智能建筑中VAV系统末端控制（TRAV）实用程序研究
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摘要
摘 要
随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，越来越多的建筑物使用了空调
系统，而变风量空调系统由于其降低了设备和系统的能耗，而被得以大量采用。
变风量系统运行工况是随时变化的，它必须依靠自动控制才能保证空调系统最基
本的要求，计算机技术的不断发展和硬件成本的持续下降，使得计算机在暖通空
调领域也得到了广泛的应用。变风量空调系统（VAV）和控制系统是紧密结合，
不可分割的。
目前，系统运行的不稳定以及新风等问题是影响变风量空调系统性能的主要
问题。因此，对 VAV 系统运行全面的研究，给空调设计人员提供一套完整的设
计、控制方法和系统化产品已是一件较为紧迫的事。
在变风量空调系统实用控制程序研究中，分析了目前我国变风量空调系统主
要所采用的几种控制方法：定静压控制方法、变静压控制方法及风量控制法。对
于各种控制方法进行了优劣的分析。在分析基础上，引进美国学者 T.B.Hartman
的 TRAV 的新概念，结合末端风阀状态反馈，我提出一种新的控制方法，末端风
量调节控制法（TRAV）。根据我国目前变风量空调系统的控制现状，结合一个实
际工程，采用末端调节控制法和国内采用较多的定静压控制法，提出适合工程实
施的控制算法，设计了实用可行的控制程序。
本课题以变风量空调系统的实用控制程序为研究内容，以美国 ALC 公司楼
宇自控系统产品——WebCTRL 系统为研究平台。利用 ALC 公司的软件和硬件，
结合工程实际，进行了变风量空调系统从自控系统设计到软件实现，从现场安装
到调试的全过程。
With the development of national economy and improvement of the living
standards of people, more and more buildings have used air conditioning systems.
Because Variable Air Volume (VAV) can reduce equipment and systematic energy
consumption, it has been used in a large amount. Variable air volume system's
operating mode changes at any moment, so it must depend on automatic control to
guarantee most basic request of air conditioning system. Continuous development of
the technology of the computer and constant decline of the cost of hardware make the
computer get extensive application in the field of HVAC.Thus, VAV and control
system combine closely and become an inalienable one.
At present, the questions of the instability of the air conditioning system and
insufficient of fresh air are primary problems influencing the performance of VAV
system. So, going on overall research to VAV system, giving air conditioning
designer a set of intact design, control methods and systematized product already
become a piece of extremely urgent thing.
In the study of applied control program of VAV system, this paper analyzes at
present several kinds of control methods adopted by air conditioning system: constant
pressure control method, variable pressure control method, total air volume control
method. In addition, it has carried out analysis to several control methods. On the
base of analyzing the methods, I introduce the new concept of TRAV put forward by
American scholar T. B. Hartman, combining the feedback of terminal valve state,
bring forward one kind of new control method：Terminal Regulated Air Volume to
control. Combining with the current control situations of VAV system in our country
and actual project，I adopt constant pressue control and terminal regulated control,
study the control algorithm that is fit for implement for actual project, work out the
practical and feasible control procedures that can be applied in the actual project.
The research object of subject is applied control procedure of VAV system, based
on the ALC’s WebCTRL system. By utilizing ALC company’s software and hardware
and combining with actual project, I design the automatic control VAV system and the
software, realize the whole course from installation to debugging.
随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，越来越多的建筑物使用了空调
系统，而变风量空调系统由于其降低了设备和系统的能耗，而被得以大量采用。
变风量系统运行工况是随时变化的，它必须依靠自动控制才能保证空调系统最基
本的要求，计算机技术的不断发展和硬件成本的持续下降，使得计算机在暖通空
调领域也得到了广泛的应用。变风量空调系统（VAV）和控制系统是紧密结合，
不可分割的。
目前，系统运行的不稳定以及新风等问题是影响变风量空调系统性能的主要
问题。因此，对 VAV 系统运行全面的研究，给空调设计人员提供一套完整的设
计、控制方法和系统化产品已是一件较为紧迫的事。
在变风量空调系统实用控制程序研究中，分析了目前我国变风量空调系统主
要所采用的几种控制方法：定静压控制方法、变静压控制方法及风量控制法。对
于各种控制方法进行了优劣的分析。在分析基础上，引进美国学者 T.B.Hartman
的 TRAV 的新概念，结合末端风阀状态反馈，我提出一种新的控制方法，末端风
量调节控制法（TRAV）。根据我国目前变风量空调系统的控制现状，结合一个实
际工程，采用末端调节控制法和国内采用较多的定静压控制法，提出适合工程实
施的控制算法，设计了实用可行的控制程序。
本课题以变风量空调系统的实用控制程序为研究内容，以美国 ALC 公司楼
宇自控系统产品——WebCTRL 系统为研究平台。利用 ALC 公司的软件和硬件，
结合工程实际，进行了变风量空调系统从自控系统设计到软件实现，从现场安装
到调试的全过程。
With the development of national economy and improvement of the living
standards of people, more and more buildings have used air conditioning systems.
Because Variable Air Volume (VAV) can reduce equipment and systematic energy
consumption, it has been used in a large amount. Variable air volume system's
operating mode changes at any moment, so it must depend on automatic control to
guarantee most basic request of air conditioning system. Continuous development of
the technology of the computer and constant decline of the cost of hardware make the
computer get extensive application in the field of HVAC.Thus, VAV and control
system combine closely and become an inalienable one.
At present, the questions of the instability of the air conditioning system and
insufficient of fresh air are primary problems influencing the performance of VAV
system. So, going on overall research to VAV system, giving air conditioning
designer a set of intact design, control methods and systematized product already
become a piece of extremely urgent thing.
In the study of applied control program of VAV system, this paper analyzes at
present several kinds of control methods adopted by air conditioning system: constant
pressure control method, variable pressure control method, total air volume control
method. In addition, it has carried out analysis to several control methods. On the
base of analyzing the methods, I introduce the new concept of TRAV put forward by
American scholar T. B. Hartman, combining the feedback of terminal valve state,
bring forward one kind of new control method：Terminal Regulated Air Volume to
control. Combining with the current control situations of VAV system in our country
and actual project，I adopt constant pressue control and terminal regulated control,
study the control algorithm that is fit for implement for actual project, work out the
practical and feasible control procedures that can be applied in the actual project.
The research object of subject is applied control procedure of VAV system, based
on the ALC’s WebCTRL system. By utilizing ALC company’s software and hardware
and combining with actual project, I design the automatic control VAV system and the
software, realize the whole course from installation to debugging.
引文
1 应用计算机实现建筑节能.节能.1987.3
2 吴钟大.空调节能措施与方法.现代空调.1987.1：54~66
3 刘天川.变风量空调系统应用探讨.暖通空调.1995.4
4 周俐等.智能建筑综述.电讯技术.1999.3
5 郭维钧.施鉴诺等.建筑智能化技术基础.中国计量出版社.2001
6 略论变风量空调系统.陈益武等.工程设计 CAD 与智能建筑.2001.7
7 Thomas B Hartman.Direct Digital Controls for HVAC System.McGraw-Hill.inc.
1993
8 戴斌文.狄洪发.江亿.变风量空调系统风机总风量控制方法.暖通空调.
HV&AC.1999.6：1~6
9 李克欣等.VAV 空调系统初探.暖通空调.HV&AC.1997.6：8~14
10 李克欣等.变风量空调系统的 VPT 控制法及其应用.暖通空调.HV&AC.
1999.3：7~10
11 Gerald L Gibson.A supervisory controller for optimization of building central
cooling systems[J].ASHRAE Transaction.1997.103(1)：486-493.
12 Young-Moon Park.An optimal tracking neural-controller for nonlinear dynamic
system[J].IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks.1996.7(5)：724-731.
13 孙宁.江亿.李吉生等.变风量系统耦合特性研究[A].1998 年暖通空调制冷学
术年会论文集.中国建筑工业出版社.1998.387-395
14 钱以明.杨书明等.VAV 系统中新风量的控制.暖通空调 HV&AC.1999.3：39~41
15 薛志峰.江亿.变风量空调系统的新风问题.暖通空调 HV&AC.2001.12：
105~108
16 曾艺.龙惟定.变风量空调系统的新风.暖通空调 HV&AC.2001.12：35~38
17 Michael J Filardo Jr.Outdoor air: How much is enough? ASHRAE J.1999, (1)
18 David M Elovitz.Minimum Outdoor Air Control Methods for VAVSystems.
ASHRAE Transactions.1995
19 颜伟.最小送风量的确定方法.建筑热能通风空调.2002.1.48～51
-104-
参考文献
20 John P. Kettler, Controlling Minimum Ventilation Volume in VAV Systems,
ASHTAE Journal May 1998
21 晋欣桥等.变风量空调系统中的实时优化节能控制.“节能”.1999.1
22 Thomas B.Hartman.1995.Global Optimization Strategies forHigh-Performance
Controls.ASHRAE Transactions 101(2): 679~687
23 John M. House, Theodore F. Smith.1995.A System Approach To Optimal
Control For HVAC And Building Systems. ASHTAE Transactions 101(2):
647~660
24 Zhang.G.R.Zaheer-Uddin.M.Optimization of thermal processes in a variable air
volume HVAC system. Fuel and Energy Abstracts.1996.5.214
25 Wang.Shengweia.Jin.Xinqiaoa.Model-based optimal control of VAV
air-conditioning system using genetic algorithm.Building and
Environment.2000.8.471～487
26 晋 欣 桥 等 . 采 用 自 适 应 模 型 的 在 线 AHU 送 风 温 度 控 制 . 流 体 机
械.1999.5.45～48
27 Ke.Yu-Pei.Mumma.Stanley A.Optimized supply-air temperature(SAT) in
variable-air-volume(VAV) systems.Energy.1997.6.601～604
28 Engdahl, Fredrika; Johansson, Dennisa .Optimal supply air temperature with
respect to energy use in a variable air volume system.Building and
Environment.2004.3.205～218
29 Shengwei Wang.Dynamic simulation of building VAV air conditioning system
and evaluation of EMCS on line control strategies.Building and
Environment.Vol：34.Issue：6.November.1999.681-705
30 Graves.L.R.VAV mixed air plenum pressure control. Fuel and Energy
Abstracts.1996.1.52
31 Liu, Xiong-Fua; Dexter, Arthura.Fault-tolerant supervisory control of VAV
air-conditioning systems.Building and Environment.2001.4.379～389
32 Mei.L.Levermore.G.Simulation and validation of a VAV system with an ANN
fan model and a nonlinear VAV box model.Building and
Environment .2002.3.277～284
-105-
北京工业大学工学硕士学位论文
33 潘云钢.高层民用建筑空调设计.中国建筑工业出版社.1999.1
34 霍小平.变风量系统的概念、分类及应用实例.暖通空调 HV&AC.1997.10：
22~26
35 朱伟峰 . 江亿 . 使用压力有关型变风量末端装置的分析 . 制冷与空
调.2002.2.19~23
36 孙 宁 . 关 于 压 力 无 关 型 变 风 量 末 端 装 置 的 讨 论 . 暖 通 空 调
HV&AC.1997.6.31~33
37 于凌燕.赵嵩堪.变风量空调系统实用控制方法及分析.节能.2003.5.15～18
38 施鉴诺等.美国典型 HVAC 控制算法剖析.智能建筑技术与应用.建工出版
社.2001/10
39 施方.典型 VAV 控制算法研究.智能建筑.2002.3：12－15
40 孙玉英.孙谦.施方.典型 HVAC 控制算法研究.建设部智能建筑技术开发推广
中心五周年年会文集.2001：379-382
41 ASHRAE.ASHRAE Handbook. HVAC Applications.1991
42 Automatic Control.ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI).1995
43 Automatic Control.ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI).1999
44 Standard Application Library.Automated Logic Corporation.2002
2 吴钟大.空调节能措施与方法.现代空调.1987.1：54~66
3 刘天川.变风量空调系统应用探讨.暖通空调.1995.4
4 周俐等.智能建筑综述.电讯技术.1999.3
5 郭维钧.施鉴诺等.建筑智能化技术基础.中国计量出版社.2001
6 略论变风量空调系统.陈益武等.工程设计 CAD 与智能建筑.2001.7
7 Thomas B Hartman.Direct Digital Controls for HVAC System.McGraw-Hill.inc.
1993
8 戴斌文.狄洪发.江亿.变风量空调系统风机总风量控制方法.暖通空调.
HV&AC.1999.6：1~6
9 李克欣等.VAV 空调系统初探.暖通空调.HV&AC.1997.6：8~14
10 李克欣等.变风量空调系统的 VPT 控制法及其应用.暖通空调.HV&AC.
1999.3：7~10
11 Gerald L Gibson.A supervisory controller for optimization of building central
cooling systems[J].ASHRAE Transaction.1997.103(1)：486-493.
12 Young-Moon Park.An optimal tracking neural-controller for nonlinear dynamic
system[J].IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks.1996.7(5)：724-731.
13 孙宁.江亿.李吉生等.变风量系统耦合特性研究[A].1998 年暖通空调制冷学
术年会论文集.中国建筑工业出版社.1998.387-395
14 钱以明.杨书明等.VAV 系统中新风量的控制.暖通空调 HV&AC.1999.3：39~41
15 薛志峰.江亿.变风量空调系统的新风问题.暖通空调 HV&AC.2001.12：
105~108
16 曾艺.龙惟定.变风量空调系统的新风.暖通空调 HV&AC.2001.12：35~38
17 Michael J Filardo Jr.Outdoor air: How much is enough? ASHRAE J.1999, (1)
18 David M Elovitz.Minimum Outdoor Air Control Methods for VAVSystems.
ASHRAE Transactions.1995
19 颜伟.最小送风量的确定方法.建筑热能通风空调.2002.1.48～51
-104-
参考文献
20 John P. Kettler, Controlling Minimum Ventilation Volume in VAV Systems,
ASHTAE Journal May 1998
21 晋欣桥等.变风量空调系统中的实时优化节能控制.“节能”.1999.1
22 Thomas B.Hartman.1995.Global Optimization Strategies forHigh-Performance
Controls.ASHRAE Transactions 101(2): 679~687
23 John M. House, Theodore F. Smith.1995.A System Approach To Optimal
Control For HVAC And Building Systems. ASHTAE Transactions 101(2):
647~660
24 Zhang.G.R.Zaheer-Uddin.M.Optimization of thermal processes in a variable air
volume HVAC system. Fuel and Energy Abstracts.1996.5.214
25 Wang.Shengweia.Jin.Xinqiaoa.Model-based optimal control of VAV
air-conditioning system using genetic algorithm.Building and
Environment.2000.8.471～487
26 晋 欣 桥 等 . 采 用 自 适 应 模 型 的 在 线 AHU 送 风 温 度 控 制 . 流 体 机
械.1999.5.45～48
27 Ke.Yu-Pei.Mumma.Stanley A.Optimized supply-air temperature(SAT) in
variable-air-volume(VAV) systems.Energy.1997.6.601～604
28 Engdahl, Fredrika; Johansson, Dennisa .Optimal supply air temperature with
respect to energy use in a variable air volume system.Building and
Environment.2004.3.205～218
29 Shengwei Wang.Dynamic simulation of building VAV air conditioning system
and evaluation of EMCS on line control strategies.Building and
Environment.Vol：34.Issue：6.November.1999.681-705
30 Graves.L.R.VAV mixed air plenum pressure control. Fuel and Energy
Abstracts.1996.1.52
31 Liu, Xiong-Fua; Dexter, Arthura.Fault-tolerant supervisory control of VAV
air-conditioning systems.Building and Environment.2001.4.379～389
32 Mei.L.Levermore.G.Simulation and validation of a VAV system with an ANN
fan model and a nonlinear VAV box model.Building and
Environment .2002.3.277～284
-105-
北京工业大学工学硕士学位论文
33 潘云钢.高层民用建筑空调设计.中国建筑工业出版社.1999.1
34 霍小平.变风量系统的概念、分类及应用实例.暖通空调 HV&AC.1997.10：
22~26
35 朱伟峰 . 江亿 . 使用压力有关型变风量末端装置的分析 . 制冷与空
调.2002.2.19~23
36 孙 宁 . 关 于 压 力 无 关 型 变 风 量 末 端 装 置 的 讨 论 . 暖 通 空 调
HV&AC.1997.6.31~33
37 于凌燕.赵嵩堪.变风量空调系统实用控制方法及分析.节能.2003.5.15～18
38 施鉴诺等.美国典型 HVAC 控制算法剖析.智能建筑技术与应用.建工出版
社.2001/10
39 施方.典型 VAV 控制算法研究.智能建筑.2002.3：12－15
40 孙玉英.孙谦.施方.典型 HVAC 控制算法研究.建设部智能建筑技术开发推广
中心五周年年会文集.2001：379-382
41 ASHRAE.ASHRAE Handbook. HVAC Applications.1991
42 Automatic Control.ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI).1995
43 Automatic Control.ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI).1999
44 Standard Application Library.Automated Logic Corporation.2002