不同养殖密度对两种鲆鲽鱼类生长及免疫指标的影响
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摘要
近年来,随着我国经济的快速发展,生活污水和工业废水的排放量与日俱增,导致近岸水质污染对水产养殖业产生了严重的影响,一种新型的集约化养殖模式——封闭循环水养殖逐渐被推广开来,封闭循环水养殖具有水资源重复利用、环境污染少、病害传播少、养殖产量高的优点,被誉为养殖业的一次新技术革命。本文主要探讨了封闭循环水养殖与传统流水养殖两种养殖模式下,不同养殖密度对大菱鲆生长、免疫指标的影响,以及两种模式下半滑舌鳎生长和消化、免疫酶指标的对比。主要研究结果如下：
1.流水养殖系统中不同养殖密度对大菱鲆生长和免疫的影响
本实验设置了5个不同密度,实验初期养殖密度分别为1.76、5.27、7.03、8.78、10.54kg/m2,经过30天的实验,随着养殖密度的增加,大菱鲆生长速度呈现降低的趋势,饵料系数增加,各密度组之间存在显著差异(P<0.01),但养殖密度对比生长率、肥满度和变异系数的影响并不显著。大菱鲆血细胞数目随密度的增加而增加,同时碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性也随之增加,但差异均不显著。
2.封闭循环水系统中养殖密度对大菱鲆生长和免疫酶指标的影响
本实验设置了4个养殖密度组,每个密度组设三个重复组,实验初期密度分别为0.66、1.26、2.56、4.00kg/m2,实验结束时密度分别为4.67、7.25、14.16、17.77kg/m2。实验结果表明,养殖密度对大菱鲆的比生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)、平均日增重、日增重率和饵料系数均有显著的影响(P<0.05)。随着密度的增加,大菱鲆的比生长率、增重率和平均日增重呈现下降趋势,饵料系数呈现增加趋势。不同密度大菱鲆体重的均匀性随密度增加而下降。养殖密度影响大菱鲆免疫机能,肝脏的脏器系数与养殖密度呈负相关。养殖水体中氨氮浓度极显著低于流水养殖池中氨氮浓度(P<0.01),但是亚硝酸盐浓度高于流水养殖池；生物滤膜对氨氮去除率达到33.32%,而对亚硝氮的去除率仅为4.23%。
3.封闭循环水系统和流水系统中半滑舌鳎生长、消化和免疫指标的对比
经过5个月的养殖试验,两种模式下鱼类死亡率都很低,在封闭循环水养殖系统中为2.89%,流水养殖死亡率为1.49%。封闭循环水养殖密度由初始14.7 kg/m2增长到37.0kg/m2,相对增重率为158.5%；而流水养殖密度由初始5.9 kg/m2增长到13.5 kg/m2,相对增重率为132.8%；封闭循环水养殖半滑舌鳎月平均增重约120g,明显高于流水养殖模式(流水养殖模式月平均增重为51.8g),两者之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。封闭循环水养殖池中氨氮平均浓度为0.036mg/L而流水养殖池中氨氮平均浓度为0.152mg/L；流水养殖池中亚硝氮平均浓度为0.016mg/L,循环水养殖池中亚硝氮平均浓度为0.114mg/L。两种模式下水质指标之间存在极显著的差异(P<0.01)。循环水养殖与流水养殖半滑舌鳎血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LSZ)活力均差异不显著(P>0.05),但半滑舌鳎胃和肠中的淀粉酶活力分别极显著高于流水养殖半滑舌鳎胃和肠中的淀粉酶活力(P<0.01),胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力分别显著高于流水养殖中半滑舌鳎胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力(P<0.05)。
With the rapid development of economy in our country in recent years, industrial wastewater and domestic sewage emissions increase greatly, which cause water quality pollution that have a serious impact on aquaculture. A new kind of higher density and super-intensive culture mode-closed re-circulating aquaculture were gradually popularized. It is advantageous to make use of resources, reduce pollution of the environment, cut off dissemination of disease and increasing the farming yield as well, which was commended as a new technique revolution of the fish farming. In this paper, we mainly study the stocking density effect on growth, digestive enzymes and immune, while compared the growth,digestive enzymes and immune of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther between re-circulating aquaculture and flow culture, the main conclusions are as follows:
1. Effect of stocking density on growth and immune in Scophthalmus maximus reared in flow culture system
We set five different experiment groups in the initial stocking densities at 1.76,5.27,7.03,8.78,10.54 kg/m2 respectively. After 30 days, result showed that the growth rate decreased but the feed conversion rate significantly increased with the stocking density higher. There was no significantly difference for SGR,CF,CV with the stocking increasing. The number of blood corpuscle and AKP,ACP activity both raised with the stocking increasing, but there was no significantly difference.
2. Effect of stocking density on growth and immune in Scophthalmus maximus reared in re-circulating aquaculture system
We set four different experiment groups in the initial stocking densities at 0.66,1.26,2.56,4.OOkg/m2 respectively, every group has three parallel groups. The experiment lasted for 75 days with final stocking densities at 4.67,7.25,14.16,17.77 kg/m2 respectively. Result showed that the stocking densities for turbot had significant influences on SGR,WGR,average daily gain,rate of daily gain and feed coefficient. With the stocking density increasing, SGR,WGR,rate of daily gain decreased,but feed coefficient increased. The uniformity of weight distributing among experiment groups decreased with increasing density. The stocking density had negative relationship to liver organ coefficient. The concentration of ammonia-nitrogen in the re-circulating aquaculture pond was significant (P<0.01) lower than that in the flow cultured pond, but the concentration of nitrite-nitrogen was higher than that in the flow. The average removal rates of the ammonia-nitrogen by bio-filter were 33.32%, but that of the nitrite-nitrogen were only 4.23%.
3.Comparing of digestive enzymes and immune of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther between re-circulating aquaculture and flow culture
During the 5 months experiment, the mortality rate was low in both system,2.88% in the RS and 1.49% in the FTS. Stocking density increased progressively from 14.7 to 37.0 kg/m2 in the RS and from 5.9 to 13.5 kg/m2 in the FTS. The relative growth rate was 158.5%in the RS, compared to132.8%in the FTS. Average monthly weight gain was better in the RS than FTS,120g and 51.8 g respectively. There was significant difference(P<0.05)between the two rearing systems at the end of the experiment. NH3-N concentrations were much lower in the RS (0.036mg/L) than in the FTS(0.152mg/L) and conversely NO2--N concentration(0.114mg/L) was more than sixth higher than that in the FTS(0.016mg/L). There were significant differences(P<0.01)between the RS and the FTS water quality. The AKP, ACP, LSZ activity in blood serum of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther were no significantly difference (P>0.05) between re-circulating aquaculture and flow culture, but amylase activity in stomach and intestinal of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther in re-circulating aquaculture were significant (P<0.01) higher than those in flow culture, protease activity in stomach and trypsin activity in intestinel were significant (P<0.05) higher than those in flow culture.
1.流水养殖系统中不同养殖密度对大菱鲆生长和免疫的影响
本实验设置了5个不同密度,实验初期养殖密度分别为1.76、5.27、7.03、8.78、10.54kg/m2,经过30天的实验,随着养殖密度的增加,大菱鲆生长速度呈现降低的趋势,饵料系数增加,各密度组之间存在显著差异(P<0.01),但养殖密度对比生长率、肥满度和变异系数的影响并不显著。大菱鲆血细胞数目随密度的增加而增加,同时碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性也随之增加,但差异均不显著。
2.封闭循环水系统中养殖密度对大菱鲆生长和免疫酶指标的影响
本实验设置了4个养殖密度组,每个密度组设三个重复组,实验初期密度分别为0.66、1.26、2.56、4.00kg/m2,实验结束时密度分别为4.67、7.25、14.16、17.77kg/m2。实验结果表明,养殖密度对大菱鲆的比生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)、平均日增重、日增重率和饵料系数均有显著的影响(P<0.05)。随着密度的增加,大菱鲆的比生长率、增重率和平均日增重呈现下降趋势,饵料系数呈现增加趋势。不同密度大菱鲆体重的均匀性随密度增加而下降。养殖密度影响大菱鲆免疫机能,肝脏的脏器系数与养殖密度呈负相关。养殖水体中氨氮浓度极显著低于流水养殖池中氨氮浓度(P<0.01),但是亚硝酸盐浓度高于流水养殖池；生物滤膜对氨氮去除率达到33.32%,而对亚硝氮的去除率仅为4.23%。
3.封闭循环水系统和流水系统中半滑舌鳎生长、消化和免疫指标的对比
经过5个月的养殖试验,两种模式下鱼类死亡率都很低,在封闭循环水养殖系统中为2.89%,流水养殖死亡率为1.49%。封闭循环水养殖密度由初始14.7 kg/m2增长到37.0kg/m2,相对增重率为158.5%；而流水养殖密度由初始5.9 kg/m2增长到13.5 kg/m2,相对增重率为132.8%；封闭循环水养殖半滑舌鳎月平均增重约120g,明显高于流水养殖模式(流水养殖模式月平均增重为51.8g),两者之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。封闭循环水养殖池中氨氮平均浓度为0.036mg/L而流水养殖池中氨氮平均浓度为0.152mg/L；流水养殖池中亚硝氮平均浓度为0.016mg/L,循环水养殖池中亚硝氮平均浓度为0.114mg/L。两种模式下水质指标之间存在极显著的差异(P<0.01)。循环水养殖与流水养殖半滑舌鳎血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LSZ)活力均差异不显著(P>0.05),但半滑舌鳎胃和肠中的淀粉酶活力分别极显著高于流水养殖半滑舌鳎胃和肠中的淀粉酶活力(P<0.01),胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力分别显著高于流水养殖中半滑舌鳎胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力(P<0.05)。
With the rapid development of economy in our country in recent years, industrial wastewater and domestic sewage emissions increase greatly, which cause water quality pollution that have a serious impact on aquaculture. A new kind of higher density and super-intensive culture mode-closed re-circulating aquaculture were gradually popularized. It is advantageous to make use of resources, reduce pollution of the environment, cut off dissemination of disease and increasing the farming yield as well, which was commended as a new technique revolution of the fish farming. In this paper, we mainly study the stocking density effect on growth, digestive enzymes and immune, while compared the growth,digestive enzymes and immune of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther between re-circulating aquaculture and flow culture, the main conclusions are as follows:
1. Effect of stocking density on growth and immune in Scophthalmus maximus reared in flow culture system
We set five different experiment groups in the initial stocking densities at 1.76,5.27,7.03,8.78,10.54 kg/m2 respectively. After 30 days, result showed that the growth rate decreased but the feed conversion rate significantly increased with the stocking density higher. There was no significantly difference for SGR,CF,CV with the stocking increasing. The number of blood corpuscle and AKP,ACP activity both raised with the stocking increasing, but there was no significantly difference.
2. Effect of stocking density on growth and immune in Scophthalmus maximus reared in re-circulating aquaculture system
We set four different experiment groups in the initial stocking densities at 0.66,1.26,2.56,4.OOkg/m2 respectively, every group has three parallel groups. The experiment lasted for 75 days with final stocking densities at 4.67,7.25,14.16,17.77 kg/m2 respectively. Result showed that the stocking densities for turbot had significant influences on SGR,WGR,average daily gain,rate of daily gain and feed coefficient. With the stocking density increasing, SGR,WGR,rate of daily gain decreased,but feed coefficient increased. The uniformity of weight distributing among experiment groups decreased with increasing density. The stocking density had negative relationship to liver organ coefficient. The concentration of ammonia-nitrogen in the re-circulating aquaculture pond was significant (P<0.01) lower than that in the flow cultured pond, but the concentration of nitrite-nitrogen was higher than that in the flow. The average removal rates of the ammonia-nitrogen by bio-filter were 33.32%, but that of the nitrite-nitrogen were only 4.23%.
3.Comparing of digestive enzymes and immune of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther between re-circulating aquaculture and flow culture
During the 5 months experiment, the mortality rate was low in both system,2.88% in the RS and 1.49% in the FTS. Stocking density increased progressively from 14.7 to 37.0 kg/m2 in the RS and from 5.9 to 13.5 kg/m2 in the FTS. The relative growth rate was 158.5%in the RS, compared to132.8%in the FTS. Average monthly weight gain was better in the RS than FTS,120g and 51.8 g respectively. There was significant difference(P<0.05)between the two rearing systems at the end of the experiment. NH3-N concentrations were much lower in the RS (0.036mg/L) than in the FTS(0.152mg/L) and conversely NO2--N concentration(0.114mg/L) was more than sixth higher than that in the FTS(0.016mg/L). There were significant differences(P<0.01)between the RS and the FTS water quality. The AKP, ACP, LSZ activity in blood serum of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther were no significantly difference (P>0.05) between re-circulating aquaculture and flow culture, but amylase activity in stomach and intestinal of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther in re-circulating aquaculture were significant (P<0.01) higher than those in flow culture, protease activity in stomach and trypsin activity in intestinel were significant (P<0.05) higher than those in flow culture.
引文
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