民间社会化养老机构的困境及对策研究
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摘要
我国的社会化养老事业始于20世纪50年代,当初的社会化养老机构是各级政府合并教会、团体开办的救济院、慈幼院而建成的。随着我国经济体制的建立,“职业福利”的逐渐萎缩,原来在计划经济时期企业和单位建立起来的福利网也被打破,“企业人”和“单位人”逐渐改变成“社会人”。当初更多的福利服务需求被推向了“社会福利”,众多的老年人为提高生活质量,向养老服务业提出了更高的需求,开始选择去社会化的养老机构养老。
在社会结构不断变迁的大环境下,我国家庭的类型、规模、结构等都发生相当大的变化,“4-2-1”的家庭结构难以担当居家养老的重任,家庭养老的功能正在逐步减弱。机构养老模式已形成一种选择趋势,这种趋势正在逐步弥补家庭照顾功能的不足和缺失。
通过对长春市社会养老机构的调研发现,长春市养老机构存在专业化程度不足使社会信任度和认可度低、专业化水平先天不足,行业化管理不明显等问题,本文对这些相关问题进行分析,并提出解决问题的一些个人见解。
China’s social old-age care undertakings began in the 1950s. The original agencies of social old-age care is established mainly through three ways, such as churches merged with governments at all levels; hospices run by relief groups and protectory. With the establishment of China’s economic system, occupational welfare has gradually been shrunk, and welfare nets set up by enterprise and institutions in the period of planned economy are broken. Moreover,“Enterprise-Man”and“Unit-Man”gradually changes into“Social-Man”. More originally welfare service demands are pushed into the "social welfare". To improve the quality of life, many old people put forward more demands for old-age care service, and begin to choose agencies of social old-age care.
The types of families, the size of families and the structure of families all occur considerable changes in the circumstances of the constant changing social structure. The family structure of“4-2-1”is hard to bear the burden of the family old-age care. The function of the family old-age care is gradually diminishing. The model of agency old-age care is becoming an optional trend, which gradually make up for the shortage and deficiency of the function of the family old-age care.
Based on the investigation of agencies of social old-age care in Chang chun city, it is found that there are many problems in the agencies of social old-age care, such as insufficient degree of specialization, low degree of social trust and recognition and so on. This thesis analyzes that problems, and puts forward some personal opinions to solve that problems.
在社会结构不断变迁的大环境下,我国家庭的类型、规模、结构等都发生相当大的变化,“4-2-1”的家庭结构难以担当居家养老的重任,家庭养老的功能正在逐步减弱。机构养老模式已形成一种选择趋势,这种趋势正在逐步弥补家庭照顾功能的不足和缺失。
通过对长春市社会养老机构的调研发现,长春市养老机构存在专业化程度不足使社会信任度和认可度低、专业化水平先天不足,行业化管理不明显等问题,本文对这些相关问题进行分析,并提出解决问题的一些个人见解。
China’s social old-age care undertakings began in the 1950s. The original agencies of social old-age care is established mainly through three ways, such as churches merged with governments at all levels; hospices run by relief groups and protectory. With the establishment of China’s economic system, occupational welfare has gradually been shrunk, and welfare nets set up by enterprise and institutions in the period of planned economy are broken. Moreover,“Enterprise-Man”and“Unit-Man”gradually changes into“Social-Man”. More originally welfare service demands are pushed into the "social welfare". To improve the quality of life, many old people put forward more demands for old-age care service, and begin to choose agencies of social old-age care.
The types of families, the size of families and the structure of families all occur considerable changes in the circumstances of the constant changing social structure. The family structure of“4-2-1”is hard to bear the burden of the family old-age care. The function of the family old-age care is gradually diminishing. The model of agency old-age care is becoming an optional trend, which gradually make up for the shortage and deficiency of the function of the family old-age care.
Based on the investigation of agencies of social old-age care in Chang chun city, it is found that there are many problems in the agencies of social old-age care, such as insufficient degree of specialization, low degree of social trust and recognition and so on. This thesis analyzes that problems, and puts forward some personal opinions to solve that problems.
引文
[1][3]周良才.中国社会福利[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.25-26,28-29.
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[15]穆光宗.中国传统养老方式的变革和展望[J].中国人民大学学报,2000(5):39-44.
[16]姜向群,张钰斐.社会化养老:问题与挑战[J].北京观察,2006(10):22-24.
[17]于潇.公共机构养老发展分析[J].人口学刊,2001(6):28-31.
[18][19]译名.多建托儿所一样的社区养老托老站.[N].东亚经济新闻,2009-04-10(22).
[20]白友涛.城市老年问题和社会化养老服务体系研究[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2007(03):92-93.
[21]刘红,张妍蕊.对我国民营养老机构存在的问题及发展前景的探讨[J].技术经济与管理研究2008(02):91-92.
[22]魏靖.非营利组织在社会化养老中的角色与功能分析.[D]:[硕士学士论文].大连:东北财经大学管理学院,2004.
[23]邹农俭.养老保障,居家养老,社区支持:养老模式的新选择[J].江苏社会科学,2007(04):56-57.
[2]穆光宗.家庭养老制度的传统与变革——基于东亚和东南亚地区的一项比较研究[M].北京:华龄出版社,2002.32-33.
[4][7]张登国.我国民办养老机构的发展困境与对策[J].长沙民政职业技术学院学报,2009(3):3.
[5][6]相海泉.养老服务社会化[J].当代医学,2008(1):2.
[8]李欧.社会养老保险:理论导向与制度安排[J].社会保障制度(人大复印资料),2005(11):48-53.
[9]高书生.中国社会保障体制改革:回顾与前瞻[J].经济理论与经济管理,2000(06):32-33.
[10]郑功成.对我国社会保障改革的几点初步建议[J].在劳动和社会保障部首次专家咨询研讨会上的发言,1999(4):27-28.
[11]周宇.卫生部部长陈竺:2015年我国人均寿命将达75岁[N].京华时报,2010-03-04(12).
[12][20]刘畅.吉林省社会化养老模式研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学管理学院,2007.
[13]穆光宗,姚远.探索中国特色的综合解决老龄问题的未来之路[J].人口与经济,1999(02)58-59.
[14]傅亚丽.国内城市机构养老服务研究综述[J].南京人口管理干部学院学报,2009(1):.34-35.
[15]穆光宗.中国传统养老方式的变革和展望[J].中国人民大学学报,2000(5):39-44.
[16]姜向群,张钰斐.社会化养老:问题与挑战[J].北京观察,2006(10):22-24.
[17]于潇.公共机构养老发展分析[J].人口学刊,2001(6):28-31.
[18][19]译名.多建托儿所一样的社区养老托老站.[N].东亚经济新闻,2009-04-10(22).
[20]白友涛.城市老年问题和社会化养老服务体系研究[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2007(03):92-93.
[21]刘红,张妍蕊.对我国民营养老机构存在的问题及发展前景的探讨[J].技术经济与管理研究2008(02):91-92.
[22]魏靖.非营利组织在社会化养老中的角色与功能分析.[D]:[硕士学士论文].大连:东北财经大学管理学院,2004.
[23]邹农俭.养老保障,居家养老,社区支持:养老模式的新选择[J].江苏社会科学,2007(04):56-57.