不同土地利用和起源农田土壤有机碳及其组分含量变化
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摘要
农业土壤碳库是陆地生态系统碳库中最为活跃的部分,受到来自于人类的强烈影响而发生显著变化。农业土壤碳库储量及其固碳能力作为评估近期温室气体减排潜力重要依据之一,得到《京都协议书》认可,农业土壤碳库的增加对于稳定农田生产力和应对气候变化具有双赢的积极作用。关于中国地理区域农田土壤有机碳储量及其固碳潜力已有不少研究,土地利用例如稻田和旱地对农田土壤有机碳的变化以及土壤固碳潜力的研究也有较多报道,但是对于特定区域来说,农田土壤有机碳随不同土地利用和不同土壤起源的变化及其对土壤固碳容量的影响与机制研究相对较少。本文通过对期刊网已发表土壤研究学术论文中样本有机质(碳)含量资料统计,分析1980年以来近30年中国农田土壤有机碳变化情况；并以长江中游江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原不同土地利用方式和不同土壤起源农田土壤为研究对象,通过实地密集采样,结合第二次全国土壤普查资料,研究了区域农田当前土壤有机碳水平及第二次土壤普查以来的变化,不同利用方式和不同起源下农田土壤总有机碳和组分含量的变化,有机碳的团聚体内分布和稳定性,探讨了影响有机碳含量的主要土壤因素、当前农田土壤有机碳饱和容量和未来固碳潜力,主要研究结果如下：
(1)中国农田表土有机碳含量变化趋势
本文的研究支持了1985年以来中国农田表土SOC总体上呈现积累,且水田高于旱地,东部高于北部,而东北仍处于损失中的认识。近30年来,水田、旱地土壤SOC含量均呈现先下降后持续上升趋势；水田SOC含量以2003～2009年时间段最高,旱地以1985年前时间段最高,说明旱地土壤SOC水平相比1985年前仍表现为亏缺,是影响我国农田土壤SOC水平较低的主要原因。
(2)江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原农田土壤有机碳含量及其随土地利用和土壤起源的变化
通过实地密集采样,以江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原农田表土为研究对象,对比研究了不同利用方式和土壤起源下农田表土SOC含量差异,并就第二次土壤普查以来近30年的农田SOC变化和不同利用方式和土壤起源下农田表土的碳饱和容量和未来固碳潜力进行了探讨。结果表明：研究区域近30年来,农田表土平均SOC含量相比第二次土壤普查时期有所提高。水田、旱地相比第二次土壤普查时期均有不同程度的提高,其中,江汉平原旱地相对提高比例较大。说明在近30年以来该区域农田整体表现为碳库增加,碳汇效应显著。另外,本研究区域水稻土尚有相当比例(江汉平原为16.27%,鄱阳湖平原为5.71%)SOC含量低于水田缺乏标准线,表明其尚具有显著固碳潜力。
不同起源稻田表土有机碳饱和容量在江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原湿地起源区较大,分别达到了26.83g kg-1和26.79g kg-1,江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原红壤起源区较低,仅为23.41g kg-1和20.96g kg-1。旱地农田表土有机碳饱和水平相比水田均明显下降,旱地中江汉平原红壤饱和有机碳含量最高,为19.48g kg-1；其次为鄱阳湖平原和江汉平原湿地起源旱地,江西红壤旱地最低,为14.19g kg-1。本研究中,不同利用方式和土壤起源下,固碳潜力差异显著,整体表现为水田固碳潜力要明显高于旱地,江汉平原湿地起源水田和旱地固碳潜力均最大,分别为8.49g kg-1和5.93g kg-1；江西红壤水田和旱地均最低,分别为5.31g kg-1和4.00g kg-1。
(3)江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原不同土地利用和土壤起源下C、N剖面分布及其碳密度的变化
对江汉平原湿地起源稻田、棉田和未垦殖湿地三种利用方式及江汉平原湿地起源稻田、红壤稻田和鄱阳湖平原湿地起源稻田、红壤稻田等四种不同土壤起源稻田典型剖面0～100cm土体9个土层中SOC含量的剖面分布及有机碳密度进行了比较研究。结果表明：不同利用方式下,SOC含量产生明显的剖面分布差异。稻田各土层SOC含量较湿地和棉田高,随剖面加深有机碳含量呈下降趋势,棉田下降迅速并很快趋于稳定,稻田和湿地呈现波动式下降；SOC与全氮极显著相关,但自然生态系统中碳与氮的相关性略低于农田生态系统(湿地R2=0.9043,棉田R2=0.9903,稻田R2=0.9646,P<0.001)。不同起源稻田SOC含量以湿地起源区为高,红壤稻田较低。随剖面加深红壤稻田下降迅速并很快趋于稳定,湿地起源稻田呈波动式下降。
不同利用下有机碳密度无论0-20cm还是0～100cm全剖面均以稻田最高,而不同起源稻田中碳密度在0-20cm和0～100cm全剖面均以江西湿地起源稻田最高,湖北湿地起源稻田次之,红壤稻田较低。不同利用方式和起源下,0-20cm有机碳密度占0～100cm全剖面的比例为27.72%～50.86%,由此可知,通过表层土壤来估算全剖面碳密度时,由于剖面样点的数量较少会带来很大的不确定性。
(4)江汉平原湿地及其开垦农田不同利用下有机碳组分含量变化
以江汉平原湿地起源土壤为例,研究了稻田、棉田、桔园和湿地等不同利用方式下表土SOC组分变化及在团聚体内的分布和稳定性。结果表明：不同利用方式下表土SOC含量分异显著,稻田显著高于其它利用方式。不同利用方式下稳定键合态组分及其比例的差异明显大于其他物理性分离组分的变化,特别是稻田下化学结合稳定有机碳组分及其比例升高显著。旱地利用降低了SOC的团聚体物理保护,而水田稻作条件下促进了SOC的团聚体物理保护作用。因此,化学键合稳定和团聚体物理保护的差异是水田和旱地土壤SOC保存水平差异较大的原因。
江汉平原湿地开垦为农田后,没有引起SOC的损失；而在水田稻作条件下还显著地提高了原有自然湿地SOC含量,表明长江中游地区砂质湿地起源土壤开垦为稻田是相对较好的保持土壤有机碳库的土地利用途径。
(5)江汉平原不同土地利用和起源下农田土壤有机碳组分变化
通过实地密集采样,以江汉平原腹地湖北荆州地区农田表土为研究对象,研究了不同利用方式和起源下农田表土sOc组分变化及其稳定性,并就有机-无机化学结合方式进行了探讨。结果表明：不同利用方式和不同土壤起源下均会影响SOC水平,相比之下不同的农业利用方式对于农田SOC水平影响更大。稳定性有机碳组分占总有机碳比例,表现为水田显著高于旱地,红壤农田显著高于湿地起源农田。不同利用方式和起源下影响SOc水平的稳定机制不同,粘粒保护机制在碱性的湿地起源土壤中具有显著作用,而水淹条件下,sOc的化学结合稳定显得与游离氧化铁的保护也有关,红壤起源水田土壤中由于游离氧化铁的大量存在,这种保护作用具有显著的贡献。可见,粘粒含量并非是影响稻田土壤固碳的唯一土壤因素,游离氧化铁的存在对稻田土壤中SOC的化学稳定发挥着有重要的作用。
Organic carbon pool of agricultural soil is the most activist part of the pool in land ecosystem. It is significantly changed in the serious effect of human activity. The storage of organic carbon pool of agricultural soil and the capacity of carbon sequestration are one of the bases that are used to evaluate recent potentiality of greenhouses gases emission reduction. It has been admitted by Kyoto Protocol, and increase in organic carbon pool of agricultural soil is double-win between stabilized productivity of agriculture soil and the response of climate change. A lot of studies on the storage and potentiality of agricultural soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in geography region as well as land utilization such as studies on changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) and potentiality of soil carbon sequestration. However, for some special region, studies of the changes of SOC under different land utilization and parent materials and the effect mechanisms on the capacity of C sequestration are relative rare.
In this study, the articles on Chinese Academic Journal Web about the contents of soil organic matter/carbon (SOM/SOC) were collected and analyzed. The changes of SOC in agriculture soils since1980were analyzed. In addition, soil samples were collected in Jianghan plain, the middle reaches of Yangtze River, and Poyang Lake plain and the materials of the second general survey of soil in China were analyzed at the same time. The content of SOC in regional agricultural soil and the changes since the second general survey of soil in China were studied. While, the changes of contents of total organic carbon (TOC) and the fractions of agricultural soils under different soil utilization and parent materials were also researched. In addition, the distribution and stability of SOC in particle size fractions (PSFs) were studied too. Influences on the contents of SOC in soils and recent saturated capacity of SOC of agricultural soils, and potentiality of carbon sequestration in the future were discussed in this study. The main contents were as follows:
(1) Trends of changes of the contents of SOC in agricultural topsoil, China
The study supported the realization that the contents of SOC increased in agricultural topsoil since1985, and it is higher in paddy field than in dry farmland, and it is higher in eastern than in northern, but lost in northeast. In recent30years, the contents of SOC of paddy field and dry farmland decreased and then increased. The highest contents of SOC of paddy field were in2003to2009years, but it was highest before1985in dry farmland. It showed that the contents of SOC of dry farmland were lost compared to that before1985. It was the main problem that the lower contents of SOC of agricultural soil.
(2) Contents of SOC and its changes under different land use and soil origin of croplands in Jianghan plain and Poyang Lake plain
The contents of SOC of agricultural topsoil under different land use and soil origin, a case study of agricultural topsoil in Jianghan plain and Poyang Lake plain, was studied through closely sampling. The saturated capacity of C in agricultural topsoil and potentiality of C sequestration in the future were also discussed according to the changes of SOC since the second general survey of soil in China and under different land use and soil origin of croplands. The results showed that contents of SOC of agricultural topsoil increased than the second general survey of soil in China for recent30years in the study regions. Increase in SOC was founded in paddy soils and dry farmland in different level, while, increase in Jianghan region was higher than other regions relatively. It showed that C pool increased and C accumulation effect was significant. In addition, a serious percentage of content of SOC in the region was lower than the lack standard curve of paddy soil, such as16.27%in Jianghan plain and5.71%in Poyang Lake plain. It showed there was significant patentability of C sequestration in these regions. The saturated capacity of SOC under different soil origin was higher originated from Jianghan plain wetland and Poyang Lake plain wetland which was26.83g kg-1and26.79g kg-1, respectively. However, it was lower in Jianghan Plain and red soil region of Poyang Lake plain which was23.41g kg-1and20.96g kg-1, respectively. The saturated capacity level of topsoil of dry farmland decreased significantly compared to paddy soil. In addition, the highest saturated SOC, existing in red soil in Jianghan plain, then was in farmland originated from Poyang Lake plain and Jianghan plain wetland, but the lowest farmland originated from red soil was14.19g kg-1. In this study, C sequestration under different soil origin was significant and indicated that the potentiality of C sequestration was significant higher in paddy soil than in dry farmland. The highest potentiality of C sequestration was8.49g kg-1and5.93g kg-1in paddy soil and dry farmland originated from Jianghan plain wetland, but the lowest was5.31g kg-1and4.00g kg-1in paddy soil and dry farmland derived from red soil.
(3) Distribution of soil C and N in profile and changes of C density under different land use and soil origin in Jianghan plain and Poyang Lake plain
The study on contents of SOC of nine soil layers in0～100cm profile paddy soil, cotton field soil and wetland and soils derived from wetland in Jianghan plain, red paddy soil, reclaimed lake paddy soil and red paddy soil. The results showed that there was significantly difference of SOC in profile distribution under various land use. It was higher in paddy soils than in wetland and cotton field soils, and it decreased with the deep of soil layer. The content of SOC decreased quickly in cotton field soils and trended to be stable soon, but it unsteadily decreased. There was a very significant correlation between SOC and total nitrogen (TN). However, the correlation between C and N was lower in nature ecosystem than in agriculture ecosystem (for wetland R2=0.9043, cotton field soil R2=0.9903, paddy soil R2=0.9646, P<0.001). The contents of SOC were higher in reclaimed lake in Jiangxi and wetland derivation in Hubei, the lowest was red paddy soil. The content of SOC in profile decreased quickly and trended to be stable soon in red paddy soil. It decreased unsteadily in paddy soil originated from wetland. The highest density of SOC was in paddy soil not only in0-20cm but also in0-100cm. However, the highest density of SOC was in paddy soil originated from Jiangxi wetland in different soil origination both in0-20cm and in0～100cm, then was originated from Hubei wetland and the lowest was paddy soil originated from red soil. Compared to C density in0-100cm, the percentage of C density in0～20cm was from27.72%to50.86%. Thus, non-determinacy was higher when the C density was evaluated through topsoil.
(4) Changes of content of SOC under different land use in Jianghan plain wetland and cultivated farmland
The changes of SOC and distribution in PSFs under paddy soil, cotton field, orange field and wetland which was derived from wetland of Jianghan plain were studied. The results showed that the contents of SOC of paddy soils in topsoil were significantly higher than in other soils. Stable fractions of SOC and its ratio were higher than other physical fractions, especially chemical binding stable fractions of SOC and its ratio of paddy sols. The physical protection of SOC was decreased in dry farmland utilization, but the protection of SOC by PSFs was promoted in paddy soils. Thus, chemical binding stabilization and physical protection of SOC maybe the main problem of significant difference of SOC between paddy field and dry farmland.
When Jianghan plain wetland was cultivated, SOC did not lost quickly, but SOC was increased in natural wetland under paddy field environment. It showed that it was a good way for land use to keep SOC pool well by cultivating sandy parent material wetland as paddy field in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.
(5) Changes of fractions of SOC and distribution in Jianghan plain
The study on fractions and stability of SOC in agricultural topsoil under different land use and soil origin and discussed the organic-mineral chemical complex manner in Jingzhou, Jianghan plain. The result showed that the contents of SOC would be affected by different land use and soil origin, and for comparison, the agriculture utilization affected the agricultural SOC more significantly. The ratio of stable fractions to total organic carbon (TOC) was higher in paddy field than in dry farmland, and it was significant higher in farmland originated from red soil than farmland originated from wetland. The clay protection was significant taken into effect in alkaline wetland origination soils. However, the chemical combining stabilization of SOC related to free iron oxide protection. There were a lot of free iron oxide in paddy field originated from red soil, and it made significant contribution to C protection. Thus, clay contents was not the only factors to affect C sequestration in paddy soils, free iron oxide take an important effect on C chemical stabilization in paddy field.
(1)中国农田表土有机碳含量变化趋势
本文的研究支持了1985年以来中国农田表土SOC总体上呈现积累,且水田高于旱地,东部高于北部,而东北仍处于损失中的认识。近30年来,水田、旱地土壤SOC含量均呈现先下降后持续上升趋势；水田SOC含量以2003～2009年时间段最高,旱地以1985年前时间段最高,说明旱地土壤SOC水平相比1985年前仍表现为亏缺,是影响我国农田土壤SOC水平较低的主要原因。
(2)江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原农田土壤有机碳含量及其随土地利用和土壤起源的变化
通过实地密集采样,以江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原农田表土为研究对象,对比研究了不同利用方式和土壤起源下农田表土SOC含量差异,并就第二次土壤普查以来近30年的农田SOC变化和不同利用方式和土壤起源下农田表土的碳饱和容量和未来固碳潜力进行了探讨。结果表明：研究区域近30年来,农田表土平均SOC含量相比第二次土壤普查时期有所提高。水田、旱地相比第二次土壤普查时期均有不同程度的提高,其中,江汉平原旱地相对提高比例较大。说明在近30年以来该区域农田整体表现为碳库增加,碳汇效应显著。另外,本研究区域水稻土尚有相当比例(江汉平原为16.27%,鄱阳湖平原为5.71%)SOC含量低于水田缺乏标准线,表明其尚具有显著固碳潜力。
不同起源稻田表土有机碳饱和容量在江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原湿地起源区较大,分别达到了26.83g kg-1和26.79g kg-1,江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原红壤起源区较低,仅为23.41g kg-1和20.96g kg-1。旱地农田表土有机碳饱和水平相比水田均明显下降,旱地中江汉平原红壤饱和有机碳含量最高,为19.48g kg-1；其次为鄱阳湖平原和江汉平原湿地起源旱地,江西红壤旱地最低,为14.19g kg-1。本研究中,不同利用方式和土壤起源下,固碳潜力差异显著,整体表现为水田固碳潜力要明显高于旱地,江汉平原湿地起源水田和旱地固碳潜力均最大,分别为8.49g kg-1和5.93g kg-1；江西红壤水田和旱地均最低,分别为5.31g kg-1和4.00g kg-1。
(3)江汉平原和鄱阳湖平原不同土地利用和土壤起源下C、N剖面分布及其碳密度的变化
对江汉平原湿地起源稻田、棉田和未垦殖湿地三种利用方式及江汉平原湿地起源稻田、红壤稻田和鄱阳湖平原湿地起源稻田、红壤稻田等四种不同土壤起源稻田典型剖面0～100cm土体9个土层中SOC含量的剖面分布及有机碳密度进行了比较研究。结果表明：不同利用方式下,SOC含量产生明显的剖面分布差异。稻田各土层SOC含量较湿地和棉田高,随剖面加深有机碳含量呈下降趋势,棉田下降迅速并很快趋于稳定,稻田和湿地呈现波动式下降；SOC与全氮极显著相关,但自然生态系统中碳与氮的相关性略低于农田生态系统(湿地R2=0.9043,棉田R2=0.9903,稻田R2=0.9646,P<0.001)。不同起源稻田SOC含量以湿地起源区为高,红壤稻田较低。随剖面加深红壤稻田下降迅速并很快趋于稳定,湿地起源稻田呈波动式下降。
不同利用下有机碳密度无论0-20cm还是0～100cm全剖面均以稻田最高,而不同起源稻田中碳密度在0-20cm和0～100cm全剖面均以江西湿地起源稻田最高,湖北湿地起源稻田次之,红壤稻田较低。不同利用方式和起源下,0-20cm有机碳密度占0～100cm全剖面的比例为27.72%～50.86%,由此可知,通过表层土壤来估算全剖面碳密度时,由于剖面样点的数量较少会带来很大的不确定性。
(4)江汉平原湿地及其开垦农田不同利用下有机碳组分含量变化
以江汉平原湿地起源土壤为例,研究了稻田、棉田、桔园和湿地等不同利用方式下表土SOC组分变化及在团聚体内的分布和稳定性。结果表明：不同利用方式下表土SOC含量分异显著,稻田显著高于其它利用方式。不同利用方式下稳定键合态组分及其比例的差异明显大于其他物理性分离组分的变化,特别是稻田下化学结合稳定有机碳组分及其比例升高显著。旱地利用降低了SOC的团聚体物理保护,而水田稻作条件下促进了SOC的团聚体物理保护作用。因此,化学键合稳定和团聚体物理保护的差异是水田和旱地土壤SOC保存水平差异较大的原因。
江汉平原湿地开垦为农田后,没有引起SOC的损失；而在水田稻作条件下还显著地提高了原有自然湿地SOC含量,表明长江中游地区砂质湿地起源土壤开垦为稻田是相对较好的保持土壤有机碳库的土地利用途径。
(5)江汉平原不同土地利用和起源下农田土壤有机碳组分变化
通过实地密集采样,以江汉平原腹地湖北荆州地区农田表土为研究对象,研究了不同利用方式和起源下农田表土sOc组分变化及其稳定性,并就有机-无机化学结合方式进行了探讨。结果表明：不同利用方式和不同土壤起源下均会影响SOC水平,相比之下不同的农业利用方式对于农田SOC水平影响更大。稳定性有机碳组分占总有机碳比例,表现为水田显著高于旱地,红壤农田显著高于湿地起源农田。不同利用方式和起源下影响SOc水平的稳定机制不同,粘粒保护机制在碱性的湿地起源土壤中具有显著作用,而水淹条件下,sOc的化学结合稳定显得与游离氧化铁的保护也有关,红壤起源水田土壤中由于游离氧化铁的大量存在,这种保护作用具有显著的贡献。可见,粘粒含量并非是影响稻田土壤固碳的唯一土壤因素,游离氧化铁的存在对稻田土壤中SOC的化学稳定发挥着有重要的作用。
Organic carbon pool of agricultural soil is the most activist part of the pool in land ecosystem. It is significantly changed in the serious effect of human activity. The storage of organic carbon pool of agricultural soil and the capacity of carbon sequestration are one of the bases that are used to evaluate recent potentiality of greenhouses gases emission reduction. It has been admitted by Kyoto Protocol, and increase in organic carbon pool of agricultural soil is double-win between stabilized productivity of agriculture soil and the response of climate change. A lot of studies on the storage and potentiality of agricultural soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in geography region as well as land utilization such as studies on changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) and potentiality of soil carbon sequestration. However, for some special region, studies of the changes of SOC under different land utilization and parent materials and the effect mechanisms on the capacity of C sequestration are relative rare.
In this study, the articles on Chinese Academic Journal Web about the contents of soil organic matter/carbon (SOM/SOC) were collected and analyzed. The changes of SOC in agriculture soils since1980were analyzed. In addition, soil samples were collected in Jianghan plain, the middle reaches of Yangtze River, and Poyang Lake plain and the materials of the second general survey of soil in China were analyzed at the same time. The content of SOC in regional agricultural soil and the changes since the second general survey of soil in China were studied. While, the changes of contents of total organic carbon (TOC) and the fractions of agricultural soils under different soil utilization and parent materials were also researched. In addition, the distribution and stability of SOC in particle size fractions (PSFs) were studied too. Influences on the contents of SOC in soils and recent saturated capacity of SOC of agricultural soils, and potentiality of carbon sequestration in the future were discussed in this study. The main contents were as follows:
(1) Trends of changes of the contents of SOC in agricultural topsoil, China
The study supported the realization that the contents of SOC increased in agricultural topsoil since1985, and it is higher in paddy field than in dry farmland, and it is higher in eastern than in northern, but lost in northeast. In recent30years, the contents of SOC of paddy field and dry farmland decreased and then increased. The highest contents of SOC of paddy field were in2003to2009years, but it was highest before1985in dry farmland. It showed that the contents of SOC of dry farmland were lost compared to that before1985. It was the main problem that the lower contents of SOC of agricultural soil.
(2) Contents of SOC and its changes under different land use and soil origin of croplands in Jianghan plain and Poyang Lake plain
The contents of SOC of agricultural topsoil under different land use and soil origin, a case study of agricultural topsoil in Jianghan plain and Poyang Lake plain, was studied through closely sampling. The saturated capacity of C in agricultural topsoil and potentiality of C sequestration in the future were also discussed according to the changes of SOC since the second general survey of soil in China and under different land use and soil origin of croplands. The results showed that contents of SOC of agricultural topsoil increased than the second general survey of soil in China for recent30years in the study regions. Increase in SOC was founded in paddy soils and dry farmland in different level, while, increase in Jianghan region was higher than other regions relatively. It showed that C pool increased and C accumulation effect was significant. In addition, a serious percentage of content of SOC in the region was lower than the lack standard curve of paddy soil, such as16.27%in Jianghan plain and5.71%in Poyang Lake plain. It showed there was significant patentability of C sequestration in these regions. The saturated capacity of SOC under different soil origin was higher originated from Jianghan plain wetland and Poyang Lake plain wetland which was26.83g kg-1and26.79g kg-1, respectively. However, it was lower in Jianghan Plain and red soil region of Poyang Lake plain which was23.41g kg-1and20.96g kg-1, respectively. The saturated capacity level of topsoil of dry farmland decreased significantly compared to paddy soil. In addition, the highest saturated SOC, existing in red soil in Jianghan plain, then was in farmland originated from Poyang Lake plain and Jianghan plain wetland, but the lowest farmland originated from red soil was14.19g kg-1. In this study, C sequestration under different soil origin was significant and indicated that the potentiality of C sequestration was significant higher in paddy soil than in dry farmland. The highest potentiality of C sequestration was8.49g kg-1and5.93g kg-1in paddy soil and dry farmland originated from Jianghan plain wetland, but the lowest was5.31g kg-1and4.00g kg-1in paddy soil and dry farmland derived from red soil.
(3) Distribution of soil C and N in profile and changes of C density under different land use and soil origin in Jianghan plain and Poyang Lake plain
The study on contents of SOC of nine soil layers in0～100cm profile paddy soil, cotton field soil and wetland and soils derived from wetland in Jianghan plain, red paddy soil, reclaimed lake paddy soil and red paddy soil. The results showed that there was significantly difference of SOC in profile distribution under various land use. It was higher in paddy soils than in wetland and cotton field soils, and it decreased with the deep of soil layer. The content of SOC decreased quickly in cotton field soils and trended to be stable soon, but it unsteadily decreased. There was a very significant correlation between SOC and total nitrogen (TN). However, the correlation between C and N was lower in nature ecosystem than in agriculture ecosystem (for wetland R2=0.9043, cotton field soil R2=0.9903, paddy soil R2=0.9646, P<0.001). The contents of SOC were higher in reclaimed lake in Jiangxi and wetland derivation in Hubei, the lowest was red paddy soil. The content of SOC in profile decreased quickly and trended to be stable soon in red paddy soil. It decreased unsteadily in paddy soil originated from wetland. The highest density of SOC was in paddy soil not only in0-20cm but also in0-100cm. However, the highest density of SOC was in paddy soil originated from Jiangxi wetland in different soil origination both in0-20cm and in0～100cm, then was originated from Hubei wetland and the lowest was paddy soil originated from red soil. Compared to C density in0-100cm, the percentage of C density in0～20cm was from27.72%to50.86%. Thus, non-determinacy was higher when the C density was evaluated through topsoil.
(4) Changes of content of SOC under different land use in Jianghan plain wetland and cultivated farmland
The changes of SOC and distribution in PSFs under paddy soil, cotton field, orange field and wetland which was derived from wetland of Jianghan plain were studied. The results showed that the contents of SOC of paddy soils in topsoil were significantly higher than in other soils. Stable fractions of SOC and its ratio were higher than other physical fractions, especially chemical binding stable fractions of SOC and its ratio of paddy sols. The physical protection of SOC was decreased in dry farmland utilization, but the protection of SOC by PSFs was promoted in paddy soils. Thus, chemical binding stabilization and physical protection of SOC maybe the main problem of significant difference of SOC between paddy field and dry farmland.
When Jianghan plain wetland was cultivated, SOC did not lost quickly, but SOC was increased in natural wetland under paddy field environment. It showed that it was a good way for land use to keep SOC pool well by cultivating sandy parent material wetland as paddy field in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.
(5) Changes of fractions of SOC and distribution in Jianghan plain
The study on fractions and stability of SOC in agricultural topsoil under different land use and soil origin and discussed the organic-mineral chemical complex manner in Jingzhou, Jianghan plain. The result showed that the contents of SOC would be affected by different land use and soil origin, and for comparison, the agriculture utilization affected the agricultural SOC more significantly. The ratio of stable fractions to total organic carbon (TOC) was higher in paddy field than in dry farmland, and it was significant higher in farmland originated from red soil than farmland originated from wetland. The clay protection was significant taken into effect in alkaline wetland origination soils. However, the chemical combining stabilization of SOC related to free iron oxide protection. There were a lot of free iron oxide in paddy field originated from red soil, and it made significant contribution to C protection. Thus, clay contents was not the only factors to affect C sequestration in paddy soils, free iron oxide take an important effect on C chemical stabilization in paddy field.
引文
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