关于我国机场行业竞争的法制问题研究
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摘要
机场业是民用航空业的重要基础性行业,对国民经济发展以及国家安全具有重要影响。自民航总局下放机场管理权以来,传统的机场业“地方割据”情形已经逐渐被突破,行政制约的放松、市场意识的形成以及经济利益的驱动使得机场行业出现了例如兼并重组、跨行业渗透、外资引进等一系列新的垄断竞争现象。将这些新情况纳入国家法制调整的范围对于维护国家利益,促进行业健康发展是至关重要的。
然而,中国民航长期的半计划经济管理模式以及民航业本身的半军事性、相对封闭性使得我国对机场业垄断竞争的调整只达到以规章进行单项问题调整的水平。这种调整模式使得机场业竞争法制体系相对独立,难以与国家高位阶法律制度衔接,法律空白较多,视角过于狭窄。因此,我国机场业竞争法制建设大大滞后于机场行业的发展,难以应对各种新情况、新问题。
本文力图将中国机场行业的特点、发展趋势与竞争法律制度原理结合起来,借鉴国外成熟经验与国内已有成果,提出一个以《反垄断法》为基本原则,行政法规或部门规章作具体规定,地方法规、规章作进一步细化和协调的法制体系,为不断发展的中国机场业乃至整个中国民航业提供一个比较成熟的法制建设方式的选择。
Airport industry is an important fundamental industry of civil aviation, and it has significant influence on the development of national economy and the safety of the state. Since CAAC handed over its authority of administration, the original situation of local separatist has gradually been broken. With the relaxation of administrative restriction and the formation of market consciousness, and driven by economic interest, there emerges a new series of phenomenon of competitive monopoly such as annexation and recombination, the cross-industry infiltration and the introduction of foreign investment. To bring these new phenomena under the control of legal regulation is vital for maintaining national interest and accelerating the healthy development of industry.
However, since Chinese civil aviation has adopted the management mode of semi-planned economy for such a long time, as well as the half military nature and the comparatively closeness of civil aviation industry, the regulation of the competitive monopoly of the airport industry in China just achieved the level to regulate singe issue through laws and rules. This regulation mode causes the relative isolation of the legal system of the competition of airport industry, which makes it difficult to be linked up to the high-level legal system for its invalidation in some legal dispute and its narrowness of perspective. Therefore, the lag between the establishment of legal system of the competition of airport industry and the development of the industry makes it difficult to cope with new situations and new problems.
This paper intends to combine the characteristic of airport industry and the trend of its development with the legal system principle of competition, and to use foreign mature experience and domestic existed results for reference to suggest a legal system which is based on the principle of anti-monopoly, regulated by administrative and department rules and detailed by local laws and rules, so that it will provide an alternative mature way of legal establishment for Chinese airport industry as well as Chinese civil aviation industry.
然而,中国民航长期的半计划经济管理模式以及民航业本身的半军事性、相对封闭性使得我国对机场业垄断竞争的调整只达到以规章进行单项问题调整的水平。这种调整模式使得机场业竞争法制体系相对独立,难以与国家高位阶法律制度衔接,法律空白较多,视角过于狭窄。因此,我国机场业竞争法制建设大大滞后于机场行业的发展,难以应对各种新情况、新问题。
本文力图将中国机场行业的特点、发展趋势与竞争法律制度原理结合起来,借鉴国外成熟经验与国内已有成果,提出一个以《反垄断法》为基本原则,行政法规或部门规章作具体规定,地方法规、规章作进一步细化和协调的法制体系,为不断发展的中国机场业乃至整个中国民航业提供一个比较成熟的法制建设方式的选择。
Airport industry is an important fundamental industry of civil aviation, and it has significant influence on the development of national economy and the safety of the state. Since CAAC handed over its authority of administration, the original situation of local separatist has gradually been broken. With the relaxation of administrative restriction and the formation of market consciousness, and driven by economic interest, there emerges a new series of phenomenon of competitive monopoly such as annexation and recombination, the cross-industry infiltration and the introduction of foreign investment. To bring these new phenomena under the control of legal regulation is vital for maintaining national interest and accelerating the healthy development of industry.
However, since Chinese civil aviation has adopted the management mode of semi-planned economy for such a long time, as well as the half military nature and the comparatively closeness of civil aviation industry, the regulation of the competitive monopoly of the airport industry in China just achieved the level to regulate singe issue through laws and rules. This regulation mode causes the relative isolation of the legal system of the competition of airport industry, which makes it difficult to be linked up to the high-level legal system for its invalidation in some legal dispute and its narrowness of perspective. Therefore, the lag between the establishment of legal system of the competition of airport industry and the development of the industry makes it difficult to cope with new situations and new problems.
This paper intends to combine the characteristic of airport industry and the trend of its development with the legal system principle of competition, and to use foreign mature experience and domestic existed results for reference to suggest a legal system which is based on the principle of anti-monopoly, regulated by administrative and department rules and detailed by local laws and rules, so that it will provide an alternative mature way of legal establishment for Chinese airport industry as well as Chinese civil aviation industry.
引文
①马国馨,枢纽机场的建设与竞争[J],建筑学,2004,1:21-23
②张永莉、张晓全,民营化:民用机场改革的新趋势[J],综合运输,2005,8:12-15
③王志清、宋昕,美国机场投资管理体制借鉴[J],中国民用航空,2005,4:9-11
④肖江平,特别市场规制制度的理论体系及其定位[J],甘肃政法学院学报,2006,2:37-42
①郭睿君,我国机场管理改革问题探讨[M],对外经济贸易大学硕士论文:20
①袁品香,加强我国的枢纽机场建设[J],民航经济与技术,2000,10:22
①DennisC.Muelle,,,1996,14:415-445
②王军解玲,欧盟法对企业合并的规制[J],河北法学,2007,3:11-12
①王军解玲,欧盟法对企业合并的规制[J],河北法学,2007,3:11-12
①游国成郑赛花,论反垄断法适用豁免制度[J],重庆工商大学学报,2006,8:88
①陈琳王碧英,关于行政垄断的立法建议[J],福建政法管理干部学院学报,2004,1:22
②欧阳萍萍,论反垄断法对行政垄断的规制与豁免[J],法制与社会,2006,10:36
①赵明合,我国民航机场建设发展趋势分析[J],中国民用航空,2006,6:21
[1]王晓晔,竞争法研究[M],北京,中国法制出版社,2000
[2]孔详俊,反垄断法原理[M],北京,中国法制出版社,2001
[3]徐士英等,竞争法新论[M],北京,北京大学出版社,2006
[4]曹士兵,反垄断法研究——从制度到一般理论[M],北京,法律出版社,1996
[5]胡汝银,竞争与垄断:社会注意微观经济分析[M],上海,上海三联书店,1988
[6]蒋泽中,企业兼并与反垄断问题[M],经济科学出版社,2001
[7]王霖,特许经营[M],北京,中国工人出版社,2001
[8]阮方民,欧盟竞争法[M],北京,中国政法大学出版社,1998
[9]王传辉,反垄断的经济学分析[M],北京,中国人民大学出版社,2004
[10]尚明主编,主要国家(地区)反垄断法律汇编[M],北京,法律出版社,2004
[11]本书编写组,竞争法与经济发展[M],北京,中国法制出版社,2000
[12]邱本,自由竞争与秩序调控[M],北京,中国政法大学出版社,2001
[13]夏顺义主编,中国民用航空专业法规概要[M],北京,中国民航出版社,1995
[14]轩余恩,中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M],北京,中国民航出版社,2003
[15]胡超容,中国民航几个热点问题的法学解析[M],成都,四川大学出版社,2006
[16]刘得,民航概论[M],北京,中国民航出版社,2005
[17]赵洪源,机场规划与管理[M],北京,中国民航出版社,2004
[18]刘建德,东航太古公司2005年机场投资分析[M],上海,东航-太古投资公司,2005
[19]董漱战,论反垄断法得适用豁免制度[J],当代中国经济法学研究,2004,4:20-25
[20]唐要家,反垄断法豁免制度得比较分析[J],中南财经政法大学学报2006,1:23-27
[21]朱慈蕴,反思反垄断:我国应当建立温和型的反垄断制度[J],清华大学学报(哲社版),2003,2:28-35
[22]陆周莉李少鹏,美德反垄断法适用出外制度比较[J],内蒙古师范大学学报(哲社版),2004,6:62-65
[23]张伟刚,美国反垄断法的构建及对我国立法的启示[J],开封大学学报,2005,3:30-33
[24]张建政,扫描欧盟反垄断[J],中国改革,2004,4:58
[25]王先林,论反垄断法中的控制企业结合制度[J],法商研究,2006,1:17-23
[26]肖江平,论市场规制法的主体[J],云南大学学报,2005,6:9-13
[27]肖江平,特别市场规制制度的理论体系及其定位[J],甘肃政法学院学报,2006,2:37-43
[28]陈建明,机场投资的经济学探析[J],中国民用航空,2006,5
[29]唐琮浣,作为企业的机场的异质性研究[J],民航管理,2006,1
[30]王志清宋昕,美国机场投资管理体制的借鉴意义[J],中国民用航空,2005,4:70-72
[31]张江宇,民航机场下放后的行业管理与发展[J],综合运输,2004,6
[32]彭峰,机场行业SWOT分析[J],中国民用航空,2005,8:50-51
[33]马国馨,枢纽机场的建设和竞争[J],建筑学,2004,1:28-38
[34]张永莉张晓全,民营化:民用机场改革的新趋势[J],综合运输,2005,8:20-23
[35]汤建明,民用机场属地化改革后的法律框架构建[J],中国民用航空,2002,9:33-32
[36]王长青,中国机场管理:困境与出路[J],中国民用航空,2004,9:24-25
[37]Stephen Breyer,, Harvard University Press, 1982
[38]Tina Hart, Linda Fazzani,, Macmillan Press, London, 1997
[39]ICAO,, CAAC, 1997
[40]Thomas Lampert,, E.C.L.R, 1999
[41]Patick A. Gaughan,, John Wiley & Songs
[42]Rigas Doganis,, FAA
[43]ICAO,1986英国机场私有化研究报告,北京,中国民航出版社,1999
②张永莉、张晓全,民营化:民用机场改革的新趋势[J],综合运输,2005,8:12-15
③王志清、宋昕,美国机场投资管理体制借鉴[J],中国民用航空,2005,4:9-11
④肖江平,特别市场规制制度的理论体系及其定位[J],甘肃政法学院学报,2006,2:37-42
①郭睿君,我国机场管理改革问题探讨[M],对外经济贸易大学硕士论文:20
①袁品香,加强我国的枢纽机场建设[J],民航经济与技术,2000,10:22
①DennisC.Muelle,
②王军解玲,欧盟法对企业合并的规制[J],河北法学,2007,3:11-12
①王军解玲,欧盟法对企业合并的规制[J],河北法学,2007,3:11-12
①游国成郑赛花,论反垄断法适用豁免制度[J],重庆工商大学学报,2006,8:88
①陈琳王碧英,关于行政垄断的立法建议[J],福建政法管理干部学院学报,2004,1:22
②欧阳萍萍,论反垄断法对行政垄断的规制与豁免[J],法制与社会,2006,10:36
①赵明合,我国民航机场建设发展趋势分析[J],中国民用航空,2006,6:21
[1]王晓晔,竞争法研究[M],北京,中国法制出版社,2000
[2]孔详俊,反垄断法原理[M],北京,中国法制出版社,2001
[3]徐士英等,竞争法新论[M],北京,北京大学出版社,2006
[4]曹士兵,反垄断法研究——从制度到一般理论[M],北京,法律出版社,1996
[5]胡汝银,竞争与垄断:社会注意微观经济分析[M],上海,上海三联书店,1988
[6]蒋泽中,企业兼并与反垄断问题[M],经济科学出版社,2001
[7]王霖,特许经营[M],北京,中国工人出版社,2001
[8]阮方民,欧盟竞争法[M],北京,中国政法大学出版社,1998
[9]王传辉,反垄断的经济学分析[M],北京,中国人民大学出版社,2004
[10]尚明主编,主要国家(地区)反垄断法律汇编[M],北京,法律出版社,2004
[11]本书编写组,竞争法与经济发展[M],北京,中国法制出版社,2000
[12]邱本,自由竞争与秩序调控[M],北京,中国政法大学出版社,2001
[13]夏顺义主编,中国民用航空专业法规概要[M],北京,中国民航出版社,1995
[14]轩余恩,中国民航运输市场发展与创新[M],北京,中国民航出版社,2003
[15]胡超容,中国民航几个热点问题的法学解析[M],成都,四川大学出版社,2006
[16]刘得,民航概论[M],北京,中国民航出版社,2005
[17]赵洪源,机场规划与管理[M],北京,中国民航出版社,2004
[18]刘建德,东航太古公司2005年机场投资分析[M],上海,东航-太古投资公司,2005
[19]董漱战,论反垄断法得适用豁免制度[J],当代中国经济法学研究,2004,4:20-25
[20]唐要家,反垄断法豁免制度得比较分析[J],中南财经政法大学学报2006,1:23-27
[21]朱慈蕴,反思反垄断:我国应当建立温和型的反垄断制度[J],清华大学学报(哲社版),2003,2:28-35
[22]陆周莉李少鹏,美德反垄断法适用出外制度比较[J],内蒙古师范大学学报(哲社版),2004,6:62-65
[23]张伟刚,美国反垄断法的构建及对我国立法的启示[J],开封大学学报,2005,3:30-33
[24]张建政,扫描欧盟反垄断[J],中国改革,2004,4:58
[25]王先林,论反垄断法中的控制企业结合制度[J],法商研究,2006,1:17-23
[26]肖江平,论市场规制法的主体[J],云南大学学报,2005,6:9-13
[27]肖江平,特别市场规制制度的理论体系及其定位[J],甘肃政法学院学报,2006,2:37-43
[28]陈建明,机场投资的经济学探析[J],中国民用航空,2006,5
[29]唐琮浣,作为企业的机场的异质性研究[J],民航管理,2006,1
[30]王志清宋昕,美国机场投资管理体制的借鉴意义[J],中国民用航空,2005,4:70-72
[31]张江宇,民航机场下放后的行业管理与发展[J],综合运输,2004,6
[32]彭峰,机场行业SWOT分析[J],中国民用航空,2005,8:50-51
[33]马国馨,枢纽机场的建设和竞争[J],建筑学,2004,1:28-38
[34]张永莉张晓全,民营化:民用机场改革的新趋势[J],综合运输,2005,8:20-23
[35]汤建明,民用机场属地化改革后的法律框架构建[J],中国民用航空,2002,9:33-32
[36]王长青,中国机场管理:困境与出路[J],中国民用航空,2004,9:24-25
[37]Stephen Breyer,
[38]Tina Hart, Linda Fazzani,
[39]ICAO,
[40]Thomas Lampert,
[41]Patick A. Gaughan,
[42]Rigas Doganis,
[43]ICAO,1986英国机场私有化研究报告,北京,中国民航出版社,1999