中国竹林经营认证标准及其影响因素研究
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摘要
在全球保护生态环境的趋势下,人们积极寻求有效的缓解生态环境压力、促进森林可持续经营的路径和方法。以市场为基础的森林认证应运而生,并且在十几年的发展中显现出了强大的生命力。竹林作为一种特殊的林分,具有生长快、成材早、产量高、材质好、用途广等特点,这些特点决定了竹林认证不同于森林认证,完全按照森林认证标准对竹林进行认证不能有效地体现出竹林经营的特点。建立专门的竹林认证标准指导和促进竹林的可持续经营,在今天就显得尤为迫切和重要。中国是世界上最主要的竹产品生产国,竹林认证对中国的竹产业也必将产生重要的影响。积极发展竹林认证及其相关研究对于提高我国竹林的可持续经营水平,规避绿色贸易壁垒,在国际竹林认证理论方法及实践领域占据主动等都具有十分重要的意义。
本文在对我国竹林经营状况调查的基础上,借鉴PEFC标准指南、FSC原则与标准、中国国家森林认证标准、哥伦比亚竹林认证标准、SW森林认证标准和GFA森林认证标准等相关标准内容,初步提出了中国竹林经营认证标准体系,并采用德尔菲法和层次分析法对相关指标进行了分析。该标准体系的建立对于我国开展竹林经营认证相关研究具有积极的参考价值。
为了全面分析中国竹林经营认证标准的内容及其相关影响因素,本文从竹林认证与森林认证的关系,不同森林认证体系对竹林认证的影响,不同认证模式的选择,以及经济、生态、社会和贸易因素对竹林认证标准的影响等多个方面,对竹林经营认证标准进行了选择、构建和影响分析。本研究的主要结论主要包括以下8个方面:
(1)本文从我国竹林的分布和竹产业发展现状入手,详细阐述了竹林认证与森林认证的关系。竹林认证来源于森林认证,与森林认证在很多方面有着共同点,但自身又有很多独特的特点,如竹林生长快、经济效益高、不受采伐限额的限制等优点决定了竹林认证与森林认证的不同。竹林认证相对森林认证而言认证更容易实行、经济效益提高更显著以及更具宽松的政策环境等特点。
(2)通过分析国际上不同森林认证体系的特点,将全球性森林认证体系FSC和区域性认证体系PEFC与其他相关国家的森林认证体系进行比较分析,从认证程序、运作方式、经费来源、监督审核等方面为竹林认证标准的选择和确立提供依据。研究提出,中国竹林认证标准和指标应该立足于国家水平上,采用绩效标准,制定过程充分共享、保持透明度和公平性、建立明确的申诉机制等措施。
(3)基于我国竹林经营的现状和现有认证模式,提出了几种主要的竹林认证模式并对这些认证模式进行分析比较。其中独立认证、联合认证和资源管理者认证模式适用于不同的竹林经营模式,不同的认证模式需要满足相应的认证指标,在竹林认证中根据不同情况选择合适的竹林经营模式。研究指出,在中国实行竹林认证,应以独立认证和联合认证为主,可部分实行资源管理者认证。
(4)对经济发展因素与竹林认证之间的关系分析指出,经济因素是竹林认证标准需要考虑的一个重要因素,增加经济收入、强化竹林产品生产、节约成本和带动相关产业进步是竹林经营认证标准的重要组成部分,对提高竹林经营效益和推进竹产业可持续发展具有重要意义。
(5)竹林的生态价值体现在具有特殊的环境价值、生物多样性价值和景观价值,他们之间相互影响,对竹林认证标准的选择产生重要的影响。生态环境因素对竹林认证的标准和指标影响研究指出,需要建立竹林的环境影响评估方案、建立生物多样性保护措施、维持和改善竹林的特有景观,并纳入竹林经营认证标准体系中。
(6)在影响竹林认证的社会因素分析中,包括社区发展问题、“三农”问题和林权改革问题等社会因素对竹林认证标准的选择和构建影响较突出,尤其是要注重“人”在竹林认证中的地位和作用,这也是竹林认证能否有效实施的关键因素。明确竹林的权属和责任,充分协调竹林经营单位与当地社区的关系,是社会因素对竹林认证标准和指标影响的主要表现形式。
(7)从非关税壁垒和国际贸易环境两个贸易因素对竹林认证影响的分析指出,以出口为主的竹林认证受国际贸易环境的影响正在不断加深,非关税壁垒的作用和影响愈来愈明显;在竹林认证标准构建中需要综合考虑多方面的贸易因素,包括遵守国际相关的法律法规、及时发布特有声明、严格控制化学成分以及限制生物控制剂和基因改性生物等。
(8)本文根据上述研究成果,结合哥伦比亚瓜多竹认证体系和我国已经开展竹林认证企业案例分析结果,以及作者对我国主要竹产区浙江安吉、福建永安、重庆开县和湖南炎陵的实地调查的基础上,进行了在我国开展竹林认证的可行性分析。
On the trend of protecting environment in the world, people began to seek a way to solve the problem of environmental pressure and promote the sustainable forest management.Then the Forest Certification as a basis of market appeared and developed very fast.The bamboo as a special kind of forest has a sustainable character including growing fast, maturating early, more output, good quality, using widely. From these characters we can conclude that the bamboo certification differs from forest certification and we need a special standard to guide and improve the sustainable bamboo management. China is the most important bamboo product country and bamboo certification should influence the bamboo industry of China deeply. So developing bamboo certification and doing research on it has very important meaning to improve sustainable bamboo management, avoid green trade vallation and win over the initiative of international theory and experience.
The paper put forward a bamboo management certification in China and used Delphi technique and AHP(The Analytic Hierarchy Process) to analyse the indicators on the basis of investigation and take reference on the PEFC standards, FSC criterion and indicators, the forest certification of China, bamboo certification of Colombia, forest certification of Smartwood and GFA. The established standards were good references to the research on bamboo management.
In order to analyse the contents of bamboo management certification and correlative influenced factors, the paper expounded the bamboo certification from many ways of the relationship between bamboo certification and forest certification, the different forest certification influencing on bamboo certification, the choice of different certification model, and other factors including economy, ecology and society. Then the paper put forward the indicators of bamboo certification according to the different influenced fators and established the standards system of bamboo certification of China. The conclusion of this paper included 8 aspects as follows:
1. On the aspects of the bamboo distribution in China and the development of bamboo industry, the paper expounded the relationship between bamboo certification and forest certification. The bamboo certification rooted in forest certification but differed from forest certification in many aspects, for example, fast bamboo growth, high economic value and not limited by cutting quota. Comparing to the forest certification, bamboo certification is more feasible, improves benefit notablely and have loose policy environment.
2. The paper analysed the different forest certification system and drew lessons from them. The different certification system had many characters of the certification program, operation method, finance source, supervision and auditing, which provided a good reference to bamboo certification.
3. According to the situation of bamboo management and management model in China, the paper put forward several certification models and analysed them. We can know that single certification, group certification and resource manager certification fit different bamboo management models which should be adapted to relevant indicators. So we should choose the right management models according to the different situations. Now, the types of certification are mainly focused in individual certification and group certification, some of situations using resources management certification.
4. The paper analysed the relation between economy factors and bamboo certification. The economy factor is one of the most important factors which should be considered. There were many measures to improve economy benefits, including improving earning, the production of bamboo product, saving the cost and bringing along other industries. These aspects were major components of bamboo certification and they were meaningful to the development of bamboo industries.
5. Expounding the ecology factor to effect the bamboo certification, the ecology value of bamboo contained special environment value, biology diversity and sight value. These factors were important to bamboo certification system, which affected the choice of bamboo certification.
6. Through choosing some social factors to analyse their influence on bamboo certification, which contained the problem of community development, three farming problem and forest right revolution. Especially the status and function of people were very important and also were the key to decide the feasibility of bamboo certification. The influences of society to bamboo certification are that indicating the right and responsibility,and coordinating the relationship between bamboo management unit and local community.
7. Non-tariff wall and international trade environment also were the factors to impact the bamboo certification. Thereinto, bamboo certification based on export was impacted by international trade environment increasing deeply, and the influence of Non-tariff wall was become obviously. So we should consider many trade factors in bamboo certification. The influences of trade to bamboo certification are that to comply the international laws, issue the special claim, control the chemical component and confine the biology preparation.
8. According to the above research conclusions, and the analysises on the bamboo certification system in Columbia and the characters of companies that have carried out bamboo certification in China, then provided the feasibility of developing bamboo certification in China on the basis of investigation of An’ji, Yanling, Kaixian and Yong’an city.
本文在对我国竹林经营状况调查的基础上,借鉴PEFC标准指南、FSC原则与标准、中国国家森林认证标准、哥伦比亚竹林认证标准、SW森林认证标准和GFA森林认证标准等相关标准内容,初步提出了中国竹林经营认证标准体系,并采用德尔菲法和层次分析法对相关指标进行了分析。该标准体系的建立对于我国开展竹林经营认证相关研究具有积极的参考价值。
为了全面分析中国竹林经营认证标准的内容及其相关影响因素,本文从竹林认证与森林认证的关系,不同森林认证体系对竹林认证的影响,不同认证模式的选择,以及经济、生态、社会和贸易因素对竹林认证标准的影响等多个方面,对竹林经营认证标准进行了选择、构建和影响分析。本研究的主要结论主要包括以下8个方面:
(1)本文从我国竹林的分布和竹产业发展现状入手,详细阐述了竹林认证与森林认证的关系。竹林认证来源于森林认证,与森林认证在很多方面有着共同点,但自身又有很多独特的特点,如竹林生长快、经济效益高、不受采伐限额的限制等优点决定了竹林认证与森林认证的不同。竹林认证相对森林认证而言认证更容易实行、经济效益提高更显著以及更具宽松的政策环境等特点。
(2)通过分析国际上不同森林认证体系的特点,将全球性森林认证体系FSC和区域性认证体系PEFC与其他相关国家的森林认证体系进行比较分析,从认证程序、运作方式、经费来源、监督审核等方面为竹林认证标准的选择和确立提供依据。研究提出,中国竹林认证标准和指标应该立足于国家水平上,采用绩效标准,制定过程充分共享、保持透明度和公平性、建立明确的申诉机制等措施。
(3)基于我国竹林经营的现状和现有认证模式,提出了几种主要的竹林认证模式并对这些认证模式进行分析比较。其中独立认证、联合认证和资源管理者认证模式适用于不同的竹林经营模式,不同的认证模式需要满足相应的认证指标,在竹林认证中根据不同情况选择合适的竹林经营模式。研究指出,在中国实行竹林认证,应以独立认证和联合认证为主,可部分实行资源管理者认证。
(4)对经济发展因素与竹林认证之间的关系分析指出,经济因素是竹林认证标准需要考虑的一个重要因素,增加经济收入、强化竹林产品生产、节约成本和带动相关产业进步是竹林经营认证标准的重要组成部分,对提高竹林经营效益和推进竹产业可持续发展具有重要意义。
(5)竹林的生态价值体现在具有特殊的环境价值、生物多样性价值和景观价值,他们之间相互影响,对竹林认证标准的选择产生重要的影响。生态环境因素对竹林认证的标准和指标影响研究指出,需要建立竹林的环境影响评估方案、建立生物多样性保护措施、维持和改善竹林的特有景观,并纳入竹林经营认证标准体系中。
(6)在影响竹林认证的社会因素分析中,包括社区发展问题、“三农”问题和林权改革问题等社会因素对竹林认证标准的选择和构建影响较突出,尤其是要注重“人”在竹林认证中的地位和作用,这也是竹林认证能否有效实施的关键因素。明确竹林的权属和责任,充分协调竹林经营单位与当地社区的关系,是社会因素对竹林认证标准和指标影响的主要表现形式。
(7)从非关税壁垒和国际贸易环境两个贸易因素对竹林认证影响的分析指出,以出口为主的竹林认证受国际贸易环境的影响正在不断加深,非关税壁垒的作用和影响愈来愈明显;在竹林认证标准构建中需要综合考虑多方面的贸易因素,包括遵守国际相关的法律法规、及时发布特有声明、严格控制化学成分以及限制生物控制剂和基因改性生物等。
(8)本文根据上述研究成果,结合哥伦比亚瓜多竹认证体系和我国已经开展竹林认证企业案例分析结果,以及作者对我国主要竹产区浙江安吉、福建永安、重庆开县和湖南炎陵的实地调查的基础上,进行了在我国开展竹林认证的可行性分析。
On the trend of protecting environment in the world, people began to seek a way to solve the problem of environmental pressure and promote the sustainable forest management.Then the Forest Certification as a basis of market appeared and developed very fast.The bamboo as a special kind of forest has a sustainable character including growing fast, maturating early, more output, good quality, using widely. From these characters we can conclude that the bamboo certification differs from forest certification and we need a special standard to guide and improve the sustainable bamboo management. China is the most important bamboo product country and bamboo certification should influence the bamboo industry of China deeply. So developing bamboo certification and doing research on it has very important meaning to improve sustainable bamboo management, avoid green trade vallation and win over the initiative of international theory and experience.
The paper put forward a bamboo management certification in China and used Delphi technique and AHP(The Analytic Hierarchy Process) to analyse the indicators on the basis of investigation and take reference on the PEFC standards, FSC criterion and indicators, the forest certification of China, bamboo certification of Colombia, forest certification of Smartwood and GFA. The established standards were good references to the research on bamboo management.
In order to analyse the contents of bamboo management certification and correlative influenced factors, the paper expounded the bamboo certification from many ways of the relationship between bamboo certification and forest certification, the different forest certification influencing on bamboo certification, the choice of different certification model, and other factors including economy, ecology and society. Then the paper put forward the indicators of bamboo certification according to the different influenced fators and established the standards system of bamboo certification of China. The conclusion of this paper included 8 aspects as follows:
1. On the aspects of the bamboo distribution in China and the development of bamboo industry, the paper expounded the relationship between bamboo certification and forest certification. The bamboo certification rooted in forest certification but differed from forest certification in many aspects, for example, fast bamboo growth, high economic value and not limited by cutting quota. Comparing to the forest certification, bamboo certification is more feasible, improves benefit notablely and have loose policy environment.
2. The paper analysed the different forest certification system and drew lessons from them. The different certification system had many characters of the certification program, operation method, finance source, supervision and auditing, which provided a good reference to bamboo certification.
3. According to the situation of bamboo management and management model in China, the paper put forward several certification models and analysed them. We can know that single certification, group certification and resource manager certification fit different bamboo management models which should be adapted to relevant indicators. So we should choose the right management models according to the different situations. Now, the types of certification are mainly focused in individual certification and group certification, some of situations using resources management certification.
4. The paper analysed the relation between economy factors and bamboo certification. The economy factor is one of the most important factors which should be considered. There were many measures to improve economy benefits, including improving earning, the production of bamboo product, saving the cost and bringing along other industries. These aspects were major components of bamboo certification and they were meaningful to the development of bamboo industries.
5. Expounding the ecology factor to effect the bamboo certification, the ecology value of bamboo contained special environment value, biology diversity and sight value. These factors were important to bamboo certification system, which affected the choice of bamboo certification.
6. Through choosing some social factors to analyse their influence on bamboo certification, which contained the problem of community development, three farming problem and forest right revolution. Especially the status and function of people were very important and also were the key to decide the feasibility of bamboo certification. The influences of society to bamboo certification are that indicating the right and responsibility,and coordinating the relationship between bamboo management unit and local community.
7. Non-tariff wall and international trade environment also were the factors to impact the bamboo certification. Thereinto, bamboo certification based on export was impacted by international trade environment increasing deeply, and the influence of Non-tariff wall was become obviously. So we should consider many trade factors in bamboo certification. The influences of trade to bamboo certification are that to comply the international laws, issue the special claim, control the chemical component and confine the biology preparation.
8. According to the above research conclusions, and the analysises on the bamboo certification system in Columbia and the characters of companies that have carried out bamboo certification in China, then provided the feasibility of developing bamboo certification in China on the basis of investigation of An’ji, Yanling, Kaixian and Yong’an city.
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