电压凹陷检测及其在风电并网低电压穿越中应用的研究
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摘要
电压凹陷指电网供电电压的均方根值在短时间内突然下降的事件。作为最受关注的电能质量问题之一,电压凹陷无论是对工业用户还是对电网本身,都带来了极大的危害：从用户的角度来说,电压凹陷造成工业上广泛使用的电压敏感性仪器设备停机甚至损坏,给用户带来巨大的经济损失；从电网本身的角度来说,电压凹陷给目前备受关注的清洁能源发电并网问题带来了巨大的挑战。
以风力发电为代表的清洁能源发电,在并网后其发电机组与电网之间的相互影响愈来愈显著,尤其是当电网因故障产生电压凹陷时,会给发电机组带来巨大的损害；同时,电网也需要风电机组在电压凹陷期间,能够继续保持并网,即具备低电压穿越能力,以防止风电机组解列给电网造成严重的冲击,加剧电网系统的恢复难度。
本文从对电压凹陷的分析入手：首先分析了电压凹陷产生的主要原因和电压凹陷因不同故障在电网不同位置的特性,然后介绍了电压凹陷的基本分类和变压器对电压凹陷的传播,并提出了常用的电压凹陷检测方法和补偿方法。
在分析电压凹陷的基础上,文章提出了风电并网的低电压穿越概念：风电机组的低电压穿越能力,指在风机并入电网后,当并网点遭遇电压凹陷,发电机仍然能够保持并网,直到电网恢复正常。并提出保护风电并网的安全,应该从两个方面入手：首先加强对电网电压凹陷的检测和补偿,减小其对风电并网的危害；其次，加强风电机组的低电压穿越能力,以期在遭遇电压凹陷时,风电机组能够继续并网运行。
文章分析了电压凹陷给风电机组带来的危害,同时以双馈感应式风电机组为例,介绍了风电机组低电压穿越的方法。最后,将电压凹陷与低电压穿越结合起来,提出电压凹陷检测方法在风电机组低电压穿越中的应用,并结合我国对低电压穿越的要求,对几种检测方法进行比较,得出在何种条件下使用何种检测方法最为合理的结论。
Voltage dips are short-duration reductions in voltage magnitude. As one of the most concerned issues in power quality, voltage dip has done tremendous harm to both users and power grid. To users, it may cause halts or damages for those voltage-sensative equipments that are widly-used in industury, which will bring about great finacial losses; To the power grid itself, it has made a huge challenge the grid-connection of clean energy generation, which has gained increasing concerns nowadays.
When wind power generation, as the representative of clean energy generation, is put into the mode of grid-connected generation, the mutual influence between the grid and the wind turbine is to be more and more prominent, especially when the voltage dip appears because of the hitch of the grid, which will do enomorous harm to the turbines; meanwhile, the wind turbine, during the period of voltage dip, is required to keep in grid-connection, i.e. the function of LVRT, in case of the surge to the grid caused by disconnection of the wind turbine, which will increase the difficulty of recovering the grid system.
Starting from the analysis of the voltage dip, the present thesis firstly analyzes the causes and features of voltage dip at different positions of the grid caused by different hithes, and secondly introduces the types of voltage dip and its transmission in the grid done by the transformers; Last but not the least, the thesis puts forward the approches of testing and compensation the voltage dip.
On the basis of the analysis of the voltage dip, the present thesis puts forward the notion-LVRT of grid-connetion of the wind power generation:the ability of the LVRT of grid-connetion of the wind turbine refers to the situation when the wind turbine merges into the state grid and the grid experiences the voltage dip, the generator still keeps grid-connetion of wind generation till normal. And claims that the protection of it should be from two aspects-first, the testing and the compensation of the voltage dip in the gid have to be strengthened in order to reduce the harm towards the grid-connection; Second, the fuction of wind turbine's LVRT should be strengthened to make the turbines keep working for the grid-connection in face of the voltage dip.
The present thesis analyzes the harm to the wind turbines brought by the voltage dip, and uses "the dubly-fed-induction wind turbine" as the example to introduce the transient characteristic of the wind turbine's being in the period of voltage dip. Finally, by using the method of putting together the voltage and the LVRT, the author puts forward the application of test of the voltage dip to LVRT, and by comparing different testing methods according the national requirements on LVRT, the author draws the conclusion that how to apply the most approperiate method of testing according to different curcumstances.
以风力发电为代表的清洁能源发电,在并网后其发电机组与电网之间的相互影响愈来愈显著,尤其是当电网因故障产生电压凹陷时,会给发电机组带来巨大的损害；同时,电网也需要风电机组在电压凹陷期间,能够继续保持并网,即具备低电压穿越能力,以防止风电机组解列给电网造成严重的冲击,加剧电网系统的恢复难度。
本文从对电压凹陷的分析入手：首先分析了电压凹陷产生的主要原因和电压凹陷因不同故障在电网不同位置的特性,然后介绍了电压凹陷的基本分类和变压器对电压凹陷的传播,并提出了常用的电压凹陷检测方法和补偿方法。
在分析电压凹陷的基础上,文章提出了风电并网的低电压穿越概念：风电机组的低电压穿越能力,指在风机并入电网后,当并网点遭遇电压凹陷,发电机仍然能够保持并网,直到电网恢复正常。并提出保护风电并网的安全,应该从两个方面入手：首先加强对电网电压凹陷的检测和补偿,减小其对风电并网的危害；其次，加强风电机组的低电压穿越能力,以期在遭遇电压凹陷时,风电机组能够继续并网运行。
文章分析了电压凹陷给风电机组带来的危害,同时以双馈感应式风电机组为例,介绍了风电机组低电压穿越的方法。最后,将电压凹陷与低电压穿越结合起来,提出电压凹陷检测方法在风电机组低电压穿越中的应用,并结合我国对低电压穿越的要求,对几种检测方法进行比较,得出在何种条件下使用何种检测方法最为合理的结论。
Voltage dips are short-duration reductions in voltage magnitude. As one of the most concerned issues in power quality, voltage dip has done tremendous harm to both users and power grid. To users, it may cause halts or damages for those voltage-sensative equipments that are widly-used in industury, which will bring about great finacial losses; To the power grid itself, it has made a huge challenge the grid-connection of clean energy generation, which has gained increasing concerns nowadays.
When wind power generation, as the representative of clean energy generation, is put into the mode of grid-connected generation, the mutual influence between the grid and the wind turbine is to be more and more prominent, especially when the voltage dip appears because of the hitch of the grid, which will do enomorous harm to the turbines; meanwhile, the wind turbine, during the period of voltage dip, is required to keep in grid-connection, i.e. the function of LVRT, in case of the surge to the grid caused by disconnection of the wind turbine, which will increase the difficulty of recovering the grid system.
Starting from the analysis of the voltage dip, the present thesis firstly analyzes the causes and features of voltage dip at different positions of the grid caused by different hithes, and secondly introduces the types of voltage dip and its transmission in the grid done by the transformers; Last but not the least, the thesis puts forward the approches of testing and compensation the voltage dip.
On the basis of the analysis of the voltage dip, the present thesis puts forward the notion-LVRT of grid-connetion of the wind power generation:the ability of the LVRT of grid-connetion of the wind turbine refers to the situation when the wind turbine merges into the state grid and the grid experiences the voltage dip, the generator still keeps grid-connetion of wind generation till normal. And claims that the protection of it should be from two aspects-first, the testing and the compensation of the voltage dip in the gid have to be strengthened in order to reduce the harm towards the grid-connection; Second, the fuction of wind turbine's LVRT should be strengthened to make the turbines keep working for the grid-connection in face of the voltage dip.
The present thesis analyzes the harm to the wind turbines brought by the voltage dip, and uses "the dubly-fed-induction wind turbine" as the example to introduce the transient characteristic of the wind turbine's being in the period of voltage dip. Finally, by using the method of putting together the voltage and the LVRT, the author puts forward the application of test of the voltage dip to LVRT, and by comparing different testing methods according the national requirements on LVRT, the author draws the conclusion that how to apply the most approperiate method of testing according to different curcumstances.
引文
[1]Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel. Amendment of the Renewable Energy Source Act (EEG) [EB/OL], http://www. wind-energie. de, 2008-06-08.
[2]时璟丽,世界风电发展形势及我国风电制造业面临的机遇,可再生能源,2009年6月.
[3]朱毅,电压暂降对敏感用电设备的影响及其抑制方法.电气技术,2007(7),76-81.
[4]谭永元,电压骤降的检测方法.应用能源技术,2004，87(3)：29-31.
[5]张乐群,风力发电的LVRT功能应用及并网影响.供用电,2007，24(5),25-26.
[6]关宏亮,赵海翔,迟永宁等,电力系统对并网风电机组承受低电压能力的要求.电网技术,2007,31(7)：78-82.
[7]关宏亮,赵海翔,王伟胜等,风电机组低压穿越功能及其应用.电工技术学报,2007,22(10)：173-177.
[8]李梅,李建林,赵斌等,双馈感应式风力发电机的电压跌落响应分析.系统仿真学报,2007,19(22)：5243-5245.
[9Tao Sun, Z Chen, Frede Blaabjerg. Transient analysis of grid-connected wind turbines with DFIG after an external short-circuit. Nordic Wind Power Conference,1-2 March,2004,1-6.
[10]T. sun, Z. chen, Frede Blaabjerg. Voltage recovery of grid-connected wind turbines with DFIG after a short-circuit fault.In proceedings of the 35th. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference June 2004, Aachen, Germany:20-25.
[11]王伟,孙明冬,朱晓东,双馈式风力发电机低电压穿越技术分析.电力系统自动化,2007,31(23)：84-89.
[12]Math H.J. Bollen, Irene Y.H. Gu, Signal Processing of Power Quality Disturbances. IEEE Press Editorial Board,2006.
[13]Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan, Electrical Power Systems Quality Professional Engineering,2004.
[14]Melhorn C J, Davis T D, Beam G E. Voltage sags:their impact on the utility andindustrial customers.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1998,34(3):549-558.
[15]曾野,电压凹陷问题的研究.安徽大学硕士论文,2007.
[16]熊志敏,电能质量在线综合监测中电压暂将的识别与评估.华北电力大学硕士论文,2009.
[17]N S Tunaboylu, E R Collins, JR PR Chaney. Voltage disturbance evaluation using the missing voltage technique. Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power. Athens Greece,1998:577-582.
[18]肖湘宁,徐永海,刘昊.电压凹陷特征量检测算法研究.电力自动化设备,2002,22(1)：19-22.
[19]肖湘宁主编,电能质量分析与控制[M].中国电力出版社,2004.
[20]康洪波等,UPS的工作原理和发展趋势分析.电源技术,2009(07).
[21]韩民晓等,线电压补偿型动态电压调节器(DVR)的原理与实现.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(12)：49-53.
[22]肖玉龙,电压暂降检测及其补偿方法的研究.天津大学硕士论文,2006.
[23]王一刚,贾石峰,电网电压骤降情况下双馈风力发电机低电压穿越技术分析.电子质量,2009(6),41-42.
[24]风电场接入电力系统技术规定.2005.
[25]风电场接入电网技术规定.2006.
[26]郭登科,双馈感应风力发电机低压穿越控制策略研究.东北电力大学硕士论文,2009.
[27]曹娜,李岩春,赵海翔等,不同风电机组对电网暂态稳定性的影响[J].电网技术,2007,31(9)：53-57.
[281魏林君,变速风电机组低电压穿越能力研究.山东大学硕士论文,2009.
[29]王晓波,严干贵,郑太一等,双馈感应风电机组联网运行仿真及实证分析.电力系统自动化,2008，32(7)：87-91.
[30]李梅,李建林,赵斌等,双馈感应式风力发电机的电压跌落响应分析.系统 仿真学报,2007,19(22)：5243-5245.
[31]李建林,许鸿雁等,VSCF DFIG在电压瞬间跌落情况下的应对策略.电力系统自动化,2006，30(19),65-68.
[32]邢文琦,晁勤,不同风电机组的低电压穿越能力分析.华东电力,2008,36(12),21-25.
[33]薛定宇,控制系统计算机辅助设计：MATLAB语言与应用(第2版)[M].清华大学出版社,2006.
[2]时璟丽,世界风电发展形势及我国风电制造业面临的机遇,可再生能源,2009年6月.
[3]朱毅,电压暂降对敏感用电设备的影响及其抑制方法.电气技术,2007(7),76-81.
[4]谭永元,电压骤降的检测方法.应用能源技术,2004，87(3)：29-31.
[5]张乐群,风力发电的LVRT功能应用及并网影响.供用电,2007，24(5),25-26.
[6]关宏亮,赵海翔,迟永宁等,电力系统对并网风电机组承受低电压能力的要求.电网技术,2007,31(7)：78-82.
[7]关宏亮,赵海翔,王伟胜等,风电机组低压穿越功能及其应用.电工技术学报,2007,22(10)：173-177.
[8]李梅,李建林,赵斌等,双馈感应式风力发电机的电压跌落响应分析.系统仿真学报,2007,19(22)：5243-5245.
[9Tao Sun, Z Chen, Frede Blaabjerg. Transient analysis of grid-connected wind turbines with DFIG after an external short-circuit. Nordic Wind Power Conference,1-2 March,2004,1-6.
[10]T. sun, Z. chen, Frede Blaabjerg. Voltage recovery of grid-connected wind turbines with DFIG after a short-circuit fault.In proceedings of the 35th. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference June 2004, Aachen, Germany:20-25.
[11]王伟,孙明冬,朱晓东,双馈式风力发电机低电压穿越技术分析.电力系统自动化,2007,31(23)：84-89.
[12]Math H.J. Bollen, Irene Y.H. Gu, Signal Processing of Power Quality Disturbances. IEEE Press Editorial Board,2006.
[13]Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan, Electrical Power Systems Quality Professional Engineering,2004.
[14]Melhorn C J, Davis T D, Beam G E. Voltage sags:their impact on the utility andindustrial customers.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1998,34(3):549-558.
[15]曾野,电压凹陷问题的研究.安徽大学硕士论文,2007.
[16]熊志敏,电能质量在线综合监测中电压暂将的识别与评估.华北电力大学硕士论文,2009.
[17]N S Tunaboylu, E R Collins, JR PR Chaney. Voltage disturbance evaluation using the missing voltage technique. Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power. Athens Greece,1998:577-582.
[18]肖湘宁,徐永海,刘昊.电压凹陷特征量检测算法研究.电力自动化设备,2002,22(1)：19-22.
[19]肖湘宁主编,电能质量分析与控制[M].中国电力出版社,2004.
[20]康洪波等,UPS的工作原理和发展趋势分析.电源技术,2009(07).
[21]韩民晓等,线电压补偿型动态电压调节器(DVR)的原理与实现.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(12)：49-53.
[22]肖玉龙,电压暂降检测及其补偿方法的研究.天津大学硕士论文,2006.
[23]王一刚,贾石峰,电网电压骤降情况下双馈风力发电机低电压穿越技术分析.电子质量,2009(6),41-42.
[24]风电场接入电力系统技术规定.2005.
[25]风电场接入电网技术规定.2006.
[26]郭登科,双馈感应风力发电机低压穿越控制策略研究.东北电力大学硕士论文,2009.
[27]曹娜,李岩春,赵海翔等,不同风电机组对电网暂态稳定性的影响[J].电网技术,2007,31(9)：53-57.
[281魏林君,变速风电机组低电压穿越能力研究.山东大学硕士论文,2009.
[29]王晓波,严干贵,郑太一等,双馈感应风电机组联网运行仿真及实证分析.电力系统自动化,2008，32(7)：87-91.
[30]李梅,李建林,赵斌等,双馈感应式风力发电机的电压跌落响应分析.系统 仿真学报,2007,19(22)：5243-5245.
[31]李建林,许鸿雁等,VSCF DFIG在电压瞬间跌落情况下的应对策略.电力系统自动化,2006，30(19),65-68.
[32]邢文琦,晁勤,不同风电机组的低电压穿越能力分析.华东电力,2008,36(12),21-25.
[33]薛定宇,控制系统计算机辅助设计：MATLAB语言与应用(第2版)[M].清华大学出版社,2006.