民用机场体制的国际比较及我国机场体制改革研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代以前,我国民用机场一直采用事业单位投资管理体制,80年代中期,我国开始在个别机场实行“企业化”的改革试点,机场以企业体制进行运作。
无论机场以何种体制进行运作,我国绝大多数机场均出现经营性亏损,而几乎在机场一直亏损的背景下,我国中央政府却不断地进行新机场的建设和原有机场改、扩建。在此不断亏损和不断建设的过程中,中央政府明显感觉到机场投资体制和经营管理体制上的弊端,因此,自2003年开始,我国中央政府开始将机场下放到地方政府并进行企业化改革。
应该说,我国中央政府执行的改革措施是一种涉及到机场所有权和机场经营管理体制两个问题的合二为一的改革措施。由于这种改革是在这两个问题是在没有得到系统的研究的情况下进行的,机场行业对中央政府的改革措施并不认同。
为了对我国机场改革措施做一个正确的评价,也为我国机场进一步改革提供理论基础和实践经验的借鉴,我对国际民航发达国家的机场投资体制和经营管理体制进行了系统的分析。经过比较分析,我总结出了以美国为代表的美国模式和以英国为代表的英国模式,并对两种模式进行了比较分析。结论如下表:
由此可见,美国机场是作为公用基础设施进行定位,但美国机场由政府投资,美国机场的改革措施是进行所有权下放,而下放是为了理顺美国联邦政府与地方政府的关系,不涉及机场性质定位的改变,美国机场并没有实行企业化的经营管理模式。英国机场是作为盈利性企业来定位的,因此,英国机场可以上市募集投资资金,机场并没有一个由中央政府向地方政府的下放过程,而是直接私有化并上市,也由于这种定位,机场采取了企业的经营管理模式。
在国际比较分析的基础上,本文分析了我国政府在机场改革上合二为一的改革方式的弊端,并通过建立机场盈利模型来说明中央政府在机场一刀切的企业化改革方式不符合机场运营的实际。按照模型,机场只有达到一定旅客吞吐量的情况下才可能盈利,也只有盈利才可能实行企业化改革。因此,我国民航总局可以学习美国,将机场下放。但机场是否可以企业化,则要区别对待,对于那些吞吐量长期都很少的机场,则不能实行机场企业化的改革。
在机场经营管理的改革上,我国民航总局提出了机场要由经营型向管理型转化的改革方向。为此,我比较了美国模式与英国模式下机场的经营管理模式,结论是,机场经营管理体制上,民航总局所要做的事情就是明确机场的经营权,包括机场经营权和商业经营权,而至于经营权如何实现其价值,则应由机场所有者根据其对机场的定位来决定,而不应由民航总局统一规定,当然,民航总局学习国外的做法,在机场经营权上做统一要求,则是可以的,但这需要总局在明确的机场经营权的基础上进行。
Before 1980s, civil airports in China have been invested and managed as public institutions. Since mid-1980s, China started its "corporatization reform" trials at certain airports, which was to operate the airport as an enterprise.
However, no matter operation under which system, the vast majority of Chinese airports were in financial loss. Despite that, the central government has been continuously building new airports and upgrading existing airports. During this process of continuous construction and financial loss, the central government has obviously felt the disadvantages within its airport investment and management systems. Since 2003, Chinese central government started to hand down its airports to local governments and inaugurated the airport corporatization reform program.
It should be noted that the reform executed by the central government is a type of reform that involves two issues-airport ownership and airport management system. As the reform was undertaken without a systematic research of the two issues, the airport industry is in disagreement with it.
In order to make a well-founded evaluation of the reform as well as to provide theoretical basis and practical experiences for further reforms, I have conducted a systematic examination of the airport investment and management systems of some countries with advanced aviation industry. Through comparison and analysis, I have come up with two models, i.e. the US model represented by US airports and the UK model represented by UK airports, and have compared the two as follows:
It can be seen from the above that US airports are oriented as public infrastructure and are invested by the government. The US reform is ownership hand-down so as to streamline the relationships between the federal and local governments with no change to the nature of the airports. The US airports have not adopted a corporatized management mode. Whereas UK airports are oriented as profit-gaining enterprises and thus can acquire their investment funds by listing in the stock markets. There is no hand-down from central to local governments, but direct privatization and listing in the stock markets. And because of this orientation, the UK airports have adopted a corporatized management mode.
Based on the above international comparison and analysis, this thesis examines the disadvantages of China's 2-in-l airport reform program and explains through an airport profit model that the central government's uniform corporatization reform is not in accordance with the airport operation reality. According to the profit model, an airport can achieve profitability only after reaching a certain passenger volume, and only after achieving profitability can the airport undertake its corporatization reform. Therefore, CAAC may learn from the US to hand down its airports, but should deal with airport corporatization on a case-by-case base. For those airports with very small passenger volume during a long term, corporatization reform should not be imposed. In terms of airport management reform, CAAC has proposed the transformation direction from operational airport mode to managerial airport mode. In this thesis, I have also compared the management modes of the US and UK airports, and have come to the conclusion that, in terms of airport management system, what CAAC should do is to clarify the operation power of the airports, including airport operation and commercial operation powers, whereas to the issue of how to realize the value of operation power, it should be decided by the airport owners based on their orientation of the airport, not by the uniform rule of CAAC. Of course, CAAC may learn from other countries and impose uniform requirements in regard to airport operation power, but this can be carried out only after CAAC clarifies the operation power of the airports.
无论机场以何种体制进行运作,我国绝大多数机场均出现经营性亏损,而几乎在机场一直亏损的背景下,我国中央政府却不断地进行新机场的建设和原有机场改、扩建。在此不断亏损和不断建设的过程中,中央政府明显感觉到机场投资体制和经营管理体制上的弊端,因此,自2003年开始,我国中央政府开始将机场下放到地方政府并进行企业化改革。
应该说,我国中央政府执行的改革措施是一种涉及到机场所有权和机场经营管理体制两个问题的合二为一的改革措施。由于这种改革是在这两个问题是在没有得到系统的研究的情况下进行的,机场行业对中央政府的改革措施并不认同。
为了对我国机场改革措施做一个正确的评价,也为我国机场进一步改革提供理论基础和实践经验的借鉴,我对国际民航发达国家的机场投资体制和经营管理体制进行了系统的分析。经过比较分析,我总结出了以美国为代表的美国模式和以英国为代表的英国模式,并对两种模式进行了比较分析。结论如下表:
由此可见,美国机场是作为公用基础设施进行定位,但美国机场由政府投资,美国机场的改革措施是进行所有权下放,而下放是为了理顺美国联邦政府与地方政府的关系,不涉及机场性质定位的改变,美国机场并没有实行企业化的经营管理模式。英国机场是作为盈利性企业来定位的,因此,英国机场可以上市募集投资资金,机场并没有一个由中央政府向地方政府的下放过程,而是直接私有化并上市,也由于这种定位,机场采取了企业的经营管理模式。
在国际比较分析的基础上,本文分析了我国政府在机场改革上合二为一的改革方式的弊端,并通过建立机场盈利模型来说明中央政府在机场一刀切的企业化改革方式不符合机场运营的实际。按照模型,机场只有达到一定旅客吞吐量的情况下才可能盈利,也只有盈利才可能实行企业化改革。因此,我国民航总局可以学习美国,将机场下放。但机场是否可以企业化,则要区别对待,对于那些吞吐量长期都很少的机场,则不能实行机场企业化的改革。
在机场经营管理的改革上,我国民航总局提出了机场要由经营型向管理型转化的改革方向。为此,我比较了美国模式与英国模式下机场的经营管理模式,结论是,机场经营管理体制上,民航总局所要做的事情就是明确机场的经营权,包括机场经营权和商业经营权,而至于经营权如何实现其价值,则应由机场所有者根据其对机场的定位来决定,而不应由民航总局统一规定,当然,民航总局学习国外的做法,在机场经营权上做统一要求,则是可以的,但这需要总局在明确的机场经营权的基础上进行。
Before 1980s, civil airports in China have been invested and managed as public institutions. Since mid-1980s, China started its "corporatization reform" trials at certain airports, which was to operate the airport as an enterprise.
However, no matter operation under which system, the vast majority of Chinese airports were in financial loss. Despite that, the central government has been continuously building new airports and upgrading existing airports. During this process of continuous construction and financial loss, the central government has obviously felt the disadvantages within its airport investment and management systems. Since 2003, Chinese central government started to hand down its airports to local governments and inaugurated the airport corporatization reform program.
It should be noted that the reform executed by the central government is a type of reform that involves two issues-airport ownership and airport management system. As the reform was undertaken without a systematic research of the two issues, the airport industry is in disagreement with it.
In order to make a well-founded evaluation of the reform as well as to provide theoretical basis and practical experiences for further reforms, I have conducted a systematic examination of the airport investment and management systems of some countries with advanced aviation industry. Through comparison and analysis, I have come up with two models, i.e. the US model represented by US airports and the UK model represented by UK airports, and have compared the two as follows:
It can be seen from the above that US airports are oriented as public infrastructure and are invested by the government. The US reform is ownership hand-down so as to streamline the relationships between the federal and local governments with no change to the nature of the airports. The US airports have not adopted a corporatized management mode. Whereas UK airports are oriented as profit-gaining enterprises and thus can acquire their investment funds by listing in the stock markets. There is no hand-down from central to local governments, but direct privatization and listing in the stock markets. And because of this orientation, the UK airports have adopted a corporatized management mode.
Based on the above international comparison and analysis, this thesis examines the disadvantages of China's 2-in-l airport reform program and explains through an airport profit model that the central government's uniform corporatization reform is not in accordance with the airport operation reality. According to the profit model, an airport can achieve profitability only after reaching a certain passenger volume, and only after achieving profitability can the airport undertake its corporatization reform. Therefore, CAAC may learn from the US to hand down its airports, but should deal with airport corporatization on a case-by-case base. For those airports with very small passenger volume during a long term, corporatization reform should not be imposed. In terms of airport management reform, CAAC has proposed the transformation direction from operational airport mode to managerial airport mode. In this thesis, I have also compared the management modes of the US and UK airports, and have come to the conclusion that, in terms of airport management system, what CAAC should do is to clarify the operation power of the airports, including airport operation and commercial operation powers, whereas to the issue of how to realize the value of operation power, it should be decided by the airport owners based on their orientation of the airport, not by the uniform rule of CAAC. Of course, CAAC may learn from other countries and impose uniform requirements in regard to airport operation power, but this can be carried out only after CAAC clarifies the operation power of the airports.
引文
[1]Anne Graham. Managing airports:an international perspective[M] P1
[1]刘亚洲.中国航空史[M],湖南科学技术出版社1998年版P496
[1]轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版
[2]轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版
[3]轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版P4
[1]机场经济手册中国民航管理干部学院编[M] 1995年版P88
[2]亚历山大.T韦尔斯著赵洪元译．机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004年版P47
[3]刘英．浅议我国民航主要运输指标增长速度与GDP增长速度的关系[J]民航经济与技术2000,(9)
[1] 亚历山大.T韦尔斯著 赵洪元译.机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004年版P47
[2] Graham Francis, Ian Humphreys, Airport Regulation: Reflecting on the lessons from BAA plc [J] Public Money & Management 2001 (3) P49-52
[3] Anne Graham. Managing airports:an international perspective[M] P211
[1]Paul Hooper Privatization of Airports in Asia[J] Air Transport Managements 2002,(8) P290
[2]根据民航总局相关文件整理
[3]Anne Graham. Managing airports:an international perspective[M]
[1]美国“确保航空运输业具有强竞争力国家委员会”于1993年8月向总统与国会提交的报告。转引自轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版P7
[2]王倜傥.民航运输与地方经济发展的良性互动[J]民航管理2003(11)
[1] Anne Graham .Managing airports:an international perspective P211
[2] Anne Graham .Managing airports:an international perspective [M]P209
[1]Anne Graham .Managing airports:an international perspective[M]
[1]Cliff Lipscomb, Small Cities Matter, Too: The Impacts of an Airport and Local Infrastructure on Housing Prices in small c/ty[J] Rurds vol. No.3 2003 (11)
[2]王志清 宁宣熙.我国机场发展中应解决的若干问题[J]综合运输2006,(2)
[3]唐琮沅 张明玉 吴桂先.从机场企业的异质性看其发展模式选择[J]综合运输2006,(2)
[1]Graham Francis, Ian Humphreys, Airport Regulation: Reflecting on the lessons from BAA plc [J] Public Money & Management 2001 (3) P49-52
[2]David Starkie, Testing the Regulatory Model: The Expansion of Stansted Airport .Fiscal Studies (2004) vol. 25, no. 4, p 389-413
[1]郭力群 属地化管理后民航机场的定位[J]民航管理2003(7)
[2]王倜傥 机场竞争与机场营销[M]中国民航出版社2005
[3]郭德法 深圳机场:属地化管理的成功范例[J]民航管理2003(6)
[1]袁品香 关于民航投资体制改革的探讨[J]民航经济与技术2000(1)
[2]唐琮沅 张明玉 吴桂先.从机场企业的异质性看其发展模式选择[J]综合运输2006,(2)
[1]曼昆著 经济学原理[M]北京大学出版社1999年中文版P316
[1]曼昆著 经济学原理[M] 北京大学出版社 1999年中文版P318
[1]转引自余英 网络型产业的政府管制——机场管制研究[D]2004
[2][法]泰勒尔.产业组织理论[M]人民大学出版社 1997年版P379
[1]王倜傥 机场竞争与机场营销[M]中国民航出版社2005
[2]吴显扬,吴远开,运用AHP方法研究上海浦东空港的亚太竞争力[J]物流技术2005(9)
[1]张建森、谢敏．机场竞争的内涵及竞争优势分析[J]中国民用航空2007 (12)
[1] ICAO 9082/4, statements by the council to contracting states on charges for airports and air navigation Services, 1992
[2] Peter Gerber. Success factors for the Privatization of airports-an airline perspective, journal of Air Transport Managements [J] 2002(8) P29-36.
[1]S.A.Mossison, Estimation of long-run prices and investment levels for airports runways, Research in Transportation Economics[M] 1983, P103-131
[1] Oun, T.H Zhang, Y. Airport pricing:congestion tolls, lumpy investment and cost recovy[M],Journal of Public Economics 1990 (43) P353-374
[2] Anm ing Zhang, Yimin Zhang, Airport charges and cost recovery: the long-run view[M] Journal of Air Transport Management 2001 (7) P75-78
[1]民航总局课题组.机场特许经营权研究及建议[内部资料]2005年
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[1]亚历山大.T韦尔斯著机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004 P54
[1]亚历山大.T韦尔斯著 机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004 P53
[1]姜春明.世界经济概论[M]天津人民出版社1995
[1]http://www.life365.com/php/paper/paper_prd show.php?id=321&pid=1
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[1]http://stock.163.com/economy2003/editor_2003/040531/040531_206699.html
[1]《民航现行体制及主要问题》http://www.zuowenw.com/Article/Print.asp?ArticleID=35797&Page=1
[1]《国内投资民用航空业规定(试行)》(中国民用航空总局148号令)
[1]周培坤.如何认识机场特许经营权[J]民航管理2003,(11)
[1]马洁华 机场特许经营权辨析[J]中国民用航空2003,(7)
[1]马洁华 机场特许经营权辨析[J]中国民用航空2003,(7)
[1]Anne Graham : Managing airports: an international perspective [M]
[2]Graham Francis, Ian Humphreys, Airport Regulation: Reflecting on the lessons from BAA plc [J] Public Money & Management 2001 (3) P49-52
[3]Paul Hooper Privatization of Airports in Asia[J] Air Transport Managements 2002,(8) P290
[4]Cliff Lipscomb, Small Cities Matter, Too: The Impacts of an Airport and Local Infrastructure on Housing Prices in small city[J] Rurds 2003 (11)
[5]David Starkie, Testing the Regulatory Model: The Expansion of Stansted Airport .Fiscal Studies (2004) vol. 25, no. 4, p 389-413
[6]ICAO 9082/4, statements by the council to contracting states on charges for airports and air navigation Services, 1992
[7]Peter Gerber. Success factors for the Privatization of airports -an airline perspective, journal of Air Transport Managements [J] 2002(8) P29-36.
[8]S.A. Mossison, Estimation of long-run prices and investment levels for airports runways, Research in Transportation Economics[M] 1983, P103-131
[9]Oun.T.H, Zhan.g.Y. Airport pricing :congestion tolls, lumpy investment and cost recovy [M], Journal of Public Economics 1990 (43) P353-374
[10]Anming Zhang, Yimin Zhang, Airport charges and cost recovery: the long-run view[M] Journal of Air Transport Management 2001 (7) P75-78
[11]11 .H.George Frederickson, Todd R. Laporte. Airport Security, High Reliability, and the Problem of Rationality.[J] Public Administration Review,2002 (9)
[12]Mark B. Salter, Governmentalities of an Airport:Heterotopia and Confession[J] International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 49-66
[13]Ian Humphreys, Stephen Ison and Graham Francis, UK Airport Policy: Does the Government Have Any Influence?[J] Public Money & Management 2007 (11)
[14]刘亚洲.中国航空史[M],湖南科学技术出版社1998年版P496
[15]轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版
[16]机场经济手册中国民航管理干部学院编[M]1995年版P88
[17]亚历山大.T韦尔斯著 赵洪元译.机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004年版P47
[18]刘英.浅议我国民航主要运输指标增长速度与GDP增长速度的关系[J]民航经济与技术2000,(9)
[19]美国“确保航空运输业具有强竞争力国家委员会”于1993年8月向总统与国会提交的报告
[20]王倜傥.民航运输与地方经济发展的良性互动[J]民航管理2003 (11)
[21]王志清 宁宣熙.我国机场发展中应解决的若干问题[J]综合运输2006(2)
[22]唐琮沅 张明玉 吴桂先.从机场企业的异质性看其发展模式选择[J]综合运输2006(2)
[23]郭力群 属地化管理后民航机场的定位[J]民航管理2003 (7)
[24]王倜傥 机场竞争与机场营销[M]中国民航出版社2005
[25]郭德法 深圳机场:属地化管理的成功范例[J]民航管理2003(6)
[26]袁品香 关于民航投资体制改革的探讨[J]民航经济与技术2000(1)
[27]曼昆著 经济学原理[M]北京大学出版社 1999年中文版
[28]余英 网络型产业的政府管制——机场管制研究[D]2004
[29][法]泰勒尔.产业组织理论[M]人民大学出版社1997 P379
[30]吴显扬 吴远开,运用AHP方法研究上海浦东空港的亚太竞争力[J]物流技术2005(9)
[31]张建森、谢敏.机场竞争的内涵及竞争优势分析[J]中国民用航空2007(12)
[32]民航总局课题组 机场特许经营权研究及建议[内部资料]2005
[33]藏平理.我国大型机场如何由直接经营型向管理型转变[J]民航管理2003 (7)
[34]赵会增李蓓 推进机场由经营型向管理型转变[J]民航管理2006(1)
[35]陈泽桦,法兰克福机场成功管理的考察及启示[J],中国民用航空2004(12)
[36]姜春明.世界经济概论[M]天津人民出版社1995
[37]康文 国外航空运输业私有化问题研究[内部资料]中国民航科研中心1998
[38]沈志云交通运输工程[M]人民交通出版社
[39]中国民航管理干部学院编译《机场运营管理》
[40]美国纽约理工学院机场规划与设计[M]
[41]国内投资民用航空业规定(试行)(中国民用航空总局148号令)
[42]周培坤 如何认识机场特许经营权[J]民航管理2003,(11)
[43]马洁华 机场特许经营权辨析[J]中国民用航空2003,(7)
[44]都业富 航空运输管理预测[M]中国民航出版社2001年
[45]夏洪山 现代航空运输管理[M]人民交通出版社2000年
[46]乔治.拉德诺蒂著何真译航空运输盈利策略[M]中国民航出版社2004年
[47]马少华 机场卓越经营[M]中国民航出版社2005年
[48]李琮 世界经济学新编[M]经济科学出版社
[49]胡君政府管制——放松管制(自由化)——开放天空[内部资料]中国民航科学技术研究 中心1997年9月
[50]庄培章 所有制改革理论研究[M]中国文联出版社2001年
[51]李东阳 国际直接投资与经济发展[M]经济科学出版社2002年
[52]宋亚非 中国企业跨国直接投资研究[M]东北财经大学出版社2001年
[53]张谊浩 当代西方经济全球化理论研究综述及其反思[J]山东经济2005(1)
[54]外商投资民用航空业规定中国民用航空总局令第110号
[55]王俊山 中国中小机场建设运营管理模式及政策研究建议[J]空运商务2007(22)
[56]曹建海 自然垄断行业的竞争与管制问题研究——以中国民航运输为例[J]中国工业经济2002(11)
[57]吴琪 何继红 准确定位指导发展战略——对中国机场发展定位的几点思考[J]中国民用航空2007(3)
[58]刘明 中外机场管理模式比较与中国机场管理模式探讨[J]经济问题探索2007(11)
[59]郑永强 探索我国民用机场管理体制改革方向[J]民航经济与技术2000(10)
[60]吴晓兰 张鸣胜 民航业垄断问题的法律思考[J] 西北工业大学学报(社会科学版)2005(9)
[61]邹斯林 民航机场管理体制的改革建议[J]宏观经济研究2003(9)
[62]唐琮沅 机场企业范式研究[J]经济师2006(1)
[63]王远征 机场的功能、所有制结构及其经营管理[J]民航经济与技术1997(8)
[64]王卫中 改革后机场经营模式的新思维[J]山东经济战略研究2003(12)
[65]朱瑾亮 美国解除航空管制政策及对我国民航未来发展的启示[J]民航管理2004(1)
[66]任新惠 关于中国民航机场改革与发展的一些思考[J]国际航空2002(7)
[67]http://www.shanghaiairport.com/corp/Corpmarket2.jsp
[68]www.airports.org/cda/aci
[69]http://www.baa.com
[70]http://www.life365.com/php/paper/paper_prd_show.php?id=321&pid=1
[71]http://www.cs.com.cn/ztbd/02/02/
[72]http://stock. 163.com/economy2003/editor_2003/040531/04053 1_206699.html
[73]http://www.zuowenw.com/Article/Print.asp?ArticleID=35797&Page=1
[74]www.peopie.com.cn 人民网经济版 2003年4月16日
[1]刘亚洲.中国航空史[M],湖南科学技术出版社1998年版P496
[1]轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版
[2]轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版
[3]轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版P4
[1]机场经济手册中国民航管理干部学院编[M] 1995年版P88
[2]亚历山大.T韦尔斯著赵洪元译．机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004年版P47
[3]刘英．浅议我国民航主要运输指标增长速度与GDP增长速度的关系[J]民航经济与技术2000,(9)
[1] 亚历山大.T韦尔斯著 赵洪元译.机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004年版P47
[2] Graham Francis, Ian Humphreys, Airport Regulation: Reflecting on the lessons from BAA plc [J] Public Money & Management 2001 (3) P49-52
[3] Anne Graham. Managing airports:an international perspective[M] P211
[1]Paul Hooper Privatization of Airports in Asia[J] Air Transport Managements 2002,(8) P290
[2]根据民航总局相关文件整理
[3]Anne Graham. Managing airports:an international perspective[M]
[1]美国“确保航空运输业具有强竞争力国家委员会”于1993年8月向总统与国会提交的报告。转引自轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版P7
[2]王倜傥.民航运输与地方经济发展的良性互动[J]民航管理2003(11)
[1] Anne Graham .Managing airports:an international perspective P211
[2] Anne Graham .Managing airports:an international perspective [M]P209
[1]Anne Graham .Managing airports:an international perspective[M]
[1]Cliff Lipscomb, Small Cities Matter, Too: The Impacts of an Airport and Local Infrastructure on Housing Prices in small c/ty[J] Rurds vol. No.3 2003 (11)
[2]王志清 宁宣熙.我国机场发展中应解决的若干问题[J]综合运输2006,(2)
[3]唐琮沅 张明玉 吴桂先.从机场企业的异质性看其发展模式选择[J]综合运输2006,(2)
[1]Graham Francis, Ian Humphreys, Airport Regulation: Reflecting on the lessons from BAA plc [J] Public Money & Management 2001 (3) P49-52
[2]David Starkie, Testing the Regulatory Model: The Expansion of Stansted Airport .Fiscal Studies (2004) vol. 25, no. 4, p 389-413
[1]郭力群 属地化管理后民航机场的定位[J]民航管理2003(7)
[2]王倜傥 机场竞争与机场营销[M]中国民航出版社2005
[3]郭德法 深圳机场:属地化管理的成功范例[J]民航管理2003(6)
[1]袁品香 关于民航投资体制改革的探讨[J]民航经济与技术2000(1)
[2]唐琮沅 张明玉 吴桂先.从机场企业的异质性看其发展模式选择[J]综合运输2006,(2)
[1]曼昆著 经济学原理[M]北京大学出版社1999年中文版P316
[1]曼昆著 经济学原理[M] 北京大学出版社 1999年中文版P318
[1]转引自余英 网络型产业的政府管制——机场管制研究[D]2004
[2][法]泰勒尔.产业组织理论[M]人民大学出版社 1997年版P379
[1]王倜傥 机场竞争与机场营销[M]中国民航出版社2005
[2]吴显扬,吴远开,运用AHP方法研究上海浦东空港的亚太竞争力[J]物流技术2005(9)
[1]张建森、谢敏．机场竞争的内涵及竞争优势分析[J]中国民用航空2007 (12)
[1] ICAO 9082/4, statements by the council to contracting states on charges for airports and air navigation Services, 1992
[2] Peter Gerber. Success factors for the Privatization of airports-an airline perspective, journal of Air Transport Managements [J] 2002(8) P29-36.
[1]S.A.Mossison, Estimation of long-run prices and investment levels for airports runways, Research in Transportation Economics[M] 1983, P103-131
[1] Oun, T.H Zhang, Y. Airport pricing:congestion tolls, lumpy investment and cost recovy[M],Journal of Public Economics 1990 (43) P353-374
[2] Anm ing Zhang, Yimin Zhang, Airport charges and cost recovery: the long-run view[M] Journal of Air Transport Management 2001 (7) P75-78
[1]民航总局课题组.机场特许经营权研究及建议[内部资料]2005年
[1]藏平理.我国大型机场如何由直接经营型向管理型转变[J]民航管理2003(7)
[2]赵会增 李蓓 推进机场由经营型向管理型转变[J]民航管理2006(1)
[3]陈泽桦,法兰克福机场成功管理的考察及启示[J],中国民用航空2004(12)
[1]亚历山大.T韦尔斯著机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004 P54
[1]亚历山大.T韦尔斯著 机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004 P53
[1]姜春明.世界经济概论[M]天津人民出版社1995
[1]http://www.life365.com/php/paper/paper_prd show.php?id=321&pid=1
[1]http://www.cs.com.cn/ztbd/02/02/
[2]http://www.cs.com.cn/ztbd/02/02/
[1]http://stock.163.com/economy2003/editor_2003/040531/040531_206699.html
[1]《民航现行体制及主要问题》http://www.zuowenw.com/Article/Print.asp?ArticleID=35797&Page=1
[1]《国内投资民用航空业规定(试行)》(中国民用航空总局148号令)
[1]周培坤.如何认识机场特许经营权[J]民航管理2003,(11)
[1]马洁华 机场特许经营权辨析[J]中国民用航空2003,(7)
[1]马洁华 机场特许经营权辨析[J]中国民用航空2003,(7)
[1]Anne Graham : Managing airports: an international perspective [M]
[2]Graham Francis, Ian Humphreys, Airport Regulation: Reflecting on the lessons from BAA plc [J] Public Money & Management 2001 (3) P49-52
[3]Paul Hooper Privatization of Airports in Asia[J] Air Transport Managements 2002,(8) P290
[4]Cliff Lipscomb, Small Cities Matter, Too: The Impacts of an Airport and Local Infrastructure on Housing Prices in small city[J] Rurds 2003 (11)
[5]David Starkie, Testing the Regulatory Model: The Expansion of Stansted Airport .Fiscal Studies (2004) vol. 25, no. 4, p 389-413
[6]ICAO 9082/4, statements by the council to contracting states on charges for airports and air navigation Services, 1992
[7]Peter Gerber. Success factors for the Privatization of airports -an airline perspective, journal of Air Transport Managements [J] 2002(8) P29-36.
[8]S.A. Mossison, Estimation of long-run prices and investment levels for airports runways, Research in Transportation Economics[M] 1983, P103-131
[9]Oun.T.H, Zhan.g.Y. Airport pricing :congestion tolls, lumpy investment and cost recovy [M], Journal of Public Economics 1990 (43) P353-374
[10]Anming Zhang, Yimin Zhang, Airport charges and cost recovery: the long-run view[M] Journal of Air Transport Management 2001 (7) P75-78
[11]11 .H.George Frederickson, Todd R. Laporte. Airport Security, High Reliability, and the Problem of Rationality.[J] Public Administration Review,2002 (9)
[12]Mark B. Salter, Governmentalities of an Airport:Heterotopia and Confession[J] International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 49-66
[13]Ian Humphreys, Stephen Ison and Graham Francis, UK Airport Policy: Does the Government Have Any Influence?[J] Public Money & Management 2007 (11)
[14]刘亚洲.中国航空史[M],湖南科学技术出版社1998年版P496
[15]轩余恩.中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M]中国民航出版社2003年版
[16]机场经济手册中国民航管理干部学院编[M]1995年版P88
[17]亚历山大.T韦尔斯著 赵洪元译.机场规划与管理[M]中国民航出版社2004年版P47
[18]刘英.浅议我国民航主要运输指标增长速度与GDP增长速度的关系[J]民航经济与技术2000,(9)
[19]美国“确保航空运输业具有强竞争力国家委员会”于1993年8月向总统与国会提交的报告
[20]王倜傥.民航运输与地方经济发展的良性互动[J]民航管理2003 (11)
[21]王志清 宁宣熙.我国机场发展中应解决的若干问题[J]综合运输2006(2)
[22]唐琮沅 张明玉 吴桂先.从机场企业的异质性看其发展模式选择[J]综合运输2006(2)
[23]郭力群 属地化管理后民航机场的定位[J]民航管理2003 (7)
[24]王倜傥 机场竞争与机场营销[M]中国民航出版社2005
[25]郭德法 深圳机场:属地化管理的成功范例[J]民航管理2003(6)
[26]袁品香 关于民航投资体制改革的探讨[J]民航经济与技术2000(1)
[27]曼昆著 经济学原理[M]北京大学出版社 1999年中文版
[28]余英 网络型产业的政府管制——机场管制研究[D]2004
[29][法]泰勒尔.产业组织理论[M]人民大学出版社1997 P379
[30]吴显扬 吴远开,运用AHP方法研究上海浦东空港的亚太竞争力[J]物流技术2005(9)
[31]张建森、谢敏.机场竞争的内涵及竞争优势分析[J]中国民用航空2007(12)
[32]民航总局课题组 机场特许经营权研究及建议[内部资料]2005
[33]藏平理.我国大型机场如何由直接经营型向管理型转变[J]民航管理2003 (7)
[34]赵会增李蓓 推进机场由经营型向管理型转变[J]民航管理2006(1)
[35]陈泽桦,法兰克福机场成功管理的考察及启示[J],中国民用航空2004(12)
[36]姜春明.世界经济概论[M]天津人民出版社1995
[37]康文 国外航空运输业私有化问题研究[内部资料]中国民航科研中心1998
[38]沈志云交通运输工程[M]人民交通出版社
[39]中国民航管理干部学院编译《机场运营管理》
[40]美国纽约理工学院机场规划与设计[M]
[41]国内投资民用航空业规定(试行)(中国民用航空总局148号令)
[42]周培坤 如何认识机场特许经营权[J]民航管理2003,(11)
[43]马洁华 机场特许经营权辨析[J]中国民用航空2003,(7)
[44]都业富 航空运输管理预测[M]中国民航出版社2001年
[45]夏洪山 现代航空运输管理[M]人民交通出版社2000年
[46]乔治.拉德诺蒂著何真译航空运输盈利策略[M]中国民航出版社2004年
[47]马少华 机场卓越经营[M]中国民航出版社2005年
[48]李琮 世界经济学新编[M]经济科学出版社
[49]胡君政府管制——放松管制(自由化)——开放天空[内部资料]中国民航科学技术研究 中心1997年9月
[50]庄培章 所有制改革理论研究[M]中国文联出版社2001年
[51]李东阳 国际直接投资与经济发展[M]经济科学出版社2002年
[52]宋亚非 中国企业跨国直接投资研究[M]东北财经大学出版社2001年
[53]张谊浩 当代西方经济全球化理论研究综述及其反思[J]山东经济2005(1)
[54]外商投资民用航空业规定中国民用航空总局令第110号
[55]王俊山 中国中小机场建设运营管理模式及政策研究建议[J]空运商务2007(22)
[56]曹建海 自然垄断行业的竞争与管制问题研究——以中国民航运输为例[J]中国工业经济2002(11)
[57]吴琪 何继红 准确定位指导发展战略——对中国机场发展定位的几点思考[J]中国民用航空2007(3)
[58]刘明 中外机场管理模式比较与中国机场管理模式探讨[J]经济问题探索2007(11)
[59]郑永强 探索我国民用机场管理体制改革方向[J]民航经济与技术2000(10)
[60]吴晓兰 张鸣胜 民航业垄断问题的法律思考[J] 西北工业大学学报(社会科学版)2005(9)
[61]邹斯林 民航机场管理体制的改革建议[J]宏观经济研究2003(9)
[62]唐琮沅 机场企业范式研究[J]经济师2006(1)
[63]王远征 机场的功能、所有制结构及其经营管理[J]民航经济与技术1997(8)
[64]王卫中 改革后机场经营模式的新思维[J]山东经济战略研究2003(12)
[65]朱瑾亮 美国解除航空管制政策及对我国民航未来发展的启示[J]民航管理2004(1)
[66]任新惠 关于中国民航机场改革与发展的一些思考[J]国际航空2002(7)
[67]http://www.shanghaiairport.com/corp/Corpmarket2.jsp
[68]www.airports.org/cda/aci
[69]http://www.baa.com
[70]http://www.life365.com/php/paper/paper_prd_show.php?id=321&pid=1
[71]http://www.cs.com.cn/ztbd/02/02/
[72]http://stock. 163.com/economy2003/editor_2003/040531/04053 1_206699.html
[73]http://www.zuowenw.com/Article/Print.asp?ArticleID=35797&Page=1
[74]www.peopie.com.cn 人民网经济版 2003年4月16日