中国海关国际合作模式与实践研究
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摘要
随着全球对贸易安全与便利的日益重视,处于全球贸易供应链上重要环节的海关间的合作也日益引起重视。一方面,全球商界普遍希望减少过境货物的海关手续与通关时间,进一步简化海关通关所需的各种重叠繁琐的单证,从而降低国际贸易成本。另一方面,为解决全球日益猖獗,手段高超的走私行为及跨国有组织犯罪等行为,各国更需开展深层次的海关国际合作。海关国际合作由于较少涉及主权让渡等问题,各国较容易在是否开展合作以及如何开展合作上取得一致,因此近年来也得到蓬勃的发展。
     全球化是海关国际合作机制建立的基础条件。全球化和国际相互依赖,是导致跨国海关犯罪问题急剧增加和对海关国际合作需求上升的主要原因。国际海关所面临的共同挑战如跨国走私和有组织犯罪的日益猖獗、贸易便利化的极大诉求、国际安全的需要、提升海关边境执法有效性的需要是海关国际合作机制建立的直接原因,海关职能的调整是建立海关国际合作机制的重要推动力。海关迈向现代化的历程中,其功能结构必然得符合国际体制,并促进国际社会的交流与合作。但是,由于海关职能的局限性及国家主权的局限性,海关单靠自身已越来越难以应对跨国犯罪以及贸易自由及便利的需要,海关当局之间需要通过开展更有效的相互合作,配合能起约束作用的国际制度和组织,来推动全球性问题的解决,而这一切,都更好地推动了海关国际合作的建立和发展。因此,在这样的背景下,中国海关应如何调整自身在多边、双边以及区域中的合作模式,更好应对全球化以及贸易的快速发展带来的挑战,是本文研究的主要内容。具体而言,本文主要包括以下内容:
     第一,对海关国际合作的理论进行深入分析,从主权国家利益角度出发以国际政治学中相互依赖、国家利益、国际制度理论以及国际经济学中国际机制理论出发,深入分析国际海关合作的理论环境、可行性及必要性。同时,对海关国际合作需求、供给和均衡等问题进行分析,从纵深层面对海关国际合作的内在动力及主体等因素进行分析,为研究海关国际合作模式打下基础。
     第二,对海关国际合作的模式及主体的历史演进进行研究。随着全球经济贸易的日益发展,国际海关日益面临开展国际合作的压力,全球贸易供应链的有关方迫切希望各国海关进一步加强联系,开展务实合作,推动贸易安全及便利。为更好对海关国际合作的模式进行梳理和分析,本文从宏观方面对海关国际合作模式的历史进程进行梳理,从微观角度对主要国家和地区海关国际合作进行分析,总结出海关国际合作演进过程中的有关特点,发达国家海关在其对外合作中,更加注重海关边境保护,注重供应链安全与便利,注重在海关合作中为本国企业争取更大的福祉,这都将影响中国海关国际合作模式的选择。另一方面,目前国际海关合作模式也普遍存在一些问题,虽然近几年来,世界海关组织的有关内容及合作框架对各国海关当局的监管能力提出了新要求,但由于世界海关组织的有关协议及倡议也不具备法律强制力,因此要在各国间实现有效的全面监管合作仍有很大的难度。同时,各国在经济发展水平、社会制度以及文化意识形态的不同,导致海关合作合作机制的发展并不顺畅。而新兴市场国家的海关机构应该进一步提高发言权,提升主导权,而不仅仅是在外围观察国际合作机制的发展。
     第三,深入研究和分析了目前中国海关国际合作的历史变革,合作模式的类型以及存在的问题。中国海关在其管理创新与改革的过程中,积极吸收国际先进经验和做法,许多国际海关目前较为普遍的国际合作模式均引入应用。传统海关业务合作模式被广泛应用在与中国海关较早建立合作机制的国家,合作的基础是双方签署的行政互助协议,合作的目的是解决进出口商品价格瞒骗、走私等违法犯罪行为。进入21世纪以来,基于国际通行准则和法律框架下的合作逐渐成为海关互助合作发展的主流和趋势。美国“9.11事件”之后,世界各国海关尤其是发达国家海关日益重视非传统安全职能,纷纷进行项目开发确保国土安全,美国、欧盟等更在多个场合向中国海关提出开展打击恐怖主义合作的建议。中国海关也积极开展与美国、欧盟等在这一方面的合作,并形成了具有自身特点的非传统职能合作模式。但是目前,海关国际合作模式“就事论事”的色彩远远多于“战略规划”。现有合作模式无法解决双边合作中需求、发展不平衡的问题,反恐安全合作中的利益不对等凸显。在多边合作平台上合作效果不明显,存在很大的提升空间。区域合作机制存在不协调,港澳台合作机制存在局限性。鉴于此,有必要对现有海关合作模式进行改革创新。2009年,原中国海关署长盛光祖提出“监管互认、执法互助、信息互换”的合作理念。但在实际工作上,有关理念仅停留在观念层次,未有深入的架构建设及深度剖析,本文以此为突破口,尝试构建“监管互认、执法互助、信息互换”新海关模式的框架,并对其包含内容及具体实践步骤进行了深入分析。
     第四,国际合作新模式的构建是为了更好地应用到海关国际合作的实践中来。从浅层看来,国际合作可以按照参与方的数量以及地域特点等分为双边国际合作、区域国际合作以及多边国际合作。一般而言,双边合作是最能体现国家主权的合作,因此受到国家内部政策的影响,可能随时产生变化;而多边合作相反,由于存在合作的固定机制及原则,有关参与国对其变化性较能把控。海关国际合作模式最终需要在这这些国际合作渠道上予以检验,同时在模式的具体运用中,必须与一国的外交及在国家上的地位及战略相挂钩来考虑。因此,在前文对海关国际合作模式进行创新的基础上,从多边、双边及区域合作的角度对中国海关国际合作实践进行分析和创新。在多边平台上,中国海关应建设性地参与国际海关事务和国际规则的制定,巩固和提升中国海关在世界海关组织中的地位和影响力;在双边合作平台上,中国海关可推动与主要贸易伙伴国及地区,如美国、欧盟及俄罗斯等在“监管互认、执法互助、信息互换”模式下开展平衡合作,开展有深度的合作,进而影响世界海关发展的进程。同时,中国海关应努力开拓在亚洲、非洲以及拉美等发展中国家集中的地区的双边合作模式,形成崭新的合作格局。鉴于澳门及香港的单独关境地位,中国海关可以与之进行全面的深度合作。其次,由于区域合作的特殊性及重要性,中国海关应积极在地区海关合作机制中发挥更大的作用,推广“监管互认、执法互助、信息互换”的合作模式,推动区域内国家共同发展。
With the the growing attentions on the security and facilitation of global trade,greater importance has been attached to customs cooperation which is a key link of thetrade supply chain. On the one hand, it’s the global business community's wish to reducecustoms clearance time and formalities, to further simplify the tedious customs clearancedocuments, thereby help to reduce the cost of international trade. On the other hand, toeffectively address the growing global rampant smuggling and international crime as wellas other illegal acts, countries need to carry out more international customs cooperation.Customs cooperation in recent years has been rapidly developed thanks to lessinvolvement in transferring sovereignty. Countries are more likely to agree on contentsand ways of cooperation.
     Globalization is a basic condition for customs international cooperation.Globalization and international interdependence, leading to a sharp increase incross-border crime are the main drivers of rising demand of customs internationalcooperation. International Customs are facing common challenges such as cross-bordersmuggling and organized crime great demands of trade facilitation and internationalsecurity needs, improved effectiveness of customs border enforcement cooperationmechanisms. All these are direct cause of establishing customs international cooperationmechanism. Adjustment of Customs function is the impetus for customs internationalcooperation mechanisms. Customs needs to adapt itself with international system duringits modernization process, and it needs to promote exchanges and cooperation in theinternational community. However, due to the limitations of Customs functions andnational sovereignty, the department itself has become increasingly difficult to cope alonewith transnational crime and meet the need for trade liberalization and facilitation. Thus,customs authorities need to carry out more effective cooperation, with help frominternational institutions and organizations which have rules for countries, so as topromote a global solution to the problem, and all this has also promoted theestablishment of customs international cooperation mechanisms. Against this backdrop,China Customs needs new mode and solution to adjust itself in the bilateral and multilateral cooperation so as to better tackle the global challenge and increasing trade.This is the focus of the study, and its main contents are as follows.
     Based on theories of the interdependence, national interests and internationalinstitution of international politics theory and international mechanisms of theinternational economics theory, in-depth analysis has been conducted on enablingenvironment of customs international cooperation as well as the feasibility andimportance of customs international cooperation mechanisms, and also, the demand,supply and the balanced of customs international cooperation mechanisms. The studyalso contains exploration on internal impetus and main factors of customs internationalcooperation, which provides a good basis for the later the study on international customscooperation model.
     Second, the evolution of mode and subject of international cooperation. With thegrowing global economy and trade, international customs are increasingly confrontedwith international cooperation, it’s the stakeholders of the global trade supply chain’swish to further strengthen customs liaison to carry out pragmatic cooperation and topromote trade security and facilitation. In order to provide a clear picture on the model ofcustoms international cooperation, the history of customs cooperation model from amacro and analysis on international cooperation of main countries and regions from amicroscopic point of view have been conducted. Developed countries in their customscooperation, have paid more attention to border protection, security and facilitation ofsupply chain, greater well-being for domestic enterprises. All these have become keyfactors in the selection of customs cooperation model. Besides, the current internationalcustoms cooperation mode also has some prevalent problems. The World CustomsOrganization in recent years have put up many cooperation framework andrecommendations for customs cooperation which call for better national regulatorycapabilities of national customs authorities, but due to the fact that theserecommendations, agreements and initiative do not have the force of law, therefore is stillvery difficult for countries to achieve an effective and comprehensive regulatorycooperation. Meanwhile, gaps between countries in economic development level, socialsystems and cultural differences in ideology are obstacles for customs cooperation. Thecustoms authorities of emerging market countries should further louder their voices and become more active in cooperation, rather than being observers of internationalcooperation mechanisms from outside.
     Third, in-depth study on the history of China's customs’ international cooperation,operational model and problems. Chinese Customs, during its management innovationand reform process, has actively absorbed good international practices; many innovativemodels of international cooperation have been introduced. Traditional Customscooperation, such as mutual administrative assistance is normally seen in China customs’cooperation with countries in their early cooperation, based on the mutual administrativeassistance agreement signed by both sides, aiming to tackle issues like low commodityprices, fraud, smuggling and other criminal acts together. As in the21st century,internationally accepted norms and framework have become new focuses and trends ofcustoms mutual assistance and cooperation. After the “9.11" attack on USA, countries ofthe world, especially developed countries are aware of the growing importance ofcustoms’ non-traditional functions and have been developed new projects to ensurehomeland security. Countries as United States, European Union have invited Chinacustoms to work together in the fight against terrorism in a number of occasions. ChinaCustoms responded actively to United States and the European Union’s cooperation inthis regard. China now has formed its own characteristic mode of cooperation innon-traditional functions. However, the existing customs of model " tackles moreproblems and makes less strategic planning.Besides, the existing cooperative modelcannot effectively meet bilateral cooperation needs, and resolve problem of unbalanceddevelopment, and couldn’t balanced interests in counter-terrorism cooperation. Also,cooperation in multilateral platform effect is not effective, which has great room forimprovement. Last but not least, regional cooperation mechanisms with Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan still need to be upgraded. Given this, it is necessary to reform theexisting customs cooperation model. In2009, Sheng Guangzu, former minister of Chinacustoms suggested establishment of a new customs cooperation model as “mutualrecognition of control results, mutual assistance and mutual information exchange". Butin the real job this new model only remains as a hierarchy concept, no in-depth analysisand construction of the model has been conducted. Considering this, the following articleputs forward a new framework as “mutual recognition of control results, mutual assistance and mutual information exchange” and its practical steps. Fourth, a new modelof international cooperation is built in order to better apply to the international customscooperation. Customs international cooperation can be divided into bilateral cooperation,regional cooperation and multilateral cooperation based on the number of partiesinvolved and the geographical features. In general, bilateral cooperation is the bestembody of sovereignty, so it’s easily affected by the country's internal policies; whilemultilateral cooperation is on the opposite side, thanks to the fixed mechanisms andprinciples in the multilateral platform, the participating countries could anticipate itsvariability. Customs cooperation model will be eventually examined in these channels. Atthe same time, the application should be considered together with the country’sinternational position and strategy. Therefore, based on the innovation of the internationalcooperation model, new suggestions have been put forward for better multilateral,bilateral and regional cooperation of China customs. In the multilateral platform, ChinaCustoms could constructively deepen its involvement in international affairs andformulation of customs international rules, consolidate and enhance China Customs ‘svoice and influence in the World Customs Organization. On the bilateral platform, ChinaCustoms could conduct in-depth and balanced cooperation with major trading partnercountries and regions, such as the U.S, the EU and Russia under the framework of“mutual recognition of control results, mutual assistance and mutual informationexchange", thereby contributing to the World Customs development. Meanwhile, effortsshould be made to its bilateral corporation in Asia, Africa, Latin America and otherdeveloping regions in concern of cooperation model. Besides, in view of the separatecustoms territory status of Macau and Hong Kong, China Customs could conduct morecomprehensively deep cooperation with them. Furthermore, China Customs shouldactively participate in regional customs cooperation mechanism to play a greater role andto promote the new model of “mutual recognition of control results, mutual assistanceand mutual information exchange", so as to contribute to the common development of theregion.
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