土岩组合地层大跨度浅埋暗挖车站施工环境效应研究
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摘要
随着国民经济发展和城市建设规模不断扩大,城市地铁工程蓬勃发展。城市地铁工程的显著特点是埋深浅、地质条件差、地表建筑物及地下管线密集,这些特点决定了地铁施工会对周围环境产生较大的影响。其中,地表沉降对周围环境的影响最为突出。在城市地铁工程开挖工法中,浅埋暗挖法具有避免大量拆迁改建,对城市交通干扰小的特点,使其得以迅速发展。与此相关也涌现出大量的岩土工程技术问题,例如浅埋暗挖车站所处地层的性质、覆土厚度、施工方法、支护方式、结构断面形式与大小都会对地表沉降产生影响,甚至造成严重的后果。因此,如何在地铁施工过程中防止坍塌,可靠地预计和有效地控制城市地铁施工所引起的地面沉陷,以保护工程沿线建筑物和地下管线的安全,己成为城市地铁工程建设中亟待解决的重要课题。
青岛处于花岗岩地区,地铁工程常遇到上部土层、下部岩层的典型地质条件,即所谓土岩组合地层,其设计施工难度大,暗挖车站的埋深、工序、结构与地层变形特性等施工力学行为,尤其是土岩组合地质条件下大跨度暗挖车站的合理埋深及岩跨比研究在国内外较少见,开展这方面的研究很有必要。
本文以正在建设中的青岛地铁工程为依托,选取典型暗挖车站为研究对象,重点研究了土岩组合地区暗挖车站施工对地表沉降的影响。研究的具体内容和取得的主要成果有：
(1)归纳总结了国内外有关地铁施工引起地表沉降方面的研究成果,对土岩组合地层车站施工引起的地表沉降原因、机理、主要因素等进行了理论研究,认为地表沉降主要由施工扰动、超挖、围岩收敛和衬砌变形以及土体固结等引起,这些诱因导致岩土体应力释放和土体固结,若岩石上方覆盖层为欠固结土,较易产生较大沉降。
(2)采用数值模拟方法,计算了地铁暗挖车站开挖施工引起的因地层损失、开挖扰动、固结沉降等因素造成的地表沉降,并对模拟结果进行系统分析；提出并验证不同施工方法在土岩组合地层中施工对沉降的影响特征。研究表明：青岛地层中不同风化程度的花岗岩自稳能力远优于一般土层,通过合理的岩跨比设计可有效利用入岩深度,从而更好地控制城市地铁施工变形。
(3)通过研究地铁暗挖车站施工中引起地表沉降的各种主要影响因素(如埋深、洞径、地层参数、衬砌刚度等)的权值分配,研究并修正土岩组合地区地铁车站施工引起地表沉降的影响函数及经验公式,并与现场监测结果进行验证。
(4)通过对数值计算与实测结合的方法,研究了土岩组合地层条件下地铁车站爆破震动引起地震波的传播规律及其对地表沉降的的影响。研究表明在爆破后的短暂时间段,地表的竖向变形存在一定的反复衰减式的振荡。爆破能造成隧道上方岩体的震动密实,但对上覆土层也有一定不良影响,造成地表沉降增大。研究表明,爆破最大可导致地表沉降增加5~10mm,施工中应注意爆破震动的控制。
上述研究可为实际工程施工提供理论依据和指导作用,对“土岩组合”地层大跨度暗挖车站施工引起地表沉降的研究提供借鉴,对后续工程的施工具有重要参考价值。
With the expanding scale of urban construction, subway construction boom, the city subway notable feature is the buried depth, rock weakness, poor geological conditions, dense surface buildings and underground pipelines, etc., these features will determine the subway construction have a greater impact on the surrounding environment. Among them, the surface subsidence of the surrounding environment of the most prominent. In the subway excavation construction method, the shallow tunneling method has avoided a lot of demolition reconstruction of urban traffic characteristics of a small disturbance, it can develop rapidly. Related to this are the emergence of a large number of geotechnical engineering problems. Shallow ground stations such as the nature of which, Futuhoudu, construction methods, support method, form and size of the structure cross-section will have an impact on surface subsidence, or even cause serious consequences. Therefore, how to prevent collapse during subway construction, reliable and effective control of the city is expected to subway construction caused by ground subsidence, to protect the project along the buildings and underground pipeline safety, has become a subway construction project needs to address the important issue.
Qingdao in the granitic area, cover thin, often encountered in the upper soil layer metro project, the lower strata of the typical geological conditions, the combination of soil and rock strata, therefore, it is difficult to design and construction, mining station's depth, process, structure and mechanical construction characteristics ground deformation behavior, especially combination of geological conditions, soil and rock span a reasonable depth of tunneling and rock stations across less common than studies at home and abroad, including rock cross-over is not yet open for research, which is of great importance to study in the field of engineering geology.
Supported by the subway engineering under construction in Qingdao, two typical stations of underground excavation were selected to study the influence of station construction of underground excavation on the suface settlement in the area characterized by the combination of soil and rock with emphasis in this paper, and the main reasearch content and obtained achievements were briefly demonstrated below.
(1) The reasearch achievements of domestic and foreign on the surface settlement induced by subway construction was summerized, and the reasons, mechanism and main influencing factors of surface settlement caused by station construction in the area combined by soil and rock was studied. It is considered that surface settlement was mainly caused by construction disturbance, overexcavation, convergence of surrounding rock, lining deformation, and soil consolidation, which could lead to stress release of soil and rock and soil consolidation, and then induce significant surface settlement when the covering layer above the rock was consisted of underconsolidated soil.
(2) Surface settlement caused by ground loss, excavation disturbance, consolidation under the construction of subway station of underground excavation was calculated using numerical simulation method, together with the system analysis to the simulated results, and the influence of different construction methods on the surface settlement in the area combined by soil and rock were proposed and verified. It is found that the self-stability of granite of different weathering degree in the stratum of Qingdao far better than that of the general stratum, and the optimized design of rock-thickness span ratio could efficiently take advantage of the depth into the rock, and then control the construction deformation of city subway in a better way.
(3) The influence function and empirical formula on surface settlement unduced by subway station construction in the area characterized by the combination of soil and rock was studied and revised, and verified the in-situ monitoring results, through the study of weight assignation of various main influencing factors (e.g., buried depth, hole diameter, stratum parameters, and lining stiffness) on surface settlement induced by the subway station construction of underground excavation.
(4) The characteristics of seismic propagation induced by the blasting in subway station and its influence on surface settlement in the combination strata of soil and rock was studied through numerical calculation and in-situ measurement. The study work showed that in the short time after the blasting, a repeat attenuation oscillation existed in the surface vertical deformation; blasting can cause a vibratory compaction to the rock body above the tunnels, on the other hand, have an impactive effect on the overlaying soil and then lead to an increasing of surface settlement with the maximum value of5～10mm. Therefore, it should be pay close attention to the the control of blasting vibration under construction.
The study for the actual construction provides a theoretical basis and the guiding role of the "soil and rock mix," Formation of surface subsidence caused by construction-related research extends the scope of the study, filled under the conditions of the formation of surface subsidence caused by tunneling gap, the follow-up works has important reference value.
青岛处于花岗岩地区,地铁工程常遇到上部土层、下部岩层的典型地质条件,即所谓土岩组合地层,其设计施工难度大,暗挖车站的埋深、工序、结构与地层变形特性等施工力学行为,尤其是土岩组合地质条件下大跨度暗挖车站的合理埋深及岩跨比研究在国内外较少见,开展这方面的研究很有必要。
本文以正在建设中的青岛地铁工程为依托,选取典型暗挖车站为研究对象,重点研究了土岩组合地区暗挖车站施工对地表沉降的影响。研究的具体内容和取得的主要成果有：
(1)归纳总结了国内外有关地铁施工引起地表沉降方面的研究成果,对土岩组合地层车站施工引起的地表沉降原因、机理、主要因素等进行了理论研究,认为地表沉降主要由施工扰动、超挖、围岩收敛和衬砌变形以及土体固结等引起,这些诱因导致岩土体应力释放和土体固结,若岩石上方覆盖层为欠固结土,较易产生较大沉降。
(2)采用数值模拟方法,计算了地铁暗挖车站开挖施工引起的因地层损失、开挖扰动、固结沉降等因素造成的地表沉降,并对模拟结果进行系统分析；提出并验证不同施工方法在土岩组合地层中施工对沉降的影响特征。研究表明：青岛地层中不同风化程度的花岗岩自稳能力远优于一般土层,通过合理的岩跨比设计可有效利用入岩深度,从而更好地控制城市地铁施工变形。
(3)通过研究地铁暗挖车站施工中引起地表沉降的各种主要影响因素(如埋深、洞径、地层参数、衬砌刚度等)的权值分配,研究并修正土岩组合地区地铁车站施工引起地表沉降的影响函数及经验公式,并与现场监测结果进行验证。
(4)通过对数值计算与实测结合的方法,研究了土岩组合地层条件下地铁车站爆破震动引起地震波的传播规律及其对地表沉降的的影响。研究表明在爆破后的短暂时间段,地表的竖向变形存在一定的反复衰减式的振荡。爆破能造成隧道上方岩体的震动密实,但对上覆土层也有一定不良影响,造成地表沉降增大。研究表明,爆破最大可导致地表沉降增加5~10mm,施工中应注意爆破震动的控制。
上述研究可为实际工程施工提供理论依据和指导作用,对“土岩组合”地层大跨度暗挖车站施工引起地表沉降的研究提供借鉴,对后续工程的施工具有重要参考价值。
With the expanding scale of urban construction, subway construction boom, the city subway notable feature is the buried depth, rock weakness, poor geological conditions, dense surface buildings and underground pipelines, etc., these features will determine the subway construction have a greater impact on the surrounding environment. Among them, the surface subsidence of the surrounding environment of the most prominent. In the subway excavation construction method, the shallow tunneling method has avoided a lot of demolition reconstruction of urban traffic characteristics of a small disturbance, it can develop rapidly. Related to this are the emergence of a large number of geotechnical engineering problems. Shallow ground stations such as the nature of which, Futuhoudu, construction methods, support method, form and size of the structure cross-section will have an impact on surface subsidence, or even cause serious consequences. Therefore, how to prevent collapse during subway construction, reliable and effective control of the city is expected to subway construction caused by ground subsidence, to protect the project along the buildings and underground pipeline safety, has become a subway construction project needs to address the important issue.
Qingdao in the granitic area, cover thin, often encountered in the upper soil layer metro project, the lower strata of the typical geological conditions, the combination of soil and rock strata, therefore, it is difficult to design and construction, mining station's depth, process, structure and mechanical construction characteristics ground deformation behavior, especially combination of geological conditions, soil and rock span a reasonable depth of tunneling and rock stations across less common than studies at home and abroad, including rock cross-over is not yet open for research, which is of great importance to study in the field of engineering geology.
Supported by the subway engineering under construction in Qingdao, two typical stations of underground excavation were selected to study the influence of station construction of underground excavation on the suface settlement in the area characterized by the combination of soil and rock with emphasis in this paper, and the main reasearch content and obtained achievements were briefly demonstrated below.
(1) The reasearch achievements of domestic and foreign on the surface settlement induced by subway construction was summerized, and the reasons, mechanism and main influencing factors of surface settlement caused by station construction in the area combined by soil and rock was studied. It is considered that surface settlement was mainly caused by construction disturbance, overexcavation, convergence of surrounding rock, lining deformation, and soil consolidation, which could lead to stress release of soil and rock and soil consolidation, and then induce significant surface settlement when the covering layer above the rock was consisted of underconsolidated soil.
(2) Surface settlement caused by ground loss, excavation disturbance, consolidation under the construction of subway station of underground excavation was calculated using numerical simulation method, together with the system analysis to the simulated results, and the influence of different construction methods on the surface settlement in the area combined by soil and rock were proposed and verified. It is found that the self-stability of granite of different weathering degree in the stratum of Qingdao far better than that of the general stratum, and the optimized design of rock-thickness span ratio could efficiently take advantage of the depth into the rock, and then control the construction deformation of city subway in a better way.
(3) The influence function and empirical formula on surface settlement unduced by subway station construction in the area characterized by the combination of soil and rock was studied and revised, and verified the in-situ monitoring results, through the study of weight assignation of various main influencing factors (e.g., buried depth, hole diameter, stratum parameters, and lining stiffness) on surface settlement induced by the subway station construction of underground excavation.
(4) The characteristics of seismic propagation induced by the blasting in subway station and its influence on surface settlement in the combination strata of soil and rock was studied through numerical calculation and in-situ measurement. The study work showed that in the short time after the blasting, a repeat attenuation oscillation existed in the surface vertical deformation; blasting can cause a vibratory compaction to the rock body above the tunnels, on the other hand, have an impactive effect on the overlaying soil and then lead to an increasing of surface settlement with the maximum value of5～10mm. Therefore, it should be pay close attention to the the control of blasting vibration under construction.
The study for the actual construction provides a theoretical basis and the guiding role of the "soil and rock mix," Formation of surface subsidence caused by construction-related research extends the scope of the study, filled under the conditions of the formation of surface subsidence caused by tunneling gap, the follow-up works has important reference value.
引文
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