microsoft Visual Basic和Microsoft Access编写了可用于实际设计的应用程序。本文针对目前国内普遍采用的一次泵变流量系统存在的问题，吸收了国内外空调冷水变流量系统成功的控制方法的长处，提出了一种既适合中国国情，又经济可行的控制策略，其特点是，只需在现有的一次泵系统控制形式上增加和改进少量控制设备，就能使系统安全、高效、节能运行，并降低了空调冷水系统的能耗，减轻了运行管理人员的工作量。
Although the cooled water system has been carefully studied and developed in the equipment disposal, control strategy and system design during the recent tens of years, the cooled water system in the world ,especially in our country ,still remains many problems unresolved. With the development of the technology in industry, engineers get fresh ideas on the cooled water system design and operation mode. In terms of economization, it is important to know how to apply these fresh thinking and exert the
potential of the new system.
This article is based on the existed HVAC cooled water system, aiming at the design problems encountered during design process, further bringing out a set of optimum system design method by inducing the concept of the LCC(life circle cost) of the water system. According to this method, we can realize overall hydraulic balance without increasing LCC, thus establish the base for high efficiency and economization. The author programs for new design through Microsoft Visual Basic and Microsoft Access, and applies the program successfully to actual system design, and in the end concludes a control strategy adapting the situation of China. The strategy is characterized by adding and meliorating a few of the equipments of the primary pump
system, resulting in safe, efficient and economic operation mode, and lighting the
workload at the same time.
引文
[1] 汪训昌．采用系统法选择高效离心式冷水机组．暖通空调，2001，31(4)：25-28
[2] Donald M.Eppelheimer. Variable Flow-The Quest for system Energy Efficiency. ASHRAE Transactions, 1996, 102(2):256-260
[3] 潘云钢．高层民用建筑空调设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[4] 朱伟峰．空调冷冻水系统特性研究：[博士学位论文]．北京：清华大学，2002
[5] James B.Rishel. The history of HVAC variable-speed pumping. ASHRAE Trans.1995, 101(1): 312-315.
[6] J.B.Rishel.Twenty years' experience with variable speed pumps on hot and chilled waters systems. ASHRAE Trans. 1998, 94(2):215-219
[7] Thomas B.Hartman. Design issues of variable chilled-water flow through chiller,ASHRAE Trans, 1996,102(1):306-309
[8] Hartman T. New horizons for HVAC control. Heating/piping/Air conditioning,1995,(3):25-31
[9] Thomas Hartman. All-Variable speed centrifugal chiller plants. ASHRAE Journal, 2001, 43(9):43-53.
[10] James P. Waltz. Variable flow chilled water or how I learned to love my VFD.Energy Engineering, 2000, 97(6):19-32.
[11] Wayne Kirsner. The demise of the primary-secondary pumping paradigm for chilled water plant design.Heating/Piping/Air conditioning Engineering,1996(11):73-78.
[12] Mick Schwedler. Variable-primary-flow systems. Heating/ Piping/ Air conditioning Engineering, 2001(4):41-44.
[13] 孟彬彬．部分负荷下一次泵水系统变流量可行性分析．全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集，2002
[14] 孙一坚．空调水系统变流量节能控制。暖通空调，2001，31(6)：5-7
[15] 张谋雄．冷水变流量的性能．设计参考，2000，30(6)：56-58
[16] George H. Redden. Effect of Variable Flow on centrifugal chiller performance.ASHRAE Trans., 1996,102(1):316-320
[17] 张登春，陈焕新，于梅春．中央空调水系统常见问题及其处理．建筑热能通风空调，2001(4)：67-69
[18] 刘云辉．中央空调水系统设计中的若干技术问题．制冷，2001，20(3)：72-74．
[19] Steven T. Taylor. Balancing variable flow hydronic system. ASHRAE Journal,2002, 44(10):17-24.
[20] James B. Rishel. Use of balance valves in chilled water systems. ASHRAE Journal, 1997, 39(6): 45-51.
[21] 汪善国．商业空调冷水系统几个问题的探讨．暖通空调，1996，26(5)：36-40
[22] W.J.Coad. Variable flow chilled water system. ASHRAE.J. 1990(10):40-45
[23] W J. Coad. Variable flow in hydronic systems for improved stability, simplicity and energy economics. ASHRAE Trans. 1985,.91(1):250-254
[24] James B. Rishel.Converting constant-speed hydronic pumping systems to variable-speed pumping. ASHRAE Trans.1991, 97(1):253-257
[25] James B. Rishel. Wire-to-water efficiency of pumping systems. ASHRAE Journal, 2001, 43(4):40-44
[26] Rishel James B. HVAC PUMP HANDBOOK. MaGraw-Hill.1996
[27] 周谟仁主编．流体力学．泵与风机(第三版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1993
[28] ASHRAE handbook. Centrifugal pump. ASHRAE 2000
[29] 暖通规范管理组．暖通空调设计规范专题说明选编．北京：中国计划出版社，1990
[30] ASHRAE handbook. HVAC systems and equipment. ASHRAE 2000
[31] ASHRAE. handbook. HVAC applications. ASHRAE 1999
[32] ASHRAE handbook. HVAC systems and equipment. ASHRAE 2001
[33] Thomas B. Hartman, Direct digital controls for HVAC systems McGraw-Hill,Ind. 1993
[34] R.H.Green. An air conditioning control system using variable-speed water pumps. ASHRAE Trans., 1994, 100(1):346-350
[35] ASHRAE handbook, fundments of control. ASHRAE 2001
[36] Richard A. Hegberg. Selecting of control and balancing valves in a variable flow system. ASHRAE Journal, 1997,41(6):53-62.
[37] Randall J.Amerson. 1998.The effect of siziing mismatch on coil valve performance ASHRAE Trans, 1998, 104(2): 370-375
[38] Petitjean, R.T. 1992. Total balancing. Sweden: Tour & Andersson, 1992
[39] Gil Avery. Selecting valves and piping coils. ASHRAE Journal, 2000, 42(4):23-26.
[40] Fred Golestan. Pressure drop consideration of control valves ASHRAE Trans, 1998,104(2):390-396
[41] Bengt Carlson. Avoiding cavitation in control valves ASHRAE Journal,2001, 33(6):46-52
[42] Gil Avery. Selecting valves and piping coil ASHRAE Online, 2000,42(4):31-34
[43] 江亿．用变速泵和变速风机代替调节风阀水阀．暖通空调，1997，27(2)：31-34
[44] Richard A.Herberg, Application of control valves and balancing valves in a variable-flow hydronic system, ASHRAE Trans., 1998, 104(1):342-347
[45] Roy C.E Ahlgren. 1998.Selection of hydronic balancing valves ASHRAE Trans, 1998, 104(2): 368-372
[46] 邢秀强．平衡阀应用在空调水系统中需要注意的问题．建筑热能通风空调，2001(1)：34-37
[47] James B. Rishel. 40 years of fidding with pump. ASHRAE Joumal, 2000,42(3):43-48.
[48] Gil Aver. The pros and cons of balancing a variable flow water system.ASHRAE Journal, 1990, (10):30-36
[49] Gil Avery. 1993.Designing and commissioning variable flow hydronic systems.ASHRAE Journal, July 1993,(7):32-35
[50] R.A.Hegberg. 1994.Why consider a primary-secondary hydronic pumping system? ASHRAE Trans. 1994,100(1):232-236
[51] Carlson G.F. Hydronic Systems Analysis and Evaluation. ASHRAE Journal,1968, 10(11):25-31
[52] Anon. Point/counterpoint—Journal readers continue the debate on how to balance variable flow water systems. ASHRAE Journal, 1991, 33(4):30-36
[53] Avery G. Designing and commissioning variable flow hydronic systems. ASHRAE Journal, 1993 35(7):27-31
[54] Steven T. Taylor. Primary-only vs. primary-secondary variable flow systems.
ASHRAE Journal, 2002, 44(2):25-29
[55] Yaw Asiedu, Robert W. Besant, Peihua Gu. A simplified procedure for HVAC duct sizing. ASHRAE Trans., 2000,106(1):243-247
[56] 北京市建筑设计院．建筑设备专业设计技术措施．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[57] 顾顺符．潘秉勤主编．管道工程安装手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1993
[58] 殷平主编．空调设计．湖南：湖南科学技术出版社，1997
[59] 严煦世．刘遂庆主编．给水排水管网系统．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[60] James B. Rishel. Wire-to-water efficiency of pumping systems. ASHRAE Journal, 2001,43(4):40-45.
[61] Michel A. Bemierand Bernard Bourret. 1999. Pumping energy and frequency drives. ASHRAE Journal online, 1999, 41(12):218-223
[62] 刘曙光，魏俊民，竺志超．模糊控制技术．北京：中国纺织出版社，2001
[63] Hartman T. Direct digital control fundamentals. Heating/Piping/Air conditioning, 1995(6):40-45
[2] Donald M.Eppelheimer. Variable Flow-The Quest for system Energy Efficiency. ASHRAE Transactions, 1996, 102(2):256-260
[3] 潘云钢．高层民用建筑空调设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[4] 朱伟峰．空调冷冻水系统特性研究：[博士学位论文]．北京：清华大学，2002
[5] James B.Rishel. The history of HVAC variable-speed pumping. ASHRAE Trans.1995, 101(1): 312-315.
[6] J.B.Rishel.Twenty years' experience with variable speed pumps on hot and chilled waters systems. ASHRAE Trans. 1998, 94(2):215-219
[7] Thomas B.Hartman. Design issues of variable chilled-water flow through chiller,ASHRAE Trans, 1996,102(1):306-309
[8] Hartman T. New horizons for HVAC control. Heating/piping/Air conditioning,1995,(3):25-31
[9] Thomas Hartman. All-Variable speed centrifugal chiller plants. ASHRAE Journal, 2001, 43(9):43-53.
[10] James P. Waltz. Variable flow chilled water or how I learned to love my VFD.Energy Engineering, 2000, 97(6):19-32.
[11] Wayne Kirsner. The demise of the primary-secondary pumping paradigm for chilled water plant design.Heating/Piping/Air conditioning Engineering,1996(11):73-78.
[12] Mick Schwedler. Variable-primary-flow systems. Heating/ Piping/ Air conditioning Engineering, 2001(4):41-44.
[13] 孟彬彬．部分负荷下一次泵水系统变流量可行性分析．全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集，2002
[14] 孙一坚．空调水系统变流量节能控制。暖通空调，2001，31(6)：5-7
[15] 张谋雄．冷水变流量的性能．设计参考，2000，30(6)：56-58
[16] George H. Redden. Effect of Variable Flow on centrifugal chiller performance.ASHRAE Trans., 1996,102(1):316-320
[17] 张登春，陈焕新，于梅春．中央空调水系统常见问题及其处理．建筑热能通风空调，2001(4)：67-69
[18] 刘云辉．中央空调水系统设计中的若干技术问题．制冷，2001，20(3)：72-74．
[19] Steven T. Taylor. Balancing variable flow hydronic system. ASHRAE Journal,2002, 44(10):17-24.
[20] James B. Rishel. Use of balance valves in chilled water systems. ASHRAE Journal, 1997, 39(6): 45-51.
[21] 汪善国．商业空调冷水系统几个问题的探讨．暖通空调，1996，26(5)：36-40
[22] W.J.Coad. Variable flow chilled water system. ASHRAE.J. 1990(10):40-45
[23] W J. Coad. Variable flow in hydronic systems for improved stability, simplicity and energy economics. ASHRAE Trans. 1985,.91(1):250-254
[24] James B. Rishel.Converting constant-speed hydronic pumping systems to variable-speed pumping. ASHRAE Trans.1991, 97(1):253-257
[25] James B. Rishel. Wire-to-water efficiency of pumping systems. ASHRAE Journal, 2001, 43(4):40-44
[26] Rishel James B. HVAC PUMP HANDBOOK. MaGraw-Hill.1996
[27] 周谟仁主编．流体力学．泵与风机(第三版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1993
[28] ASHRAE handbook. Centrifugal pump. ASHRAE 2000
[29] 暖通规范管理组．暖通空调设计规范专题说明选编．北京：中国计划出版社，1990
[30] ASHRAE handbook. HVAC systems and equipment. ASHRAE 2000
[31] ASHRAE. handbook. HVAC applications. ASHRAE 1999
[32] ASHRAE handbook. HVAC systems and equipment. ASHRAE 2001
[33] Thomas B. Hartman, Direct digital controls for HVAC systems McGraw-Hill,Ind. 1993
[34] R.H.Green. An air conditioning control system using variable-speed water pumps. ASHRAE Trans., 1994, 100(1):346-350
[35] ASHRAE handbook, fundments of control. ASHRAE 2001
[36] Richard A. Hegberg. Selecting of control and balancing valves in a variable flow system. ASHRAE Journal, 1997,41(6):53-62.
[37] Randall J.Amerson. 1998.The effect of siziing mismatch on coil valve performance ASHRAE Trans, 1998, 104(2): 370-375
[38] Petitjean, R.T. 1992. Total balancing. Sweden: Tour & Andersson, 1992
[39] Gil Avery. Selecting valves and piping coils. ASHRAE Journal, 2000, 42(4):23-26.
[40] Fred Golestan. Pressure drop consideration of control valves ASHRAE Trans, 1998,104(2):390-396
[41] Bengt Carlson. Avoiding cavitation in control valves ASHRAE Journal,2001, 33(6):46-52
[42] Gil Avery. Selecting valves and piping coil ASHRAE Online, 2000,42(4):31-34
[43] 江亿．用变速泵和变速风机代替调节风阀水阀．暖通空调，1997，27(2)：31-34
[44] Richard A.Herberg, Application of control valves and balancing valves in a variable-flow hydronic system, ASHRAE Trans., 1998, 104(1):342-347
[45] Roy C.E Ahlgren. 1998.Selection of hydronic balancing valves ASHRAE Trans, 1998, 104(2): 368-372
[46] 邢秀强．平衡阀应用在空调水系统中需要注意的问题．建筑热能通风空调，2001(1)：34-37
[47] James B. Rishel. 40 years of fidding with pump. ASHRAE Joumal, 2000,42(3):43-48.
[48] Gil Aver. The pros and cons of balancing a variable flow water system.ASHRAE Journal, 1990, (10):30-36
[49] Gil Avery. 1993.Designing and commissioning variable flow hydronic systems.ASHRAE Journal, July 1993,(7):32-35
[50] R.A.Hegberg. 1994.Why consider a primary-secondary hydronic pumping system? ASHRAE Trans. 1994,100(1):232-236
[51] Carlson G.F. Hydronic Systems Analysis and Evaluation. ASHRAE Journal,1968, 10(11):25-31
[52] Anon. Point/counterpoint—Journal readers continue the debate on how to balance variable flow water systems. ASHRAE Journal, 1991, 33(4):30-36
[53] Avery G. Designing and commissioning variable flow hydronic systems. ASHRAE Journal, 1993 35(7):27-31
[54] Steven T. Taylor. Primary-only vs. primary-secondary variable flow systems.
ASHRAE Journal, 2002, 44(2):25-29
[55] Yaw Asiedu, Robert W. Besant, Peihua Gu. A simplified procedure for HVAC duct sizing. ASHRAE Trans., 2000,106(1):243-247
[56] 北京市建筑设计院．建筑设备专业设计技术措施．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[57] 顾顺符．潘秉勤主编．管道工程安装手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1993
[58] 殷平主编．空调设计．湖南：湖南科学技术出版社，1997
[59] 严煦世．刘遂庆主编．给水排水管网系统．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[60] James B. Rishel. Wire-to-water efficiency of pumping systems. ASHRAE Journal, 2001,43(4):40-45.
[61] Michel A. Bemierand Bernard Bourret. 1999. Pumping energy and frequency drives. ASHRAE Journal online, 1999, 41(12):218-223
[62] 刘曙光，魏俊民，竺志超．模糊控制技术．北京：中国纺织出版社，2001
[63] Hartman T. Direct digital control fundamentals. Heating/Piping/Air conditioning, 1995(6):40-45