垂直流人工湿地水力学规律与数学模型研究
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摘要
人工湿地是20世纪70年代兴起的污水处理技术,具有工艺设备简单、投资少、耗能低、易建设、运行维护简便等优点,尤其间歇进水垂直流人工湿地有着较好的脱氮效果在世界各地得到广泛应用。但是,直到最近人们对人工湿地各种去污机理和途径尚未得到全面、细致的了解和掌握,大多人工湿地的设计与运行依然建立在经验的基础上,对设计水质目标和长期运行效果缺乏准确可靠的预测手段和长期有效的运行经验,使建成的人工湿地处理效果不尽相同或无法最大限度的发挥其净化功能,限制了人工湿地技术的发展和应用。
本课题主要针对垂直潜流人工湿地,从水力学角度利用改进型停留时间分布曲线和水力学效率研究了间歇进水垂直潜流人工湿的水流规律,并讨论了水力条件对湿地净化效果的影响；从反应器流动特性模型和污染物降解一级动力学模型角度研究了间歇进水垂直流人工湿地水流流态和污染物降解规律,并提出了一级动力学参数；从人工湿地渗流规律和污染物迁移规律出发,以地下水模拟软件HYDROUS-2D和活性污泥动力学模型为基础提出了垂直流人工湿地简化的机理模型,并对小试系统的水力学实验和污染物降解规律进行了模拟验证。
在间歇进水垂直流人工湿地水力学性能和净化效果的影响规律研究方面：探讨了湿地植物及配水方式对垂直潜流人工湿地水流规律及水力效率的影响,揭示水力负荷、停留时间、进水流速、进水周期、布水方式对垂直流人工湿地系统净化效果的影响规律。结果显示,植物对间歇进水垂直流人工湿出水流量及停留时间分布影响较小,但在一定程度上可以提高系统的水力效率。当采用相同日水力负荷和间歇进水周期,适当地提高进水流速或在相同日水力负荷和进水流速下,采用较短间歇进水周期可提高系统的有效容积,改善系统的水力性能,有助于提高CODcr、NH4-N、TN的去除率。采用相同进水流速,连续和间歇运行模式对系统水力效率综合影响效果无显著差异,但在相同日水力负荷下,采用间歇进水方式可以保证较高的流速,从而获得较高的水力效率。在相同进水流速下,间歇进水方式较连续进水方式系统的日水力负荷减小,能够保证污染物足够的停留时间,有利于污染物的去除。布水不均匀使得水流出现短流,湿地上部有效空间不能充分发挥。因此在保证处理效果的前提下,提高布水均匀性,可适当提高系统的水力负荷率。
在反应器流动特性模型和污染物去除一级动力学模型研究方面：采用若干串联的完全混合反应器模型对间歇进水垂直流人工湿地的停留时间分布曲线进行了拟合,揭示了间歇进水垂直流人工湿地的流动特性类似于3个串联的完全混合反应器水流特点。建立在理想推流反应器或3个串联的完全混合反应器基础上的污染物降解一级动力学模型可以模拟间歇进水VFCW系统有机物、氨氮和总氮去除效果,得出了有机物、氨氮、总氮的一级反应速率常数和背景浓度值以及一级反应速率常数温度修正系数。
在二维动态水力学模拟方面：采用地下水模拟软件HYDROUS-2D对间歇进水垂直流人工湿地不同工况下出水流量、出水累计流量和停留时间分布进行了模拟,提出了适用于模拟石英砂为填充基质的垂直流人工湿地系统的水力学参数值,为垂直流人工湿地的水力学模型深入研究提供了基础的经验数据,为人工湿地对污染物去除机理模型提供了水力学模拟平台。
在污染物降解机理模型研究方面：以二维动态水力学模型为基础,借鉴活性污泥模型、两步硝化模型提出了能够描述垂直流人工湿地多组分污染物迁移转化的简单机理模型。通过与实际监测数据的对比,验证了该机理模型对实验系统有机物、氮污染物、无机磷去除效果模拟的有效性和各组分在湿地系统内动态规律变化。
通过以上研究,加强了间歇进水垂直流人工湿地内部水流规律的认识,提供了垂直流人工湿地系统优化设计和优化运行的理论、技术支持以及实践经验,加深了人工湿地内部过程和机理的理解和洞察,促进人工湿地数学模型的发展,为人工湿地进一步的研究提供新的思路和方法,为人们解决与其相关的其它课题提供经验和依据,从而推动这一高效、低耗、生态技术的广泛应用。
Constructed wetlands (CWs) for wastewater treatment with the advantages of simpleness of equipment, low cost of construction, operation and maintance have been thrived at 1970's. Especially vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) with intermittent feeding are increasingly used during the last several years due to their good efficiency regarding the removal of nitrogen. However, there is a lack of understanding in detail about the transformation and elimination processes of pollutants in CWs. Most of their design and operation are still based on'rules of thumb', lead to a quite different removal effect or unsuccesful use and result in discouraging the development and application of CWs.
Aims to VFCW with intermittent feeding, some studies were conducteded. Firstly, to investigate the hydraulic behaviors on use of modified residence time distribution (RTD) theory and hydraulic efficiency and to discuss the potential effects hydraulic condition has on polltants removal. Secondly, to determine the flow pattern and the regularity of wetland pollutant reduction by reproducing the experimental RTD and first-order removal kinetics models utilizing reaction theory and to present first order removal rate constants. Thirdly, to simulate dynamic hydraulic behaviors of pilot-scale VFCW employed the two-dimensional hydraulic simulation program HYDROUS-2D. Fourthly, to develop a simplified biological model based on HYDROUS-2D and activated sludge models (ASMs) and to be calibrated with a pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetland.
In the case of study on hydraulic behaviour and the effects of hydraulic conditions on contaminant removal efficiency of VFCWs with intermittent feeding, the influences of plants and feeding strategies on hydraulic behaviors of VFCW are discussed and the impacts on polltants removal efficiency with all sorts of hydraulic operations including hydraulic loading, residence time, flow rate, feeding interval and water distribution are explored. Results indicate that plants have less influence on effluent rate and RTD, but is somewhat helpful to improve hydraulic efficiency. Higher flow rate under the same daily hydraulic loading and feeding interval or less feeding interval but the same daily hydraulic loading and the flow rate can increase effective volume ratio, improve hydraulic performance and advance wetland removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (CODcr), annonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), total nitrogen (TN). Hydraulic efficiency compared between continuous and intermittent feeding has no distinctively difference when the same flow rate was employed. Otherwise intermittent feeding can obtain higher flow rate under the same hydraulic loading to improve hydraulic perfermace or can obtain lower daily hydraulic loading under the same flow rate compared with continuous feeding to guarantee enough residence time which increases pollutans removal. Uniformly water distribution can promote the upper areas of VFCW are untilized to increase hydraulic loading in case of the pollutants removal performance.
In the case of the study on flow pattern and first-order removal kinetics models, the tanks in series (TIS) model, TIS with delay model and shiffted lognormal distribution model were employed to reproducing the experimental RTD. All proved capable of fitting the RTD curves and the flow pattern of VFCW can be presumed as flow characteries of three continuous stired tank reactors (CSTR). Furthermore, first-order removal kinetics models were conducted to simulate the reduction of CODcr, NH4-N, TN and the first order removal rate constants, background concentrations and temperature correction coefficient of VFCW with intermittent feeding are all presented.
In the case of the study on the two-dimensional dynamic hydraulic simulation, effluent rate, cumulatived effluent and tracer experiments of VFCW with intermittent feeding are simulated using simulation program HYDROUS-2D for flow and transport in saturated and unsaturated zones. Hydraulic parameters and soil parameters of VFCW with the main substrate consists of quartz sand are calibrated. The simulated results show a good match with measured data. Moreover, the valuable experience with the in-depth study on hydraulic numerical model of CWs are gained and the platform to propose a biological model of VFCW is provided.
In the case of the study on mechanistic model of VFCW, a simple biological model learned from CW2D model, ASMs and a two-step nitrification (ASM3_2N) model for the process nitrification and denitrification on both nitrite and nitrate is proposed based on the two-dimensional dynamic hydraulic model, which can describe the multi-component reactive transport. By comparing with the measured data, the model is available to simulate the effect of COD, NH4-N and TP removal and dynamic changes of dissolved oxygen (DO), heterotrophic organisms, autotrophic organisms (nitrosomonas and nitrobacter), ornanic carbon compounds, NH4-N, nitrite-N (N02-N), nitrate-N (N03-N), inorganic phosphorus (IP) in VFCW.
All the studies above enhance knowledge of hydraulic behaviors of VFCW with intermittent feeding to offer a support of theories and technologies and practical experiences on optimal design and optimal operation of VFCW, to increase understanding and insight of process and mechanisms in CW, and to prompote the development of mathematical models of CW which advance the widespread use of the ecological tenology.
本课题主要针对垂直潜流人工湿地,从水力学角度利用改进型停留时间分布曲线和水力学效率研究了间歇进水垂直潜流人工湿的水流规律,并讨论了水力条件对湿地净化效果的影响；从反应器流动特性模型和污染物降解一级动力学模型角度研究了间歇进水垂直流人工湿地水流流态和污染物降解规律,并提出了一级动力学参数；从人工湿地渗流规律和污染物迁移规律出发,以地下水模拟软件HYDROUS-2D和活性污泥动力学模型为基础提出了垂直流人工湿地简化的机理模型,并对小试系统的水力学实验和污染物降解规律进行了模拟验证。
在间歇进水垂直流人工湿地水力学性能和净化效果的影响规律研究方面：探讨了湿地植物及配水方式对垂直潜流人工湿地水流规律及水力效率的影响,揭示水力负荷、停留时间、进水流速、进水周期、布水方式对垂直流人工湿地系统净化效果的影响规律。结果显示,植物对间歇进水垂直流人工湿出水流量及停留时间分布影响较小,但在一定程度上可以提高系统的水力效率。当采用相同日水力负荷和间歇进水周期,适当地提高进水流速或在相同日水力负荷和进水流速下,采用较短间歇进水周期可提高系统的有效容积,改善系统的水力性能,有助于提高CODcr、NH4-N、TN的去除率。采用相同进水流速,连续和间歇运行模式对系统水力效率综合影响效果无显著差异,但在相同日水力负荷下,采用间歇进水方式可以保证较高的流速,从而获得较高的水力效率。在相同进水流速下,间歇进水方式较连续进水方式系统的日水力负荷减小,能够保证污染物足够的停留时间,有利于污染物的去除。布水不均匀使得水流出现短流,湿地上部有效空间不能充分发挥。因此在保证处理效果的前提下,提高布水均匀性,可适当提高系统的水力负荷率。
在反应器流动特性模型和污染物去除一级动力学模型研究方面：采用若干串联的完全混合反应器模型对间歇进水垂直流人工湿地的停留时间分布曲线进行了拟合,揭示了间歇进水垂直流人工湿地的流动特性类似于3个串联的完全混合反应器水流特点。建立在理想推流反应器或3个串联的完全混合反应器基础上的污染物降解一级动力学模型可以模拟间歇进水VFCW系统有机物、氨氮和总氮去除效果,得出了有机物、氨氮、总氮的一级反应速率常数和背景浓度值以及一级反应速率常数温度修正系数。
在二维动态水力学模拟方面：采用地下水模拟软件HYDROUS-2D对间歇进水垂直流人工湿地不同工况下出水流量、出水累计流量和停留时间分布进行了模拟,提出了适用于模拟石英砂为填充基质的垂直流人工湿地系统的水力学参数值,为垂直流人工湿地的水力学模型深入研究提供了基础的经验数据,为人工湿地对污染物去除机理模型提供了水力学模拟平台。
在污染物降解机理模型研究方面：以二维动态水力学模型为基础,借鉴活性污泥模型、两步硝化模型提出了能够描述垂直流人工湿地多组分污染物迁移转化的简单机理模型。通过与实际监测数据的对比,验证了该机理模型对实验系统有机物、氮污染物、无机磷去除效果模拟的有效性和各组分在湿地系统内动态规律变化。
通过以上研究,加强了间歇进水垂直流人工湿地内部水流规律的认识,提供了垂直流人工湿地系统优化设计和优化运行的理论、技术支持以及实践经验,加深了人工湿地内部过程和机理的理解和洞察,促进人工湿地数学模型的发展,为人工湿地进一步的研究提供新的思路和方法,为人们解决与其相关的其它课题提供经验和依据,从而推动这一高效、低耗、生态技术的广泛应用。
Constructed wetlands (CWs) for wastewater treatment with the advantages of simpleness of equipment, low cost of construction, operation and maintance have been thrived at 1970's. Especially vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) with intermittent feeding are increasingly used during the last several years due to their good efficiency regarding the removal of nitrogen. However, there is a lack of understanding in detail about the transformation and elimination processes of pollutants in CWs. Most of their design and operation are still based on'rules of thumb', lead to a quite different removal effect or unsuccesful use and result in discouraging the development and application of CWs.
Aims to VFCW with intermittent feeding, some studies were conducteded. Firstly, to investigate the hydraulic behaviors on use of modified residence time distribution (RTD) theory and hydraulic efficiency and to discuss the potential effects hydraulic condition has on polltants removal. Secondly, to determine the flow pattern and the regularity of wetland pollutant reduction by reproducing the experimental RTD and first-order removal kinetics models utilizing reaction theory and to present first order removal rate constants. Thirdly, to simulate dynamic hydraulic behaviors of pilot-scale VFCW employed the two-dimensional hydraulic simulation program HYDROUS-2D. Fourthly, to develop a simplified biological model based on HYDROUS-2D and activated sludge models (ASMs) and to be calibrated with a pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetland.
In the case of study on hydraulic behaviour and the effects of hydraulic conditions on contaminant removal efficiency of VFCWs with intermittent feeding, the influences of plants and feeding strategies on hydraulic behaviors of VFCW are discussed and the impacts on polltants removal efficiency with all sorts of hydraulic operations including hydraulic loading, residence time, flow rate, feeding interval and water distribution are explored. Results indicate that plants have less influence on effluent rate and RTD, but is somewhat helpful to improve hydraulic efficiency. Higher flow rate under the same daily hydraulic loading and feeding interval or less feeding interval but the same daily hydraulic loading and the flow rate can increase effective volume ratio, improve hydraulic performance and advance wetland removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (CODcr), annonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), total nitrogen (TN). Hydraulic efficiency compared between continuous and intermittent feeding has no distinctively difference when the same flow rate was employed. Otherwise intermittent feeding can obtain higher flow rate under the same hydraulic loading to improve hydraulic perfermace or can obtain lower daily hydraulic loading under the same flow rate compared with continuous feeding to guarantee enough residence time which increases pollutans removal. Uniformly water distribution can promote the upper areas of VFCW are untilized to increase hydraulic loading in case of the pollutants removal performance.
In the case of the study on flow pattern and first-order removal kinetics models, the tanks in series (TIS) model, TIS with delay model and shiffted lognormal distribution model were employed to reproducing the experimental RTD. All proved capable of fitting the RTD curves and the flow pattern of VFCW can be presumed as flow characteries of three continuous stired tank reactors (CSTR). Furthermore, first-order removal kinetics models were conducted to simulate the reduction of CODcr, NH4-N, TN and the first order removal rate constants, background concentrations and temperature correction coefficient of VFCW with intermittent feeding are all presented.
In the case of the study on the two-dimensional dynamic hydraulic simulation, effluent rate, cumulatived effluent and tracer experiments of VFCW with intermittent feeding are simulated using simulation program HYDROUS-2D for flow and transport in saturated and unsaturated zones. Hydraulic parameters and soil parameters of VFCW with the main substrate consists of quartz sand are calibrated. The simulated results show a good match with measured data. Moreover, the valuable experience with the in-depth study on hydraulic numerical model of CWs are gained and the platform to propose a biological model of VFCW is provided.
In the case of the study on mechanistic model of VFCW, a simple biological model learned from CW2D model, ASMs and a two-step nitrification (ASM3_2N) model for the process nitrification and denitrification on both nitrite and nitrate is proposed based on the two-dimensional dynamic hydraulic model, which can describe the multi-component reactive transport. By comparing with the measured data, the model is available to simulate the effect of COD, NH4-N and TP removal and dynamic changes of dissolved oxygen (DO), heterotrophic organisms, autotrophic organisms (nitrosomonas and nitrobacter), ornanic carbon compounds, NH4-N, nitrite-N (N02-N), nitrate-N (N03-N), inorganic phosphorus (IP) in VFCW.
All the studies above enhance knowledge of hydraulic behaviors of VFCW with intermittent feeding to offer a support of theories and technologies and practical experiences on optimal design and optimal operation of VFCW, to increase understanding and insight of process and mechanisms in CW, and to prompote the development of mathematical models of CW which advance the widespread use of the ecological tenology.
引文
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