船舶冷藏集装箱变频节能研究
|
摘要
海运冷藏集装箱流动性大，随着外界气温、海水温度、太阳辐射强度和运送货物的变化，冷藏集装箱制冷系统的显热和潜热负荷随之不断变化。传统的冷藏集装箱制冷系统一般采用恒定转速运行方式，在设计系统时，以能够满足最大热负荷为依据。实际上，制冷系统只是在短时间内工作在最大负荷。常规采用ON-OFF运行尽管控制简单，但毕竟造成一定的能量损失。随着微电子技术和电力电子学的发展，变频调速的应用日益广泛，采用变频调速器改变压缩机电机转速，采用电子膨胀阀替代常规节流机构，实现制冷系统的能量调节，可达到较好的节能效果。
首先，本文针对冷藏集装箱外界环境变化大，负荷变化大的特点，采用非稳定计算法计算冷藏集装箱逐时传热负荷，通过计算分析认为，根据动态负荷的最大值可设计出满足实际需要的制冷机组，达到节能的目的。同时为冷藏集装箱采用变频控制技术提供了依据，根据动态负荷变化的情况自动调节制冷机组的制冷量，可使机组的运行工况随着集装箱的负荷变化而变化，达到节能的目的。
其次，本文建立了冷藏集装箱变频制冷系统的各部件数学模型，并对整个制冷系统进行了计算模拟。从理论上对制冷系统的不同运行工况进行预测。通过METALB建立了蒸发器过热度控制的模糊控制器，对模糊控制器性能进行分析及量化因子对模糊控制器的影响。
最后，建立了冷藏集装箱电控系统的硬件方案，介绍了系统的特点、硬件结构及软件设计方法，该系统使用多个传感器对箱内外、压缩机运行状态和制冷系统工作参数进行巡回检查，以系统的高效低耗及高可靠性为控制目标，实现了冷藏集装箱的智能化控制。
Maritime refrigerated containers are of great mobility. With the varieties of ambient air temperature, seawater temperature, the radiation intensity of the sun and the diversification of cargo, the apparent and latent heat load of refrigerated containers also change. Traditional refrigeration system of refrigerated containers often use the operation mode as the same rotate speed and we often design the refrigeration system in according to the biggest heat load. In fact, refrigeration system just sometimes works in the peak load. The conventional control way is on and off which has much energy loss. With the development of micro-electronics and electrodynamics, frequency conversion has been applied broadly. Changing compressor speed with transducer and EEV taking place of regular throttles can achieve the energy adjustment of refrigeration system and save much energy.
Firstly, because the ambient temperature and heat load changes greatly, this article adopts a not steady method that calculates the heat load of refrigerated containers hourly. Through calculation, we think that the design of refrigeration unit in according to dynamic load can achieve good effects of saving energy. In the same time the result provide a foundation for the application of frequency control technology. Refrigeration capacity of refrigeration unit changes with dynamic heat load and make the work conditions of refrigeration unit changes with heat load, in this way we can save much energy.
Secondly, this article builds the mathematical model of components of refrigerated containers' system and simulates the whole course of refrigerated system. It forecasts the distinct running conditions of refrigerated conditions. With METALB we establish the fuzzy controller for controlling the superheat of the evaporator and analyze the performance of the controller.
Thirdly, this article establishes the hardware project of control system of refrigerated containers. It introduces characteristics, the frame of hardware and the design of software of the system. This system makes use of many temperature sensors for checking up inside and outside of containers, the performance of compressors and the work parameters of refrigeration system. We implement the intelligence control of refrigerated containers in according to the high efficiency and low consumption and the reliability of the system
首先，本文针对冷藏集装箱外界环境变化大，负荷变化大的特点，采用非稳定计算法计算冷藏集装箱逐时传热负荷，通过计算分析认为，根据动态负荷的最大值可设计出满足实际需要的制冷机组，达到节能的目的。同时为冷藏集装箱采用变频控制技术提供了依据，根据动态负荷变化的情况自动调节制冷机组的制冷量，可使机组的运行工况随着集装箱的负荷变化而变化，达到节能的目的。
其次，本文建立了冷藏集装箱变频制冷系统的各部件数学模型，并对整个制冷系统进行了计算模拟。从理论上对制冷系统的不同运行工况进行预测。通过METALB建立了蒸发器过热度控制的模糊控制器，对模糊控制器性能进行分析及量化因子对模糊控制器的影响。
最后，建立了冷藏集装箱电控系统的硬件方案，介绍了系统的特点、硬件结构及软件设计方法，该系统使用多个传感器对箱内外、压缩机运行状态和制冷系统工作参数进行巡回检查，以系统的高效低耗及高可靠性为控制目标，实现了冷藏集装箱的智能化控制。
Maritime refrigerated containers are of great mobility. With the varieties of ambient air temperature, seawater temperature, the radiation intensity of the sun and the diversification of cargo, the apparent and latent heat load of refrigerated containers also change. Traditional refrigeration system of refrigerated containers often use the operation mode as the same rotate speed and we often design the refrigeration system in according to the biggest heat load. In fact, refrigeration system just sometimes works in the peak load. The conventional control way is on and off which has much energy loss. With the development of micro-electronics and electrodynamics, frequency conversion has been applied broadly. Changing compressor speed with transducer and EEV taking place of regular throttles can achieve the energy adjustment of refrigeration system and save much energy.
Firstly, because the ambient temperature and heat load changes greatly, this article adopts a not steady method that calculates the heat load of refrigerated containers hourly. Through calculation, we think that the design of refrigeration unit in according to dynamic load can achieve good effects of saving energy. In the same time the result provide a foundation for the application of frequency control technology. Refrigeration capacity of refrigeration unit changes with dynamic heat load and make the work conditions of refrigeration unit changes with heat load, in this way we can save much energy.
Secondly, this article builds the mathematical model of components of refrigerated containers' system and simulates the whole course of refrigerated system. It forecasts the distinct running conditions of refrigerated conditions. With METALB we establish the fuzzy controller for controlling the superheat of the evaporator and analyze the performance of the controller.
Thirdly, this article establishes the hardware project of control system of refrigerated containers. It introduces characteristics, the frame of hardware and the design of software of the system. This system makes use of many temperature sensors for checking up inside and outside of containers, the performance of compressors and the work parameters of refrigeration system. We implement the intelligence control of refrigerated containers in according to the high efficiency and low consumption and the reliability of the system
引文
[1] 徐湘波，胡益雄主编．建筑负荷与汽车空调 2000
[2] 赵荣义等主编．空气调节 中国建筑工业出版社
[3] 张祉佑著．制冷原理与设备西安交通大学出版社，1986年
[4] 郭庆堂等主编．制冷工程设计手册 第七机械工业部第七设计研究所
[5] 吴保志主编． 汽车空调 宇航出版社
[6] FK4(45．5F49)专用压缩机使用说明书
[7] 单寄平．空调负荷使用计算法 同济大学出版社
[8] 陈沛霖，岳孝方．空调与制冷技术手册 中国建筑工业出版社
[9] 空气调节设计手册．中国建筑工业出版社
[10] 俞佐平，陆煜编．传热学(第三版)．高等教育出版社，1997年
[11] 沈志光编．制冷工质热物理性质表和图．机械工业出版社，1983年
[12] 陆耀庆编．实用供热空调设计手册．机械工出版社1993年
[13] 中国制冷学会科普工作委员会编．制冷系统原理运行，维修．宇航出版社．1991年
[14] 孙一坚编．工业通风(第二版)．中国建筑出版社 1984年
[15] George Omura著．机械工程绘图教程．电子工业出版社 2000年
[16] 章音等．车辆设计参考手册，北京．中国铁道出版社 1993年
[17] 黄三弥．铁路空调客车变频调速制冷系统研究．中国铁道科学，2001
[18] 廖全平，王宝军，李红旗．涡旋变频压缩机．REFRIGERATION，2002
[19] 韩厚德．船舶空调动态热负荷及压缩机变顿能量控制研究制冷与空调 1999
[20] 樊灵等．变频旋转式压缩机的研究现状与进展 FLUID MACHINERY
[21] 周兴禧等．全封闭式复式变频制冷压缩机的热力性能仿真研究．流体机械，1997
[22] 向东，陈焕新．列车空调应用变频技术的探讨．四川制冷，1999
[23] 何晓明等．变频空调器制冷系统的计算模拟与实验验证．暖通空调HVAC，2001
[24] 陈焕新 刘蔚巍．铁路空调客车负荷的确定．中国铁道科学 2002
[25] 石文星等．变频空调器的三种控制算法．暖通空调HVAC，2000
[26] 龚焱．冷藏集装箱冷负荷计算方法探讨．四川制冷，1997
[27] 陈芝久．制冷系统热动力学．机械工业出版社，1997
[28] 尉迟斌，卢士勋 实用制冷与空调工程手册 机械工业出版社 2001
[29] 丁国良 张春路 制冷空调装置智能仿真 科学出版社 2002
[30] 陈沛霖 空气调节负荷计算理论与方法 同济大学出版社 1987
[31] 杨利强 船舶冷藏集装箱变频节能技术的研究 学位论文 上海海运学院 2000
[32] 范际礼，卢士勋 制冷与空调实用技术手册 辽宁科学技术出版社 1995
[33] 杨世铭 传热学 北京：高等教育出版社 2000
[34] 朱瑞琦 制冷装置自动化 西安：西安交通大学出版社 1995
[35] 张建一 制冷装置节能技术 北京：机械工业出版社 1999
[36] 石家泰，陈芝久，朱寅生 制冷空调的自动调节 北京：国防工业出版社 1981
[37] 丁国良，张春路 制冷空调装置仿真与优化 北京：科学出版社，2001
[38] Simulation and measurement on the full-load performance of a refrigeration system in a shipping container International Journal of Refrigeration 23(2000)112-126
[39] A generalized computer program for analysis of mixture refrigeration cycles ASHARE Trans 1983;89(2v):628-39
[40] A simulation program for modeling an air conditioning system ASHARE Trans 1990,96(1):213-21
[41] An interactive computer program for analyzing refrigeration cycles in the HVAC courses ASHARE Trans 1987;93(1):870-82
[42] Fuzzy control of superheat in container refrigeration using an electric expansion valve ASHARE HVAC&Research 1997;3(1):81-89
[43] Comparative performance evaluation of positive displacement conpressors in variable-speed refrigeration applicants International Journal of Refrigeration Vol. 21 No. 1 1998
[44] Intelligent Control to Reduce Superheat and Optimize Evaporator Performance in Container Refrigeration International Jounal of HVAC&Research Volume 6,number 3/July 2000
[2] 赵荣义等主编．空气调节 中国建筑工业出版社
[3] 张祉佑著．制冷原理与设备西安交通大学出版社，1986年
[4] 郭庆堂等主编．制冷工程设计手册 第七机械工业部第七设计研究所
[5] 吴保志主编． 汽车空调 宇航出版社
[6] FK4(45．5F49)专用压缩机使用说明书
[7] 单寄平．空调负荷使用计算法 同济大学出版社
[8] 陈沛霖，岳孝方．空调与制冷技术手册 中国建筑工业出版社
[9] 空气调节设计手册．中国建筑工业出版社
[10] 俞佐平，陆煜编．传热学(第三版)．高等教育出版社，1997年
[11] 沈志光编．制冷工质热物理性质表和图．机械工业出版社，1983年
[12] 陆耀庆编．实用供热空调设计手册．机械工出版社1993年
[13] 中国制冷学会科普工作委员会编．制冷系统原理运行，维修．宇航出版社．1991年
[14] 孙一坚编．工业通风(第二版)．中国建筑出版社 1984年
[15] George Omura著．机械工程绘图教程．电子工业出版社 2000年
[16] 章音等．车辆设计参考手册，北京．中国铁道出版社 1993年
[17] 黄三弥．铁路空调客车变频调速制冷系统研究．中国铁道科学，2001
[18] 廖全平，王宝军，李红旗．涡旋变频压缩机．REFRIGERATION，2002
[19] 韩厚德．船舶空调动态热负荷及压缩机变顿能量控制研究制冷与空调 1999
[20] 樊灵等．变频旋转式压缩机的研究现状与进展 FLUID MACHINERY
[21] 周兴禧等．全封闭式复式变频制冷压缩机的热力性能仿真研究．流体机械，1997
[22] 向东，陈焕新．列车空调应用变频技术的探讨．四川制冷，1999
[23] 何晓明等．变频空调器制冷系统的计算模拟与实验验证．暖通空调HVAC，2001
[24] 陈焕新 刘蔚巍．铁路空调客车负荷的确定．中国铁道科学 2002
[25] 石文星等．变频空调器的三种控制算法．暖通空调HVAC，2000
[26] 龚焱．冷藏集装箱冷负荷计算方法探讨．四川制冷，1997
[27] 陈芝久．制冷系统热动力学．机械工业出版社，1997
[28] 尉迟斌，卢士勋 实用制冷与空调工程手册 机械工业出版社 2001
[29] 丁国良 张春路 制冷空调装置智能仿真 科学出版社 2002
[30] 陈沛霖 空气调节负荷计算理论与方法 同济大学出版社 1987
[31] 杨利强 船舶冷藏集装箱变频节能技术的研究 学位论文 上海海运学院 2000
[32] 范际礼，卢士勋 制冷与空调实用技术手册 辽宁科学技术出版社 1995
[33] 杨世铭 传热学 北京：高等教育出版社 2000
[34] 朱瑞琦 制冷装置自动化 西安：西安交通大学出版社 1995
[35] 张建一 制冷装置节能技术 北京：机械工业出版社 1999
[36] 石家泰，陈芝久，朱寅生 制冷空调的自动调节 北京：国防工业出版社 1981
[37] 丁国良，张春路 制冷空调装置仿真与优化 北京：科学出版社，2001
[38] Simulation and measurement on the full-load performance of a refrigeration system in a shipping container International Journal of Refrigeration 23(2000)112-126
[39] A generalized computer program for analysis of mixture refrigeration cycles ASHARE Trans 1983;89(2v):628-39
[40] A simulation program for modeling an air conditioning system ASHARE Trans 1990,96(1):213-21
[41] An interactive computer program for analyzing refrigeration cycles in the HVAC courses ASHARE Trans 1987;93(1):870-82
[42] Fuzzy control of superheat in container refrigeration using an electric expansion valve ASHARE HVAC&Research 1997;3(1):81-89
[43] Comparative performance evaluation of positive displacement conpressors in variable-speed refrigeration applicants International Journal of Refrigeration Vol. 21 No. 1 1998
[44] Intelligent Control to Reduce Superheat and Optimize Evaporator Performance in Container Refrigeration International Jounal of HVAC&Research Volume 6,number 3/July 2000