中韩贝类产业发展与管理比较研究
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摘要
我国是贝类养殖大国。贝类产业是我国水产业的重要组成部分,而贝类养殖业在贝类产业中又占据主导地位。近年来,伴随着中国贝类养殖业的快速发展,养殖环境日益恶化、养殖贝类病害频发以及“丰产不丰收”、行业经济效率低下等已经成为困扰贝类产业可持续发展的主要问题。这表明,中国贝类产业的发展模式和管理体制都存在着亟待改进之处。
本文采用比较研究的方法,通过对中韩贝类产业的发展和管理进行系统的比较分析,以期得到有益的启示,为改进中国贝类产业发展模式和管理体制提供有价值的政策建议。选择韩国作为比较研究对象的主要理由是:中国和韩国同为亚洲国家,地理位置相近,许多贝类品种重叠,在各种渔业技术上交流广泛,同样以可持续发展作为渔业的重要发展战略;更重要的是,中国贝类产业发展和管理目前所面临的困扰,与韩国贝类产业若干年前的经历有着很大程度的相似。
本研究主要涵盖如下内容:(1)中韩两国相关资源状况、贝类产业整体发展过程以及海水贝类养殖和捕捞、淡水贝类养殖和捕捞的具体发展状况;(2)中韩两国在产业相关法律法规、产业行政管理体系、行业协会自律管理、贝类产品质量安全管理等方面的比较分析;(3)我国贝类产业发展过程中面临的困难和相应的对策。
本研究的主要结论是:要确保中国贝类产业长期健康可持续发展,就必须:(1)优化贝类产业增长模式;(2)完善产业管理体制,防止管理重叠或缺位;(3)健全贝类产业相关立法,大力加强执法力度;(4)建设“独立又联通”的贝类行业协会;(5)建立产业化经营模式,培养高水平人才。
China is the largest producer in terms of the production of farmed shellfish. The shellfish industry is an important component of fisheries and the shellfish farming industry plays a dominant role in shellfish industry in China. However, in recent years, with the vigorous development of shellfish culture, a series of problems have emerged, such as the culture environment become worse and worse, the main cultured species which are prone to different kinds of diseases died in a great scale, and the harvest of culture isn’t of proportionality, the efficiency of industry economy is low. All above have became the key problems which block the industry’s sustainable development. It indicates that the developing manner and management system of Chinese shellfish industry need many emergent improvements.
The article takes the method of comparison research. Through comparing the development and management of shellfish industry between China and Korea, we find some revelations. By doing this, the article put forward some recommendations to improve China’s shellfish industry management. The reasons of why I choose Korea are: China and Korea are Asian countries, and they also have geographical location and many kinds of shellfish species in common. In the aspect of fishery technologies, they communicate with each other regularly. China and Korea both take sustainable principle as their development strategy. And most importantly, the current obstacles in the development and management of shellfish industry in China are quite similar to Korea’s experiences a few years ago.
The article covers the following contents: (1)The introduction of Shellfish industry development and comparative analysis between both countries (2)The introduction of shellfish industry management in both countries and comparative analysis (3) Pointing out the management problems of China's shellfish industry and bringing forward advices.
The main conclusion of this article is: to ensure the shellfish industry to develop in long-term, healthy and sustainable manner, we must (1) transform the growth manner; (2) improve the system of industry management and prevent management overlap and management omission; (3) complete interrelated legislation of shellfish industry and energetically intensify legislation and its implementation; (4) build independent and related shellfish association; (5) develop the industrialization of shellfish production, and make efforts to bring up managers with ability.
本文采用比较研究的方法,通过对中韩贝类产业的发展和管理进行系统的比较分析,以期得到有益的启示,为改进中国贝类产业发展模式和管理体制提供有价值的政策建议。选择韩国作为比较研究对象的主要理由是:中国和韩国同为亚洲国家,地理位置相近,许多贝类品种重叠,在各种渔业技术上交流广泛,同样以可持续发展作为渔业的重要发展战略;更重要的是,中国贝类产业发展和管理目前所面临的困扰,与韩国贝类产业若干年前的经历有着很大程度的相似。
本研究主要涵盖如下内容:(1)中韩两国相关资源状况、贝类产业整体发展过程以及海水贝类养殖和捕捞、淡水贝类养殖和捕捞的具体发展状况;(2)中韩两国在产业相关法律法规、产业行政管理体系、行业协会自律管理、贝类产品质量安全管理等方面的比较分析;(3)我国贝类产业发展过程中面临的困难和相应的对策。
本研究的主要结论是:要确保中国贝类产业长期健康可持续发展,就必须:(1)优化贝类产业增长模式;(2)完善产业管理体制,防止管理重叠或缺位;(3)健全贝类产业相关立法,大力加强执法力度;(4)建设“独立又联通”的贝类行业协会;(5)建立产业化经营模式,培养高水平人才。
China is the largest producer in terms of the production of farmed shellfish. The shellfish industry is an important component of fisheries and the shellfish farming industry plays a dominant role in shellfish industry in China. However, in recent years, with the vigorous development of shellfish culture, a series of problems have emerged, such as the culture environment become worse and worse, the main cultured species which are prone to different kinds of diseases died in a great scale, and the harvest of culture isn’t of proportionality, the efficiency of industry economy is low. All above have became the key problems which block the industry’s sustainable development. It indicates that the developing manner and management system of Chinese shellfish industry need many emergent improvements.
The article takes the method of comparison research. Through comparing the development and management of shellfish industry between China and Korea, we find some revelations. By doing this, the article put forward some recommendations to improve China’s shellfish industry management. The reasons of why I choose Korea are: China and Korea are Asian countries, and they also have geographical location and many kinds of shellfish species in common. In the aspect of fishery technologies, they communicate with each other regularly. China and Korea both take sustainable principle as their development strategy. And most importantly, the current obstacles in the development and management of shellfish industry in China are quite similar to Korea’s experiences a few years ago.
The article covers the following contents: (1)The introduction of Shellfish industry development and comparative analysis between both countries (2)The introduction of shellfish industry management in both countries and comparative analysis (3) Pointing out the management problems of China's shellfish industry and bringing forward advices.
The main conclusion of this article is: to ensure the shellfish industry to develop in long-term, healthy and sustainable manner, we must (1) transform the growth manner; (2) improve the system of industry management and prevent management overlap and management omission; (3) complete interrelated legislation of shellfish industry and energetically intensify legislation and its implementation; (4) build independent and related shellfish association; (5) develop the industrialization of shellfish production, and make efforts to bring up managers with ability.
引文
[1]农业部渔业局主编.中国渔业年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999 ~2008年.
[2]王靖陶.中日贝类产业发展与管理比较研究:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2010.
[3]徐薇娜.中韩主要海水养殖品对日本出口的国际竞争力比较研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:对外经济贸易大学,2006.
[4]王如才,郑小东.中国海产贝类养殖进展及发展前景[J].中国海洋大学学报,2004(5):775~780
[5]王腾.欧盟贝类安全综述及中国部分贝类产品中多氮联苯含量现状的分析:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2005.
[6]郝艳萍.韩国以养为主的渔业政策[J].现代渔业信息,2003,18(2):27~29.
[7]粮农组织渔业统计年鉴. http://www.fao.org/fishery/publications/yearbooks/en,访问日期:2010-01-20.
[8]杨宝瑞.韩国贝类养殖(Shellfish Farming)现状及展望[J].现代渔业信息,2005,20(8):3~4.
[9]杨宝瑞.韩国海水养殖现状[J].中国渔业经济,2002(4):48~48.
[10]王靖陶,慕永通.中国贝类养殖管理现状及建议[J].中国渔业经济,2010,28(3):43~47.
[11]杨子江,阎彩萍.中国渔业科技管理现状及其走向[J].中国渔业经济,2009,27(1):33~36 .
[12]江苏渔协贝类分会首次东渡成功推介http://www.jsof.gov.cn/art/2005/8/2/art_37_3324.html ,访问日期:2010-01-26
[13]杨正勇,沈雪达,吴发华.论地方渔民协会在中国海洋渔业可持续发展中的作用——来自海安老坝港镇捕捞协会的启示[J].渔业经济研究,2006(4):8~14.
[14]杨坚.世纪之交的中国渔业协会[J].中国水产,2004(12):25~26.
[15]孙志敏.中国养殖水产品质量安全管理问题研究:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学渔业,2007.
[16]辽宁局开展两项新的贝毒检验项目. http://oldweb.lnciq.gov.cn/dl_doc_view.aspx?kind=01&id=20060324083523953,访问日期:2011-02-11.
[17]福建省研讨贝类养殖质量安全. http://www.gdofa.gov.cn/News/2008/12/2/2008122154900BEAF2.htm,访问日期:2011-02-11.
[18]王萌,慕永通.渔业生态标签制度的发展与问题[J].中国渔业经济,2011,(1)29:102-106.
[19]朱贤姬.中韩海洋环境管理的比较研究:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2008.
[20]贾东明,郝作成.日本、韩国渔业权的法律性质及其主要内容[J].中国水产,2002(12):5~8.
[21]朱晓燕.浅析EEZ生物资源的养护和管理:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2006.
[22]郭建,勾维民,古德贤.主要渔业国家的渔业管理制度特征与启示[J].中国水产,2008(2):26~27.
[23]韩国渔业政府机构改革概况. http://www.cafs.ac.cn/show.asp?ResName=newsc*order=2216,访问日期:2011-02-20.
[24]焦桂英,刘洪滨,朱贤姬.新世纪的韩国海洋渔业管理[J].中国渔业经济,2008,26(1):87~91.
[25]韩保平,李励年.韩国渔业发展的政策和措施[J].水产科技情报,2008,35(4):164~167.
[26]商志强,车轼,徐昭普.关于韩国水产业协同组合的启示[J].中国渔业经济研究,1999,4:34~35.
[27]刘欢,马兵,宋怿,穆迎春.中国海水贝类养殖生产区划型管理现状分析及对策研究[J].中国水产,2010(2):22~23.
[28]佘远安,孙昭宁.韩国渔业及其科技创新体系简介[J].中国水产,2010(1):76~77.
[29]李文涛,唐衍力,黄六一.中日渔业法规比较[J].海洋湖沼通报,1999(4):69-74.
[30]杨立敏.从日本渔业协同组合论中国渔民合作组织的构建:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2007.
[31]蔡友琼,乔庆林,徐捷.中国贝类卫生现状及净化概况[J].渔业现代化,2002(6):7~9.
[32]王如才,王昭萍.贝类养殖三个问题[J].齐鲁渔业,1999,16(6):16.
[33]季如宝,毛兴华,朱明远.贝类养殖对海湾生态系统的影响[J].黄渤海海洋,1998,16(1):21~27.
[34]肖洁.山东沿海养殖栉孔扇贝大批死亡原因的初步研究:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国科学院研究生院,2002.
[35]李健.中国新渔药研制开发与使用发展趋势[J].现代渔业信息,2000,3(8):6~8.
[36]郑宗林,向磊.中国水产药物使用现状分析[J].水产养殖,2002(4):36~39.
[37]王联珠,陈远惠,谭乐义,冷凯良,李晓川.冷冻鱼贝类产品质量现状及改进建议[J] .中国水产,2000(11):70~71.
[38]孙捷,刘淇.中国冻扇贝柱质量现状堪忧[J].中国水产,1992(6):27~29.
[39]慕永通.渔业管理—以基于权利的管理为中心[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2006.
[40]杨子江,吴厚刚.关于獐子岛发展现代渔业的对话[J].中国渔业经济,2007(4):69~80.
[2]王靖陶.中日贝类产业发展与管理比较研究:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2010.
[3]徐薇娜.中韩主要海水养殖品对日本出口的国际竞争力比较研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:对外经济贸易大学,2006.
[4]王如才,郑小东.中国海产贝类养殖进展及发展前景[J].中国海洋大学学报,2004(5):775~780
[5]王腾.欧盟贝类安全综述及中国部分贝类产品中多氮联苯含量现状的分析:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2005.
[6]郝艳萍.韩国以养为主的渔业政策[J].现代渔业信息,2003,18(2):27~29.
[7]粮农组织渔业统计年鉴. http://www.fao.org/fishery/publications/yearbooks/en,访问日期:2010-01-20.
[8]杨宝瑞.韩国贝类养殖(Shellfish Farming)现状及展望[J].现代渔业信息,2005,20(8):3~4.
[9]杨宝瑞.韩国海水养殖现状[J].中国渔业经济,2002(4):48~48.
[10]王靖陶,慕永通.中国贝类养殖管理现状及建议[J].中国渔业经济,2010,28(3):43~47.
[11]杨子江,阎彩萍.中国渔业科技管理现状及其走向[J].中国渔业经济,2009,27(1):33~36 .
[12]江苏渔协贝类分会首次东渡成功推介http://www.jsof.gov.cn/art/2005/8/2/art_37_3324.html ,访问日期:2010-01-26
[13]杨正勇,沈雪达,吴发华.论地方渔民协会在中国海洋渔业可持续发展中的作用——来自海安老坝港镇捕捞协会的启示[J].渔业经济研究,2006(4):8~14.
[14]杨坚.世纪之交的中国渔业协会[J].中国水产,2004(12):25~26.
[15]孙志敏.中国养殖水产品质量安全管理问题研究:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学渔业,2007.
[16]辽宁局开展两项新的贝毒检验项目. http://oldweb.lnciq.gov.cn/dl_doc_view.aspx?kind=01&id=20060324083523953,访问日期:2011-02-11.
[17]福建省研讨贝类养殖质量安全. http://www.gdofa.gov.cn/News/2008/12/2/2008122154900BEAF2.htm,访问日期:2011-02-11.
[18]王萌,慕永通.渔业生态标签制度的发展与问题[J].中国渔业经济,2011,(1)29:102-106.
[19]朱贤姬.中韩海洋环境管理的比较研究:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2008.
[20]贾东明,郝作成.日本、韩国渔业权的法律性质及其主要内容[J].中国水产,2002(12):5~8.
[21]朱晓燕.浅析EEZ生物资源的养护和管理:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2006.
[22]郭建,勾维民,古德贤.主要渔业国家的渔业管理制度特征与启示[J].中国水产,2008(2):26~27.
[23]韩国渔业政府机构改革概况. http://www.cafs.ac.cn/show.asp?ResName=newsc*order=2216,访问日期:2011-02-20.
[24]焦桂英,刘洪滨,朱贤姬.新世纪的韩国海洋渔业管理[J].中国渔业经济,2008,26(1):87~91.
[25]韩保平,李励年.韩国渔业发展的政策和措施[J].水产科技情报,2008,35(4):164~167.
[26]商志强,车轼,徐昭普.关于韩国水产业协同组合的启示[J].中国渔业经济研究,1999,4:34~35.
[27]刘欢,马兵,宋怿,穆迎春.中国海水贝类养殖生产区划型管理现状分析及对策研究[J].中国水产,2010(2):22~23.
[28]佘远安,孙昭宁.韩国渔业及其科技创新体系简介[J].中国水产,2010(1):76~77.
[29]李文涛,唐衍力,黄六一.中日渔业法规比较[J].海洋湖沼通报,1999(4):69-74.
[30]杨立敏.从日本渔业协同组合论中国渔民合作组织的构建:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2007.
[31]蔡友琼,乔庆林,徐捷.中国贝类卫生现状及净化概况[J].渔业现代化,2002(6):7~9.
[32]王如才,王昭萍.贝类养殖三个问题[J].齐鲁渔业,1999,16(6):16.
[33]季如宝,毛兴华,朱明远.贝类养殖对海湾生态系统的影响[J].黄渤海海洋,1998,16(1):21~27.
[34]肖洁.山东沿海养殖栉孔扇贝大批死亡原因的初步研究:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国科学院研究生院,2002.
[35]李健.中国新渔药研制开发与使用发展趋势[J].现代渔业信息,2000,3(8):6~8.
[36]郑宗林,向磊.中国水产药物使用现状分析[J].水产养殖,2002(4):36~39.
[37]王联珠,陈远惠,谭乐义,冷凯良,李晓川.冷冻鱼贝类产品质量现状及改进建议[J] .中国水产,2000(11):70~71.
[38]孙捷,刘淇.中国冻扇贝柱质量现状堪忧[J].中国水产,1992(6):27~29.
[39]慕永通.渔业管理—以基于权利的管理为中心[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2006.
[40]杨子江,吴厚刚.关于獐子岛发展现代渔业的对话[J].中国渔业经济,2007(4):69~80.