认知无线网络协作频谱感知、协作传输、频谱切换技术研究
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摘要
随着信息产业尤其是移动通信业的迅猛发展,无线频谱的需求量剧增,频谱资源的稀缺性以及静态固定的无线电频谱资源分配策略的低效性的矛盾日趋明显,提高频谱利用率已经成为无线通信亟待解决的核心问题。认知无线电(Cognitive Radio, CR)技术的发展为充分利用频谱提高频谱利用率带来新的曙光,被认为是未来探索频谱特性、高效利用无线电频谱的重要手段。
频谱感知是认知无线电研究的一个重要领域,对频谱资源的准确感知是非授权用户利用授权频谱的前提。而协作频谱感知作为其中一项技术,由于可以提高感知结果可靠性而得到广泛研究,在协作频谱感知过程中每次感知过程都涉及多个非授权用户的参与,因此感知性能的提升消耗较多的系统资源。由于模糊逻辑可以将模糊、不确定的异构信息转变为可以比较的同构信息,适合认知无线网络特点,利用神经网络自学习功能,满足认知无线网络动态时变的特点,本文提出了一种基于簇的模糊神经网络频谱感知策略,多个认知用户节点分为若干个不同的簇,进行簇内频谱感知,选择信道增益最大的用户作为簇头,簇头通过神经网络自适应融合实现协作频谱感知,满足检测性能并获得可接受的感知精度。此外,本文还简单介绍了基于梯度算子的小生境遗传算法的簇头选择方式。
在无线通信衰落环境下协作通信可以扩大系统容量,提高网络服务质量,改善系统性能等,认知无线网络中无论是认知用户间的协作或者是授权用户与认知用户间的协作都会增加系统吞吐量提高总的频谱效率。本文研究了无速率编码协作传输,授权用户发送机首先进行无速率编码--RAPTOR编码并利用无线网络广播的特性向授权用户目的接收机发送数据,处在一定地理位置的多个认知发送机可以收到这些数据包,进一步将所收到的数据包转发给授权用户接收机。授权用户接收机同时接收主、次用户发送机的编码包,采用协作传输,认知发送机帮助授权用户发送机尽快完成传输,从而给认知用户更多的传输机会,以较小的复杂度获得比传统协作方式高的吞吐量。
由于网络编码可以对接收节点处的信息进行处理,本文提出了认知无线网络中另一种基于网络编码认知用户协助授权用户传输数据的方案,即基于网络编码的认知中继辅助无线多播,认知用户发送机协作授权用户发送机传输数据包,选择在地理位置上与授权用户接收机节点的信道增益比授权用户发送机与授权用户接收机节点的信道增益高的认知用户发送机作为中继,中继通过维护授权用户接收机的未收到包的索引,对授权用户接收机的未收到的包在中继处进行网络编码,组合成新编码数据包,并向授权用户发送机转发,对于中继处没有收到或传输错误的包,由源授权用户发送机重传。通过中继网络编码协同传输,可以减少传输包数,降低系统能耗.提高吞吐量。
由于模糊逻辑可以将模糊、不确定的异构信息转变为可以比较的同构信息,适合认知无线网络特点,本文提出了基于模糊逻辑控制的频谱切换方法,认知用户利用机会式侦听网络编码获得本身不能感知到的授权用户信息,进一步判断认知用户是否对其周围授权用户造成干扰,并利用等级模糊逻辑控制器,在认知用户对授权用户干扰超出授权用户可允许的干扰限时进行频谱切换以清空信道,而当授权用户造成干扰在授权用户可允许的干扰限以内,并对其它认知用户不造成服务质量性能下降情况下进行能量调整主次用户共存,减少切换次数。
本文研究了认知无线网络中基于模糊神经网络的协作频谱感知,基于无速率编码的认知协作通信,基于网络编码的认知协作组播和基于模糊逻辑控制器的频谱切换策略,为提高频谱效率和解决认知无线网络面临的新挑战提供基础性的研究成果,未来研究重点是认知异构无线网络技术及未来泛在无线网络的融合。
With the rapid development of information industry especially the mobile telecommunication industry, the requirement of the wireless spectrum increases rapidly, the conflict becomes much more obviously between the scarcity of wireless spectrum and the low efficiency of the static assignment policy of the wireless spectrum. Enhancing the efficiency of the wireless spectrum has attracted much more attention.Cognitive radio is considered to be one of the most important techniques to improve the efficiency of the wireless spectrum.
The accurate sensing of the wireless spectrum is the precondition for the secondary users to use the wireless spectrum and becomes one of the most important research fields of wireless spectrum. Cooperative spectrum sensing can improve the sensing accuracy and has been widely researched. In the period of cooperative spectrum sensing process, multi-users involved in the process will consume much resource for their cooperation. This paper proposes a novel cluster-based sensing strategy related with fuzzy logic neural network to realize the cooperative spectrum sensing. Besides, a new niche genetic algorithm based on improved gradient operators is proposed to select the cluster head.
Cooperative communication can improve the system capacity and the network service quality in wireless communication system. The cooperation between users in cognitive radio network (CRN) can greatly improve the expected spectrum efficiency. The broadcast nature of wireless network and character of fountain code suitable to the multicast and time-varying channel in CRN, this paper proposes a novel cooperative scheme based on Raptor coding, the licensed transmitter adopts Raptor encoding process and broadcasts the encoded packets, the cognitive transmitters in a specific location transmit the licensed transmitter's encoded packets, then each transmitter forwards the encoded packets to the licensed receiver directly, the objective licensed receiver receives the packets both come from the licensed transmitter and the cognitive transmitters.
This section proposed another cooperative method based on network coding in cognitive multicast system, a cognitive relay transmitter helps the licensed user transmit data packets, we select the relay who locates in the place that has higher channel gain between the relay and the licensed receiver than that between the licensed transmitter and the licensed receiver, the relay maintains one table of the licensed receiver's un-received packets, the relay performs network coding and combines these packets into a new combined packet by XOR the licensed receiver's un-received packets according to the table, and then forwards the new combined packets to the licensed receiver. As for the packets that have not received by the cognitive relay transmitter, the licensed transmitter re-transmits these packets. By way of network coding and cooperative transmission, the whole system can save energy and increases the throughput for the reason that the number of the transmitting packets decreased.
Since the fuzzy logic can change the vague uncertain and heterogeneous information into the homogenous and comparable variables which suitable the character of CRN, this paper proposed a spectrum handoff strategy based on fuzzy logic controller to realize the spectrum handoff. The cognitive users utilize the opportunistically listening network coding to get the licensed users'information far away which cannot be detected by themselves. The cognitive user adopts fuzzy logic controller to activate the spectrum handoff on the condition that the interference level beyond the licensed user's predefined threshold or just to modify the transmitting power and coexist with the licensed users on the condition that the interference level less than the licensed user's predefined threshold. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can decrease the spectrum handoff rates.
To sum up, this paper proposed several methods to improve the spectrum efficiency in CRN, such as cooperative sensing based on the fuzzy logic neural network, the cooperative cognitive relay communication based on Raptor coding, the cooperative multicast strategy based on network coding, and the spectrum handoff based on fuzzy logic controller. The further research fields focus on the confusion of heterogeneous cognitive radio networks and the future ubiquitous networks.
频谱感知是认知无线电研究的一个重要领域,对频谱资源的准确感知是非授权用户利用授权频谱的前提。而协作频谱感知作为其中一项技术,由于可以提高感知结果可靠性而得到广泛研究,在协作频谱感知过程中每次感知过程都涉及多个非授权用户的参与,因此感知性能的提升消耗较多的系统资源。由于模糊逻辑可以将模糊、不确定的异构信息转变为可以比较的同构信息,适合认知无线网络特点,利用神经网络自学习功能,满足认知无线网络动态时变的特点,本文提出了一种基于簇的模糊神经网络频谱感知策略,多个认知用户节点分为若干个不同的簇,进行簇内频谱感知,选择信道增益最大的用户作为簇头,簇头通过神经网络自适应融合实现协作频谱感知,满足检测性能并获得可接受的感知精度。此外,本文还简单介绍了基于梯度算子的小生境遗传算法的簇头选择方式。
在无线通信衰落环境下协作通信可以扩大系统容量,提高网络服务质量,改善系统性能等,认知无线网络中无论是认知用户间的协作或者是授权用户与认知用户间的协作都会增加系统吞吐量提高总的频谱效率。本文研究了无速率编码协作传输,授权用户发送机首先进行无速率编码--RAPTOR编码并利用无线网络广播的特性向授权用户目的接收机发送数据,处在一定地理位置的多个认知发送机可以收到这些数据包,进一步将所收到的数据包转发给授权用户接收机。授权用户接收机同时接收主、次用户发送机的编码包,采用协作传输,认知发送机帮助授权用户发送机尽快完成传输,从而给认知用户更多的传输机会,以较小的复杂度获得比传统协作方式高的吞吐量。
由于网络编码可以对接收节点处的信息进行处理,本文提出了认知无线网络中另一种基于网络编码认知用户协助授权用户传输数据的方案,即基于网络编码的认知中继辅助无线多播,认知用户发送机协作授权用户发送机传输数据包,选择在地理位置上与授权用户接收机节点的信道增益比授权用户发送机与授权用户接收机节点的信道增益高的认知用户发送机作为中继,中继通过维护授权用户接收机的未收到包的索引,对授权用户接收机的未收到的包在中继处进行网络编码,组合成新编码数据包,并向授权用户发送机转发,对于中继处没有收到或传输错误的包,由源授权用户发送机重传。通过中继网络编码协同传输,可以减少传输包数,降低系统能耗.提高吞吐量。
由于模糊逻辑可以将模糊、不确定的异构信息转变为可以比较的同构信息,适合认知无线网络特点,本文提出了基于模糊逻辑控制的频谱切换方法,认知用户利用机会式侦听网络编码获得本身不能感知到的授权用户信息,进一步判断认知用户是否对其周围授权用户造成干扰,并利用等级模糊逻辑控制器,在认知用户对授权用户干扰超出授权用户可允许的干扰限时进行频谱切换以清空信道,而当授权用户造成干扰在授权用户可允许的干扰限以内,并对其它认知用户不造成服务质量性能下降情况下进行能量调整主次用户共存,减少切换次数。
本文研究了认知无线网络中基于模糊神经网络的协作频谱感知,基于无速率编码的认知协作通信,基于网络编码的认知协作组播和基于模糊逻辑控制器的频谱切换策略,为提高频谱效率和解决认知无线网络面临的新挑战提供基础性的研究成果,未来研究重点是认知异构无线网络技术及未来泛在无线网络的融合。
With the rapid development of information industry especially the mobile telecommunication industry, the requirement of the wireless spectrum increases rapidly, the conflict becomes much more obviously between the scarcity of wireless spectrum and the low efficiency of the static assignment policy of the wireless spectrum. Enhancing the efficiency of the wireless spectrum has attracted much more attention.Cognitive radio is considered to be one of the most important techniques to improve the efficiency of the wireless spectrum.
The accurate sensing of the wireless spectrum is the precondition for the secondary users to use the wireless spectrum and becomes one of the most important research fields of wireless spectrum. Cooperative spectrum sensing can improve the sensing accuracy and has been widely researched. In the period of cooperative spectrum sensing process, multi-users involved in the process will consume much resource for their cooperation. This paper proposes a novel cluster-based sensing strategy related with fuzzy logic neural network to realize the cooperative spectrum sensing. Besides, a new niche genetic algorithm based on improved gradient operators is proposed to select the cluster head.
Cooperative communication can improve the system capacity and the network service quality in wireless communication system. The cooperation between users in cognitive radio network (CRN) can greatly improve the expected spectrum efficiency. The broadcast nature of wireless network and character of fountain code suitable to the multicast and time-varying channel in CRN, this paper proposes a novel cooperative scheme based on Raptor coding, the licensed transmitter adopts Raptor encoding process and broadcasts the encoded packets, the cognitive transmitters in a specific location transmit the licensed transmitter's encoded packets, then each transmitter forwards the encoded packets to the licensed receiver directly, the objective licensed receiver receives the packets both come from the licensed transmitter and the cognitive transmitters.
This section proposed another cooperative method based on network coding in cognitive multicast system, a cognitive relay transmitter helps the licensed user transmit data packets, we select the relay who locates in the place that has higher channel gain between the relay and the licensed receiver than that between the licensed transmitter and the licensed receiver, the relay maintains one table of the licensed receiver's un-received packets, the relay performs network coding and combines these packets into a new combined packet by XOR the licensed receiver's un-received packets according to the table, and then forwards the new combined packets to the licensed receiver. As for the packets that have not received by the cognitive relay transmitter, the licensed transmitter re-transmits these packets. By way of network coding and cooperative transmission, the whole system can save energy and increases the throughput for the reason that the number of the transmitting packets decreased.
Since the fuzzy logic can change the vague uncertain and heterogeneous information into the homogenous and comparable variables which suitable the character of CRN, this paper proposed a spectrum handoff strategy based on fuzzy logic controller to realize the spectrum handoff. The cognitive users utilize the opportunistically listening network coding to get the licensed users'information far away which cannot be detected by themselves. The cognitive user adopts fuzzy logic controller to activate the spectrum handoff on the condition that the interference level beyond the licensed user's predefined threshold or just to modify the transmitting power and coexist with the licensed users on the condition that the interference level less than the licensed user's predefined threshold. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can decrease the spectrum handoff rates.
To sum up, this paper proposed several methods to improve the spectrum efficiency in CRN, such as cooperative sensing based on the fuzzy logic neural network, the cooperative cognitive relay communication based on Raptor coding, the cooperative multicast strategy based on network coding, and the spectrum handoff based on fuzzy logic controller. The further research fields focus on the confusion of heterogeneous cognitive radio networks and the future ubiquitous networks.
引文
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