工资分配问题及立法回应
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摘要
工资是雇主与雇工依照法律、法规的规定,经协商后确定的劳动力价格。当前,我国工资分配领域存在着两个不容忽视的社会问题:一是工资拖欠现象比较严重;二是工资不合理差距大且呈扩张趋势,这种不合理性主要体现在行业、地区、性别等一些非竞争性因素已成为雇工之间工资差距的决定性因素。尤为严重的是,这两个问题已陷入恶性循环,弱化了工资的基本社会功能,挫伤了大批劳动者的积极性,影响了国民经济的持续发展,影响到了社会的稳定。进一步改革收入分配制度,规范收入分配秩序,构建科学合理、公平、公正的社会收入分配体系已成为全社会关注的焦点。同时,我国现有的工资管理制度存在明显缺陷,无法很好的解决这些社会问题,也无法对其他法律制度的支撑诉求作出积极回应。
工资法的基本性质和任务决定了它必须对社会分配领域中的新情况作出及时回应,满足社会分配领域中的社会需要和愿望。工资法是一种典型的回应型法,立法目的应在立法过程中得到充分体现。从工资立法模式来看,我国的工资立法模式更适合于集中立法,应以中央立法为主,对于一些受地区影响较大的因素,适当的给予地方立法权。工资法的制定应体现公平、发展、倾斜保护、区别管理的原则。工资法包括支付保障制度、限额制度、宏观调控制度等三项基本制度内容。工资法的法律责任既包括民事责任又包括行政和刑事责任,既包括雇工、雇主应承当的责任,又包括政府应承当的责任。对于单位的违法行为,应实行双罚制,除追究单位责任外,还要追究单位负责人、主管人员及直接责任人员等相关人员的责任。
Pay is the labor price which was ascertained after the negotiation between the employer and the employee according to certain laws and regulations. Currently, there exist two social problems in our country’s pay distribution system, which we cannot afford to ignore: some serious phenomena of delinquencies and the abnormal and growing pay gap. This kind of irrationality mainly is occurred by some uncompetitive factors, such as different industries, regions and genders have become the decisive factors affecting the increasing pay gap. More seriously, these two problems have got trapped in a vicious cycle, weakening the basic social function of pay, frustrating the enthusiasm of the mass laborers and influencing the sustainable development of national economy and the stability of the whole society. To further the reform of income distribution system, to normalize the income distribution regulations and to establish a scientific, equal and fair social income distribution system have become the focus of the whole society. At the same time, there exist some obvious defects in the present pay managerial system. If there is no ideal solution to these social problems, there wouldn’t be active responsiveness to supportive appeal to other legal system.
The basic characteristic and task of Pay Act stipulate that the Pay Act should make corresponding response to the new circumstances in social income distribution system, satisfying the social needs and wishes of the social income distribution system. Pay Act is a typical responsive law, its aim of legislation is fully reflected in the process of law-making. From the model of law-making, our country’s law-making model tends to focus on concentrated law-making and should mainly base on central law-making. As for the regions where law-making may be influenced by more regional factors, the local government should be given more authorities. The making of Pay Act should reflect the principles of fairness, development, inclined protection, and differentiated management. Pay Act mainly includes three contents, that is, the Payment Social Security System, the Quota System and the Macro-control system. The legal liabilities of the Pay Act include both civil liabilities and criminal liability, and include both the liabilities of the employers and employees and the liabilities of the related governments. In the case of the unit’s illegal activities, bipartite punishment system should be adopted. In addition to investigate the unit’s liabilities, the judicial authority would also investigate the liabilities of the persons-in-charge of the entity and other related persons.
工资法的基本性质和任务决定了它必须对社会分配领域中的新情况作出及时回应,满足社会分配领域中的社会需要和愿望。工资法是一种典型的回应型法,立法目的应在立法过程中得到充分体现。从工资立法模式来看,我国的工资立法模式更适合于集中立法,应以中央立法为主,对于一些受地区影响较大的因素,适当的给予地方立法权。工资法的制定应体现公平、发展、倾斜保护、区别管理的原则。工资法包括支付保障制度、限额制度、宏观调控制度等三项基本制度内容。工资法的法律责任既包括民事责任又包括行政和刑事责任,既包括雇工、雇主应承当的责任,又包括政府应承当的责任。对于单位的违法行为,应实行双罚制,除追究单位责任外,还要追究单位负责人、主管人员及直接责任人员等相关人员的责任。
Pay is the labor price which was ascertained after the negotiation between the employer and the employee according to certain laws and regulations. Currently, there exist two social problems in our country’s pay distribution system, which we cannot afford to ignore: some serious phenomena of delinquencies and the abnormal and growing pay gap. This kind of irrationality mainly is occurred by some uncompetitive factors, such as different industries, regions and genders have become the decisive factors affecting the increasing pay gap. More seriously, these two problems have got trapped in a vicious cycle, weakening the basic social function of pay, frustrating the enthusiasm of the mass laborers and influencing the sustainable development of national economy and the stability of the whole society. To further the reform of income distribution system, to normalize the income distribution regulations and to establish a scientific, equal and fair social income distribution system have become the focus of the whole society. At the same time, there exist some obvious defects in the present pay managerial system. If there is no ideal solution to these social problems, there wouldn’t be active responsiveness to supportive appeal to other legal system.
The basic characteristic and task of Pay Act stipulate that the Pay Act should make corresponding response to the new circumstances in social income distribution system, satisfying the social needs and wishes of the social income distribution system. Pay Act is a typical responsive law, its aim of legislation is fully reflected in the process of law-making. From the model of law-making, our country’s law-making model tends to focus on concentrated law-making and should mainly base on central law-making. As for the regions where law-making may be influenced by more regional factors, the local government should be given more authorities. The making of Pay Act should reflect the principles of fairness, development, inclined protection, and differentiated management. Pay Act mainly includes three contents, that is, the Payment Social Security System, the Quota System and the Macro-control system. The legal liabilities of the Pay Act include both civil liabilities and criminal liability, and include both the liabilities of the employers and employees and the liabilities of the related governments. In the case of the unit’s illegal activities, bipartite punishment system should be adopted. In addition to investigate the unit’s liabilities, the judicial authority would also investigate the liabilities of the persons-in-charge of the entity and other related persons.
引文
[1] 郑杭生.社会概论新修.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1994,412,330.
[2] 董力.应当高度重视和切实解决企业拖欠职工工资的问题.中国工运,2003(4):8,8.
[3] 周玉清.关于解决企业拖欠职工工资问题的建议和制定《劳动法典》的议案.中国工运,2003,(4):7,8,7.
[4] 佚 名 . 公 务 员 被 拖 欠 51 个 月 工 资 的 背 后 ,http://www.jysb.net /Html/Article/jysb/qt/81533315324986.html.
[5] 李萌.市场失灵、组织缺位与农民工权益保护----制度经济学视角下城市农民工工资拖欠问题.社会主义研究,2004,(6):130.
[6] 新华网四川频道.四川清欠提前达标已偿还拖欠农民工工资 21.25 亿元.http://www.agri.gov.cn/llzy/t20041108_269417.htm.
[7] 王 文 韬 . 地 方 动 态 .http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper53/13433/ 1203744 .html,2004-11-17.
[8] 王文韬,葛素表.“一票否决制”——北京清理建筑业拖欠民工工资不留死角.http://www.cctv.com/news/china/,2003-11-24 .
[9] 宁 波 市 人 民 政 . 府 关 于 切 实 解 决 农 民 工 工 资 拖 欠 问 题 的 通知.http://www.law-lib.com/law/law,2004-11-24.
[10] 朱泽山.工资收入权的保障制度.改革,2004,(6):112-113.
[11] 尹艳林.加强收入分配制度建设促进社会和谐.宏观经济管理,2006,(11):9.
[12] Krugman P. R.“A Dynamic Spatial Model”,NBER Working Paper, 1992,(4):219.
[13] David Card ,Alan B. Kreuger.Myth andMeasurement : The New Economics of the Mini2 mum Wage.London:Princeton University Press ,1995,213.
[14] 国家统计局.从基尼系数看贫富差距.中国国情国力,2001,(1):23.
[15] 李培林,朱庆芳.中国小康社会,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003,21.
[16] 董建文.我国居民收入差距过大的原因与对策.华东经济管理,2001,(6): 13-15.
[17] 金玉国.工资行业差异的制度诠释.统计研究,2005,(4 ):21-28.
[18] 王小勇.市场潜力、外部性与中国地区工资差异.南方经济,2006,(8): 46-53.
[19] Krugman. P.Increasing returns and economic geography,Journal of Political Economy,1991,(99):483-499.
[20] Bergmann,B.R . Occupational Segregation.Wages and Profits when Eemployers Discriminate by Race and Sex.Eastern Economic Journal,1974, (1) :103.
[21] 李实,马欣欣.中国城镇职工的性别工资差异与职业分割的经验分析.中国人口科学,2006,(5):2,2-11.
[22] 高祖林.更加注重社会公平积极促进社会和谐—党的十六大以来处理收入分配问题政策取向的几点思考.毛泽东邓小平理论研究,2006.(6):60.
[23] 统计科学研究所.就业、收入分配、社会保障与国家经济安全.统计研究, 2002,(10):21.
[24] Cowell.F. Measuring Inequality (second edition) . London: Prentice Hall and Harvester Wheatsheaf,1995,345.
[25] David M. Gordon.Fat and Mean.Newyork:The Free Press,1996,332.
[26] 左祥琦.工资与福利.北京:中国劳动杜会保障出版社,2002,(7):12.
[27] 李爽.《中国经济学术基金》“对城镇居民收入差距的判断及理顺收入分配对策”课题主报告(2001),转引自曾湘泉.价值理念、收入分配差距与社会保障制度构建,中国人民大学学报,2002,(3):63.
[28] 刘素华.发挥工资指导价格在劳动力市场中的作用.经济体体改革,1999,(5):26-29.
[29] 朱海伦.劳动力市场工资指导价位制订方法的创新原则.浙江统计,2006,(2):27,29.
[30] 华民,谭慧慧.全面建设的小康社会需要制度创新.学术月刊,2003,(1):56.
[31] 陈志刚,路书明,刘海华等.最低工资保障制度实行中的问题及对策.工会理论与实践,1996,(3):40-42.
[32] Freemcm R.b. Minimum wage-ogain.Ini.J.Wanpower,1994,(1):8-25.
[33] 张西可.工资协商道阻且长:官员话工资协商推行难,Http//www.Dzwww. com.2003-05-30.
[34] 吴译.社会学.北京:高等教育出版社,1991,335-352.
[35] 王全兴.经济法基础理论专题研究.北京:中国检察出版社,2002,704.
[36] 杨紫煊.经济法.北京:北京大学出版社,高等教育出版社,1999,502-503.
[37] 郑鹏程,徐德刚.论社会保障法的基本价值取向.湘潭工学院学报(社会科学版),2001,(1):62-64.
[38] 曹鸿轩.中国税法教程.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003,5.
[39] 刘隆享.税法学.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社和人民法院出版社,2003,51-54.
[40] EiEhrlich. Fundamental Princip les of the Sociology of Law . Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1999,237.
[41] Lon L. Fuller.The Morality of Law .Yale: Yale University Press,38 - 91.
[42] 沈宗灵.现代西方法理学.北京:北京大学出版社,1992,65-69.
[43] R.Dworkin.Taking Right Seriously.Harvard:Harvard Universing Press,1977,22.
[44] James Willourd Harst.Probidms of Legitimang im the Contemporang Legal Order .Okahoma Law Review,1971,(24):224-229.
[45] P.诺内特,P.塞尔兹尼克.转变中的法律与社会——迈向回应型法.张志铭译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002:16-83,87-92.
[46] E.博登海默.法理学—法哲学及其方法.邓正来、姬敬武译.华夏出版社, 1987,311.
[47] 杨桢.英美契约法论.北京大学出版社,1997,4.
[48] R.Pound.Jurisprudence.Newyork:West Publishing,1959,16.
[49] 易继明.知识社会中法律的回应性特征.法商研究.2001,(4):129-135.
[50] W. R. Cornish.Intellectual Property: Patents ,Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights.London:Sweet & Maxwell,1996,27.
[51] 亚里士多德.政治学.吴寿彭译.北京:商务印书馆,2006,109-110,109-110.
[52] 戴文礼.公平论.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997,10.
[53] 单飞跃.经济法理念与范畴的解析.中国检察出版社,2002,12-13.
[54] 胡元聪,杨丽梅.“政府责任与社会财富公平分配法律问题”国际研讨会综述. 社会科学研究,2006,(6):196,196.
[55] 梁方.从三次分配看社会公平的实现.中国经贸导刊,2006,(14):26.
[56] 董保华.社会法原论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,144.
[2] 董力.应当高度重视和切实解决企业拖欠职工工资的问题.中国工运,2003(4):8,8.
[3] 周玉清.关于解决企业拖欠职工工资问题的建议和制定《劳动法典》的议案.中国工运,2003,(4):7,8,7.
[4] 佚 名 . 公 务 员 被 拖 欠 51 个 月 工 资 的 背 后 ,http://www.jysb.net /Html/Article/jysb/qt/81533315324986.html.
[5] 李萌.市场失灵、组织缺位与农民工权益保护----制度经济学视角下城市农民工工资拖欠问题.社会主义研究,2004,(6):130.
[6] 新华网四川频道.四川清欠提前达标已偿还拖欠农民工工资 21.25 亿元.http://www.agri.gov.cn/llzy/t20041108_269417.htm.
[7] 王 文 韬 . 地 方 动 态 .http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper53/13433/ 1203744 .html,2004-11-17.
[8] 王文韬,葛素表.“一票否决制”——北京清理建筑业拖欠民工工资不留死角.http://www.cctv.com/news/china/,2003-11-24 .
[9] 宁 波 市 人 民 政 . 府 关 于 切 实 解 决 农 民 工 工 资 拖 欠 问 题 的 通知.http://www.law-lib.com/law/law,2004-11-24.
[10] 朱泽山.工资收入权的保障制度.改革,2004,(6):112-113.
[11] 尹艳林.加强收入分配制度建设促进社会和谐.宏观经济管理,2006,(11):9.
[12] Krugman P. R.“A Dynamic Spatial Model”,NBER Working Paper, 1992,(4):219.
[13] David Card ,Alan B. Kreuger.Myth andMeasurement : The New Economics of the Mini2 mum Wage.London:Princeton University Press ,1995,213.
[14] 国家统计局.从基尼系数看贫富差距.中国国情国力,2001,(1):23.
[15] 李培林,朱庆芳.中国小康社会,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003,21.
[16] 董建文.我国居民收入差距过大的原因与对策.华东经济管理,2001,(6): 13-15.
[17] 金玉国.工资行业差异的制度诠释.统计研究,2005,(4 ):21-28.
[18] 王小勇.市场潜力、外部性与中国地区工资差异.南方经济,2006,(8): 46-53.
[19] Krugman. P.Increasing returns and economic geography,Journal of Political Economy,1991,(99):483-499.
[20] Bergmann,B.R . Occupational Segregation.Wages and Profits when Eemployers Discriminate by Race and Sex.Eastern Economic Journal,1974, (1) :103.
[21] 李实,马欣欣.中国城镇职工的性别工资差异与职业分割的经验分析.中国人口科学,2006,(5):2,2-11.
[22] 高祖林.更加注重社会公平积极促进社会和谐—党的十六大以来处理收入分配问题政策取向的几点思考.毛泽东邓小平理论研究,2006.(6):60.
[23] 统计科学研究所.就业、收入分配、社会保障与国家经济安全.统计研究, 2002,(10):21.
[24] Cowell.F. Measuring Inequality (second edition) . London: Prentice Hall and Harvester Wheatsheaf,1995,345.
[25] David M. Gordon.Fat and Mean.Newyork:The Free Press,1996,332.
[26] 左祥琦.工资与福利.北京:中国劳动杜会保障出版社,2002,(7):12.
[27] 李爽.《中国经济学术基金》“对城镇居民收入差距的判断及理顺收入分配对策”课题主报告(2001),转引自曾湘泉.价值理念、收入分配差距与社会保障制度构建,中国人民大学学报,2002,(3):63.
[28] 刘素华.发挥工资指导价格在劳动力市场中的作用.经济体体改革,1999,(5):26-29.
[29] 朱海伦.劳动力市场工资指导价位制订方法的创新原则.浙江统计,2006,(2):27,29.
[30] 华民,谭慧慧.全面建设的小康社会需要制度创新.学术月刊,2003,(1):56.
[31] 陈志刚,路书明,刘海华等.最低工资保障制度实行中的问题及对策.工会理论与实践,1996,(3):40-42.
[32] Freemcm R.b. Minimum wage-ogain.Ini.J.Wanpower,1994,(1):8-25.
[33] 张西可.工资协商道阻且长:官员话工资协商推行难,Http//www.Dzwww. com.2003-05-30.
[34] 吴译.社会学.北京:高等教育出版社,1991,335-352.
[35] 王全兴.经济法基础理论专题研究.北京:中国检察出版社,2002,704.
[36] 杨紫煊.经济法.北京:北京大学出版社,高等教育出版社,1999,502-503.
[37] 郑鹏程,徐德刚.论社会保障法的基本价值取向.湘潭工学院学报(社会科学版),2001,(1):62-64.
[38] 曹鸿轩.中国税法教程.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003,5.
[39] 刘隆享.税法学.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社和人民法院出版社,2003,51-54.
[40] EiEhrlich. Fundamental Princip les of the Sociology of Law . Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1999,237.
[41] Lon L. Fuller.The Morality of Law .Yale: Yale University Press,38 - 91.
[42] 沈宗灵.现代西方法理学.北京:北京大学出版社,1992,65-69.
[43] R.Dworkin.Taking Right Seriously.Harvard:Harvard Universing Press,1977,22.
[44] James Willourd Harst.Probidms of Legitimang im the Contemporang Legal Order .Okahoma Law Review,1971,(24):224-229.
[45] P.诺内特,P.塞尔兹尼克.转变中的法律与社会——迈向回应型法.张志铭译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002:16-83,87-92.
[46] E.博登海默.法理学—法哲学及其方法.邓正来、姬敬武译.华夏出版社, 1987,311.
[47] 杨桢.英美契约法论.北京大学出版社,1997,4.
[48] R.Pound.Jurisprudence.Newyork:West Publishing,1959,16.
[49] 易继明.知识社会中法律的回应性特征.法商研究.2001,(4):129-135.
[50] W. R. Cornish.Intellectual Property: Patents ,Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights.London:Sweet & Maxwell,1996,27.
[51] 亚里士多德.政治学.吴寿彭译.北京:商务印书馆,2006,109-110,109-110.
[52] 戴文礼.公平论.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997,10.
[53] 单飞跃.经济法理念与范畴的解析.中国检察出版社,2002,12-13.
[54] 胡元聪,杨丽梅.“政府责任与社会财富公平分配法律问题”国际研讨会综述. 社会科学研究,2006,(6):196,196.
[55] 梁方.从三次分配看社会公平的实现.中国经贸导刊,2006,(14):26.
[56] 董保华.社会法原论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,144.