我国公立医院后勤管理流程再造研究
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摘要
一、研究意义
     本研究将流程再造理论引入医院后勤管理,试图在医院后勤管理的理论和实践上取得新的突破。医院后勤管理流程再造研究具有深刻的意义:首先它有利于变革医院后勤管理体制和创新服务提供模式;其次有利于形成良好的医院后勤服务运转机制,提高医疗后勤保障服务质量和运营效率;最后可以促进我国和谐的医患氛围的营造和实现安全高效的医疗保健目标。
     二、研究目标
     本研究的研究目标分为四个层面:第一是基于流程再造理论构建医院后勤管理流程再造的理论模型;第二是在对传统后勤管理改革模式进行比较研究和战略分析的基础上,通过实证研究寻找影响后勤服务质量和水平的关键因素;第三初步构建后勤管理绩效评价指标体系;最后提出医院后勤管理流程再造的策略与建议。
     三、研究方法
     (一)理论分析
     运用流程再造理论、产权理论、供应链理论和组织变革等相关理论,对医院后勤改革中存在的问题进行罩理论分析和评价,基于流程再造理论有针对性的提出适合医院后勤改革的理论体系框架。
     (二)实证研究
     1、现场典型调查对象选择:
     综合考虑经不同地区社会经济状况、各地医院改革与后勤社会化状况等情况,本课题选取湖北省、广东省、江苏省为调查点,每个调查点选取后勤改革具有典型特征的公立医院进行调查,整个项目共调查9家医院。
     2、调查和测量工具
     围绕研究目标和内容,设计了四个调查和测量工具:
     (1)定量调查:
     1)《公立医院后勤系统基本情况调查表》。调查内容包括后勤人力资源基本情况、机构设置情况、后勤运营成本情况等。
     2)《医院后勤员工满意度调查问卷》。每家医院选取50名,整个项目共调查450名医院员工。调查内容包括了解后勤员工工作现状、对工作岗位的满意度、对后勤服务改革的认知等。
     (2)定性访谈:
     对医院分管后勤负责人、后勤实体管理人员、临床医疗科室主任或护士长分别进行访谈,从而了解后勤管理流程再造的一些情况,包括两个方面的访谈:
     3)《公立医院后勤管理者访谈提纲》
     4)《公立医院临床科室访谈提纲》
     (3)德尔菲法:
     选取15名专家通过专家咨询法对医院后勤管理绩效评级指标体系的一级、二级指标进行确定并划分权重,初步构建了医院后勤管理绩效评级指标体系。
     (三)资料分析方法
     1、定性分析方法:对调查获取的专家咨询、访谈等资料进行整理分析。
     2、定量分析方法:
     (1)描述性分析:对医院基本情况、后勤工作情况、满意度情况等情况进行描述性分析和卡方检验。
     (2)多元统计分析:主要运用聚类分析对公立医院后勤员工满意度指标进行指标聚类。
     (3)层次分析法:采用层次分析法确定评价指标体系中各指标的权重。
     (四)案例研究方法
     本研究围绕公立医院后勤服务流程再造设计案例研究,选取两家医院后勤服务改革过程为典型研究案例,通过现场调查收集相关的文件、档案纪录,并采取现场访谈资和直接观察获取资料,最后对资料进行深入的理论分析,深化对医院后勤服务流程再造的研究。
     四、研究结果与结论
     本研究在对公立医院后勤管理流程再造的理论模型、改革模式、战略环境进行系统分析的基础上,对公立医院后勤服务反应性及其影响因素进行了实证研究,初步构建了公立医院后勤管理绩效综合评价体系,并提出了公立医院后勤管理流程再造的策略和实施措施,主要研究结果和结论如下:
     (一)公立医院后勤流程再造的理论模型
     本研究以流程再造理论为核心,融合供应链理论、产权理论和管理学理论,总结目前医院后勤改革取得的实践,初步提出了公立医院后勤流程再造的理论模型。该模型包括以下八个模块:1、公立医院后勤服务业务需求分析;2、后勤业务重要性和产权属性分析;3、业务旧流程评价和识别;4、再造业务流程的分析诊断;5、选择再造伙伴6、实施流程再造,构建业务新流程;7、后勤业务绩效评估;8、构建基于供应链管理的后勤服务流程系统。
     (二)后勤改革模式比较研究和战略分析
     现阶段后勤管理改革主要模式可分为企业集团化模式、竞标分类承包模式、整体委外模式,不同模式各有优缺点。对公立医院后勤改革的战略环境的SWOT分析表明:公立医院后勤管理改革内部环境优势是医院管理层的大力倡导;内部环境劣势是来自后勤员工的心理阻力、后勤员工素质问题等;外部环境机会是国家政策的支持、市场经济体制的完善;外部环境威胁主要是后勤社会化委托过程中的“市场失灵”和后勤社会化配套政策的缺乏。
     (三)后勤服务反应性的测量和影响因素实证研究
     实证研究表明,公立医院后勤服务反应性影响因素包括:东中部地区和省会、非省会城市医院后勤员工满意度χ~2检验交叉结果表明(取二者中的较小值),员工自己工作的充实程度(χ~2=8.707,P=0.033<0.05)、被领导重视的程度(χ~2=12.789,P=0.012<0.05)、上级对待员工的方式(χ~2=12.687,P=0.013<0.05)、工作的稳定程度(χ~2=12.826,P=0.012<0.05)、在工作中发挥自己能力(χ~2=11.070,P=0.011<0.05)、自主决定如何完成工作(χ~2=10.609,P=0.014<0.05)和工作条件(χ~2=15.701,P=0.003<0.05)方面均存在差异性,在统计学上可认为这些因素为影响后勤服务反应性的关键因素,应该在后勤服务流程再造中加以关注和改进。对后勤员工满意度的指标聚类分析表明,在后勤服务流程再造中应围绕医院领导决策能力、员工对工作的认知、员工工作的自主性、员工工作待遇及发展四方面着手制定管理措施,提高后勤服务的反应性水平。
     (四)后勤管理绩效评价指标体系的初步构建
     本研究初步构建了公立医院后勤管理效果评价指标体系,包括规章制度、监管机制、人力资源、劳动纪律、工作质量、满意度、经济效益、社会效益在内的8个一级指标及24个二级指标。本指标体系的构建结构较为合理、方法具有一定的科学性、权重计算相对准确。专家咨询权威系数平均值均在0.6以上,专家意见总体协调性较好。该指标体系既可运用于对旧管理流程进行评估和诊断,亦可对新实施的再造流程进行绩效评估。
     (五)后勤管理流程再造的策略与建议
     一方面对后勤管理流程再造的可行性论证表明,公立医院后勤理流程再造在政策、经济、技术等方面均具有较强的可行性。另一方面对后勤服务组织变革的阻力分析表明,医院后勤流程再造的阻力主要来源于改革给员工带来的心理压力、后勤管理组织结构、管理制度不健全和后勤服务改革环境等。医院后勤管理流程再造的三项优先策略为:以后勤社会化为基础的管理流程再造、以医院整体流程再造为依托的后勤管理改革、以医院信息化工程为支持的后勤管理流程再造,并提出了后勤管理流程再造的具体实施措施。
     (六)后勤服务流程再造案例研究
     基于理论联系实际的视角,对全方位和部分后勤管理流程再造两种模式的典型案例深入剖析和挖掘,总结了其后勤流程再造策略、方法、过程、措施,并对其流程再造结果进行评价,对公立医院后勤管理流程再造有了进一步的感性认识与把握,可为后勤管理改革提供决策参考。
     五、研究创新与价值
     (一)理论创新
     目前医院后勤管理研究主要可分为两类:一类是经验研究,即对医院后勤管理服务的具体工作进行总结、概括和反思,针对医院后勤管理存在的困难和问题提出对策和建议。另一类是应用研究,即应用某种管理学原理和管理方法在医院后勤管理中的应用提出具体措施。本项目突破以实践为导向的研究局限,以流程再造理论为核心,融合供应链理论和产权理论,初步构建了公立医院后勤流程再造的理论模型,特别是在为进一步提出医疗机构后勤服务实体流程再造奠定理论基础,可为医院后勤改革提供理论参考和借鉴。
     (二)方法创新
     本研究以跨学科的视角,将管理学、社会学、心理学、经济学、运筹学和多元统计方法等不同学科的多种研究方法引入后勤服务管理流程再造研究,例如运用流程图法构建了医院后勤服务流程的理论模型,引入SWOT理论对医院后勤改革进行了战略环境分析,运用聚类分析方法分析了后勤服务反应性的影响因素,采用专家咨询法和层次分析方法构建了后勤管理绩效评价指标体系。另外,本研究还采取案例研究方法对典型案例进行了深入研究。本研究在方法学上进行的有益尝试,丰富了医院后勤管理的研究方法。
     (三)政策价值。本研究在构建公立医院后勤服务流程再造理论模型和战略分析的基础上,对其实施的可行性进行了分析,进一步提出了后勤管理流程再造的策略和实施方法。上述理论研究、战略、策略和实施对,对于在实践工作中推动公立医院后勤管理体制具有重大的现实意义,对于政府制定医院后勤服务管理政策具有一定的政策价值。
     (四)应用价值。后勤管理绩效评价是流程再造的重要环节,基于目前国内公立医院后勤管理绩效评价指标体系缺乏的现状,本研究初步构建了公立医院后勤管理绩效评价指标体系,该体系包括规章制度、监管机制、人力资源、劳动纪律、工作质量、满意度、经济效益、社会效益在内的8个一级指标及24个二级指标。该指标体系的建立对于公立医院后勤管理绩效评价具有一定的应用价值。
     六、研究局限与不足
     限于时间、人力、成本等主客观因素,本研究仍然存在一些局限或不足之处,需要从以下方面进一步深化和完善:
     (一)流程再造理论在公立医院后勤服务管理中的适宜性问题。流程再造理论在企业中的应用已经比较成熟,尽管医院后勤服务流程与企业业务流程存在共性,但仍然存在一些差异。因此把企业流程再造理论移植到医院后勤管理流程再造,其适宜应性问题还有待进一步研究。
     (二)公立医院后勤服务反应性测量有待系统化。本研究虽然将反应性概念引入后勤服务研究,但在实际测量过程中由于客观条件所限,仅从临床医疗对后勤工作的评价和后勤员工满意度等重要维度进行了测量,而没有从后勤服务的主要对象(患者)进行直接测量。在今后的研究中应更系统地测量后勤服务反应性。
     (三)本研究虽然初步构建了公立医院后勤管理绩效评价指标体系,但尚未对该指标体系的信度和效度进行测量,在今后的研究中应进行相关研究,逐步实现该综合评价指标的实践应用。
1. Research Purpose and Significance
     This study applied the idea of Business Process Reengineering into logistics service inpublic hospital aiming at make a breakthrough at theory and practice of logisticsmanagement in public hospital. This research have great significances: First, it would dohelp to reform the management system and make innovations in service mode of logisticsservice in public hospital; moreover, it will benefit forming operating mechanism oflogistics service; In addition, it could promote the harmonious relationship between doctorsand patients, and achieve the goal of security and efficiency health care.
     2. Objective
     The objective of the present paper are four fold: (1) to outline the theoretical model forBusiness Process Reengineering of logistics service in public hospital; (2) to explore thekey influence factors to responsiveness of Logistics Service; (3) to establish the syntheticevaluation system on the performance of Logistics management; and (4) to provide thetactics and suggesting for process reengineering of logistics service in public hospital.
     3. Data and Methods
     3.1 Theoretical analysis
     The theoretical model of logistics service management in public hospital was outlinedbased on the theories of Business Process Reengineering, Supply Chain Management andProperty Right, which will give theoretical sustain to the reform of logistics service inpublic hospital.
     3.2 Empirical study
     3.2.1 Typical investigation
     9 Hospitals in Hubei, Guangdong and Jiangsu Provinces was typically selected in thisstudy, which are the typical cases in the reform of logistics service management.
     3.2.2 Investigation tools
     (1) Questionnaire for condition survey of logistics department.
     (2) Outline for interview to administrator of logistics department in public hospital.
     (3) Outline for interview to clinician of logistics department in public hospital.
     (4)Questionnaire for satisfaction level of personnel in logistics department of publichospital.
     3.2.3 Delphi method
     This research established the synthetic evaluation system on the performance ofLogistics management by Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process.
     3.3 Analysis methods
     3.3.1 Qualitative methods
     Qualitative methods were applied in the analysis of the data from the specialistconsultant and interviews.
     3.3.2 Quantitative Research
     (1) Descriptiveness analysis: The Chi-square test was used to explore the keyinfluence factors to responsiveness of Logistics Service.
     (2) Multivariate statistics: The Hierarchical Cluster was used to classify the variablesof Questionnaire for satisfaction level of personnel in logistics department of publichospital.
     (3)Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to calculate and determine theweights of different variables in the synthetic evaluation system on the performance ofLogistics management.
     3.4 Case study method
     This study analyzed two typical hospitals by Case study method to deepen the researchabout Business Process Reengineering in logistics management department of publichospitals.
     4 Findings and conclusions
     4.1 The theoretical model for Business Process Reengineering of logistics service inpublic hospital should include eight structural parts: (1)The demand analysis of logisticsservice, (2) The analysis of importance of logistics service and nature of poverty right oflogistics assets,(3) Evaluating and identifying the old service process, (4) Diagnosing theservice process need reengineered, (5) Selecting the partners of cooperating, (6) Formingand implementing the new service process, (7) Assessing the performance of Logisticssystem of hospital, and (8) Establish the service process of Logistics system based onSupply Chain Management.
     4.2 The comparative study on logistics service of public hospital shows that the reformtype could be classified into three forms and Different form has its advantages anddisadvantages. The strategy analysis of logistics service reform with SWOT methodindicates that the interior strengthens is the propose from leader of the hospital, the interiorweakness are the psychological obstruction from personnel and the work ability of them,the outside opportunities are the policy supporting and the improvement of the marketeconomic system and the outside threaten are the market failure in logistics service marketand the Shortages in supporting policy.
     4.3 The research based on Empirical study made clear that the key influence factorsfor responsiveness in logistics service include the following factors: staffs' enrichment ofwork (χ~2=8. 707, P=0. 033<0. 05) , ,the degree of importance attached by superior(χ~2=12. 789, P=0. 012<0. 05) , superior' sway handling with them (χ~2=12. 687,P=0. 013<0.05), the stable state of work (χ~2=12. 826, P=0. 012<0.05), the degree ofgiving full play to their ability in work (χ~2=11. 070, P=0. 011<0. 05) , independence infulfilling work (χ~2=10. 609, P=0. 014<0. 05), and the condition of work (χ~2=15. 701,P=0. 003<0. 01 ) .
     4.4 The overall evaluation system on the performance of logistics management wasestablished by Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process, which includes 8 indices ofthe first level and 24 indices of the second level. The indices of the first level are rules andregulations, supervising mechanism, human resources, labor discipline, quality of work,level of satisfaction, economic effectiveness and social benefits.
     4.5 Tactics and suggestions for implementing Business Process Reengineering oflogistics service in public hospital. On one hand, the feasibility argument demonstratedthere are great feasibilities in policy, economics, and technology aspects. On the other hand,the analysis of resistance manifested the resistance of logistics reform are mainly from thepsychological stress, the restructure of organization, lack of rules and regulations ofhospital and the macro circumstances of logistics service reform. Therefore, the threepriority tactics of Business Process Reengineering in logistics service are Business ProcessReengineering based on: (1) socialization of logistics service, (2) overall BPR of hospital,and (3) Hospital information system. Moreover, many implementing measures of logisticsBPR were proposed.
     4.6 Cases study of logistics process reengineering
     From the perspective of integration of theory with practice, the author analyzed thetypical case of the two mode of the overall and part Logistics management processreengineering, summarized the strategy, method, process and measures, and evaluated theoutcome of process reengineering by Cases study, which make us further capture andunderstand the logistics process reengineering and provide basis to the reform of logisticsmanagement of public hospital.
     5 Innovations and merits
     5.1 Theoretical Innovation
     This research made a breakthrough at study in logistics service and management forthe former study was confined in the experience-oriented path. This study outlined thetheoretical model of logistics service management in public hospital based on the theoriesof Business Process Reengineering, Supply Chain Management and Property Right, whichwill give theoretical sustain to the reform of logistics service in public hospital.
     5.2 New ideas in methods
     The application of interdisciplinary methods to logistics management research is thenew ideas of this study. For instance, SWOT method was applied to analyze the strategycircumstances of logistics service reform, Hierarchical Cluster was used to explore the keyinfluence factors for responsiveness of Logistics Service logistics department of public hospital, Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to set up thesynthetic evaluation system on the performance of Logistics management, and case studymethod to the typical hospitals research. This new ideas enriched the study method inhospital management.
     5.3 Policy Value
     This study not only outlined the theoretical model for Business Process Reengineeringof logistics service in public hospital, but also augmented the strategy, feasibility, tacticsand measures of implementing the Business Process Reengineering of logistics service inpublic hospital. From a policy perspective, those findings and conclusions have widersignificance in pushing forward the reform of logistics service management in publichospital and in making policies for hospital management.
     5.4 practical Value
     The overall evaluation system on the performance of logistics management is the keystep of Business Process Reengineering of logistics service in public hospital, but it isrelative insufficiency. The synthetic evaluation system has its practical value in assessingthe performance of logistics management of public hospital.
     6 Research shortcomings
     For the subjective and objective limitation factor such as time, human resource andcost ect., this study still has some limitation or shortcomings,which need to make furtherresearch from following aspects:
     First, the appropriate of the practice of the process reengineering theory into logisticsmanagement in public hospital. Although the practice of process reengineering theory inenterprise is relatively mature and the service process of hospital logistics hascommonplace in character with work procedure in enterprise, there are still somedifferences between them. Therefore, when translating the business process reengineeringtheory to the process reengineering of logistics management in hospital, its appropriateneeds further study.
     Second, the measure of the responsiveness of logistics service in public hospital is reminded to systemize. Although the concept of responsiveness was introduced to thestudy of logistics service in this study, the researcher only measure responsiveness oflogistics service from the clinical evaluation to logistics service from clinic staffs and thesatisfaction of the logistics staffs, and did not measure it directly from the main objectiveof logistics service (patients) for the condition limitation in the process of actual measure.In the next study the responsiveness of logistics service should be measured systematically.
     Finally, the overall evaluation system of performance of logistics management inpublic hospital is primarily structured in this study, but the validation and credibility of thisassessing system didn't measured. The relative study should be taken in future study tomake practice this comprehensive evaluating system.
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