转型期流浪儿童社会支持系统的构建
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摘要
本文以C市救助站的经验素材为基础,运用社会学关于社会支持体系的相关理论,探讨了转型期流浪儿童社会支持体系的构建问题。本文的写作缘起于对流浪儿童现实生活困境的感触。在对近年来中外学术界相关研究文献系统梳理考察的基础上,本文将流浪儿童社会支持系统分为国家支持系统、社会团体支持系统、个体支持系统三个部分。并对流浪儿童社会支持系统的构建过程进行历时性分析,同时围绕着整个社会支持系统各部分之间的互动过程展开论述。通过文献法、访谈法收集资料和对C市救助站展开的田野调查,在掌握第一手经验材料的基础上,初步分析了流浪儿童在接受救助的过程中,各支持系统之间的互动过程及构建方式。本文认为虽然在国家支持系统层面上存在着诸多不完备的方面,但是在当前中国社会转型发展特殊的历史阶段上,我们还是应该建立、完善国家社会支持系统,使之在流浪儿童救助体系中占据主导地位,而不能简单地将流浪儿童的救助任务推给民间NGO。当然,激活社会团体及个体社会支持体系,使其发挥作用也是至关重要的,只不过在转型期的中国社会,其作用尚存在较为明显的局限。?
In the turn of the century, Chinese society is in transitional process, moving from traditional society to modern society, from agricultural society to industrial society, from the closed society to change the direction of an open society. Three years of reform and opening up has brought the economy to take off, however the rapid economic development while, but brought the imbalance of regional development, rich and poor differentiation of escalating Houguo, all of these issues in the Fa Sheng Shi De street children and Evolution has become extremely complex.
This study is based on the social background of the issues of street children, trying to date in the academic research on the basis of the results, to street children's social support system as the starting point, from three levels of street children in the community support the interaction between the systems and build process. By the author of City assistance station field C field survey to collect first-hand experiences of material, from 2009 C City rescue assistance station placed 527 homeless children, randomly selected sample of 100 of its population distribution, directly to analyze the reasons for wandering. And 51 selected from a typical case, based on interviews conducted telephone interviews of its outline, as contact information and more for children's guardians and local police officers, so the guardians and the local police conducted a telephone interview system, and with Indulge The street children are receiving assistance and staff were interviewed to obtain sufficient information to enable street children build social support systems analysis process. First of all, the author from C City assistance station to rescue street children the actual process of starting to analyze the existing support system of discourse. Assistance station in the face of street children, the first problem to be solved is how to smoothly and effectively into the children's acceptance of relief assistance station. Because street children are often at the growth stage of physiological and psychological development, their ability to find the assistance station to be much worse than adults, so the assistance station within the system through the mining of resources outside the system and activate the power, explore a set of rescue network, the operation of the network of its own order to reach the street children into the station to receive assistance Tongshun Li purpose. C Municipal People's Government for assistance station to aid management of the relevant departments held coordination meetings in order to clear correlation between the responsibilities of various departments;, and with the city's 318 community communication and coordination, the establishment of inquiry points in the community, the role of community organizations in the community self-governance functions. In the street children Tongshun Li into stations, assistance station launched a series of stations for its relief work, the first children for the recipients of basic material security, such as food, clothing, shelter and other basic needs; and then through non-profit organizations and other social bodies, as recipients of psychological services for children and deviant behavior modification; with the city health department coordinate the establishment of designated hospitals for the sick and mentally ill children the history of medical assistance recipients; through the improvement of their own bodies for street hardware and software conditions sports and recreation activities for children. At the same time, parents of children with active links and local recipients of the relevant government departments to do recipients of linking children's smooth return home.
To carry out relief work in the face of many problems, the first recipients of long-term stagnation station personnel issues. Assistance station identity in the face of some confusion and abandoned street children when their parents had to take a long-term retention of children the way stations. In this regard against the "temporary social assistance" principle, on the other hand to have been in the capital, manpower shortage of the assistance station had to assign staff to be responsible for daily long-term stagnation point relief work for children and reduce the efficiency of aid. However, child recipients of long-term stagnation point behind the question is actually incomplete long-term placement agencies or the lack of development of placement agencies, how to break the street children "was relief - and then wandering" vicious circle key chain, is open up the relief agencies and long-term interface between the channel placement agency. Should be used as relief assistance station network strength of the subject, and give full play as organization, mobilization, and supervision of the mediator role, and guide all institutions, social organizations and secondary technical schools for street children such as the development of long-term relief, so that it can return to mainstream society. Followed by the number of street children in the group, highlighting the phenomenon of professional begging. Begging is no longer troubled forced to act, but becomes a kind of means of livelihood or the means to make money. Assistance station according to "entrance voluntary, exit free" principle, can not impose restrictions on the freedom of street children, because there is no mandatory relief is facing the predicament of legal protection. Again is due to street children themselves are at the physiological and psychological growth process. Leaving the familiar environment, suddenly entered the assistance station in a foreign environment, the heart of cowardice and fear deepened, leading to street children, staff and the difficulties of communication between. Assistance to carry out human obstacles, mutual distrust and lack of effective interaction are making short-term relief can not solve the long-term problem.
At the present stage of Chinese society, because civil society in the overall level of immaturity, and social transition, the problems caused by the complex nature of civil society organizations still can not hold up street children, social support systems beam. Therefore street children social support system or should the state support as the main force in sound and perfect the process of state-sponsored force, the current strength through the assistance station, mobilization, development, activation within the system and resources outside the system, and interaction with other systems, the introduction of a new aid management concept. Perfection in its own led outside the absorption of multi-reference their own advantages and characteristics of the system, to build multiple systems of street children in the social support system.
Street children in the national support system, in the existing law does not complete, the country support the existence of several real difficulties: compulsory or voluntary relief assistance. For the street children that do not have full civil capacity, a special group from the guardian in the case of assistance should be timely, even if mandatory relief is needed. At this point the rescue of street children and adults in sharp relief the contrast. National Street Children organizations working in the professional standard, currently working street children rescue service personnel are basically selected from the original assistance station, that age before the detention and repatriation of staff, the system also affects the lack of professional training the work of the national support system effects.
Street children in the support system of social groups, social groups, the main force is to support civil society organizations, civil society organizations in the relief work of street children has made many contributions, accumulated many successful experiences. Street children, civil society organizations in building social support systems have to share the government's work to aid the protection advantages of a more professional and more efficient. Civil society organizations, NGO and NPO's development and social development played a crucial role in mobilizing social resources can greatly to mobilize the general public, citizen initiative, the state, society, opportunity for citizens to be linked together so that the community is showing a good operating condition. Support of the state system of social organization in the course of play communication, mobilization, coordination, supervision and the role of civil society organizations also avoid immature and dysfunctional. Civil society organizations working in the rescue of street children can provide more personalized assistance, street children can be effectively supported at the psychological level. Groups of social support in the plight, the Administration, and private organizations also have the same functional organization, and civil institutions in a competitive situation parallel, making the already mature civil service further squeezed the living space. Together with the management and operation of civil society organizations and also the formation of fully modern, not fully into the operation of social organizations are ideas and management methods, which are weakening the social groups to support the effectiveness of street children.
In the street children's individual social support systems, families in the dominant position. In the population movements caused by the disintegration of family support, children left with the flow emerged groups of children. Both situations make this into a potential street children children. Background in the social transformation movement of factors of population lives on the street children are mainly three types of trajectories of the situation, namely: children left -> street children; migrant children -> street children; Unattended Children -> Migrant Children -> street children. Street children, poor social support system is also an important factor in the collapse, the factors are often intertwined with many factors that cause individuals to support street children in the fracture system. School life, especially school students and senior students of growth and development of children played a crucial influence. The impact of school street children divided into two types: one is to study pressure is too great, resulting in children leaving home. Another situation is the impact of other students, many children in the family and schools are not recognized and encouraged, often feel frustrated, but in peer groups can get an identity, and because of this identity and make some anomie behavior.
In the turn of the century, Chinese society is in transitional process, moving from traditional society to modern society, from agricultural society to industrial society, from the closed society to change the direction of an open society. Three years of reform and opening up has brought the economy to take off, however the rapid economic development while, but brought the imbalance of regional development, rich and poor differentiation of escalating Houguo, all of these issues in the Fa Sheng Shi De street children and Evolution has become extremely complex.
This study is based on the social background of the issues of street children, trying to date in the academic research on the basis of the results, to street children's social support system as the starting point, from three levels of street children in the community support the interaction between the systems and build process. By the author of City assistance station field C field survey to collect first-hand experiences of material, from 2009 C City rescue assistance station placed 527 homeless children, randomly selected sample of 100 of its population distribution, directly to analyze the reasons for wandering. And 51 selected from a typical case, based on interviews conducted telephone interviews of its outline, as contact information and more for children's guardians and local police officers, so the guardians and the local police conducted a telephone interview system, and with Indulge The street children are receiving assistance and staff were interviewed to obtain sufficient information to enable street children build social support systems analysis process. First of all, the author from C City assistance station to rescue street children the actual process of starting to analyze the existing support system of discourse. Assistance station in the face of street children, the first problem to be solved is how to smoothly and effectively into the children's acceptance of relief assistance station. Because street children are often at the growth stage of physiological and psychological development, their ability to find the assistance station to be much worse than adults, so the assistance station within the system through the mining of resources outside the system and activate the power, explore a set of rescue network, the operation of the network of its own order to reach the street children into the station to receive assistance Tongshun Li purpose. C Municipal People's Government for assistance station to aid management of the relevant departments held coordination meetings in order to clear correlation between the responsibilities of various departments;, and with the city's 318 community communication and coordination, the establishment of inquiry points in the community, the role of community organizations in the community self-governance functions. In the street children Tongshun Li into stations, assistance station launched a series of stations for its relief work, the first children for the recipients of basic material security, such as food, clothing, shelter and other basic needs; and then through non-profit organizations and other social bodies, as recipients of psychological services for children and deviant behavior modification; with the city health department coordinate the establishment of designated hospitals for the sick and mentally ill children the history of medical assistance recipients; through the improvement of their own bodies for street hardware and software conditions sports and recreation activities for children. At the same time, parents of children with active links and local recipients of the relevant government departments to do recipients of linking children's smooth return home.
To carry out relief work in the face of many problems, the first recipients of long-term stagnation station personnel issues. Assistance station identity in the face of some confusion and abandoned street children when their parents had to take a long-term retention of children the way stations. In this regard against the "temporary social assistance" principle, on the other hand to have been in the capital, manpower shortage of the assistance station had to assign staff to be responsible for daily long-term stagnation point relief work for children and reduce the efficiency of aid. However, child recipients of long-term stagnation point behind the question is actually incomplete long-term placement agencies or the lack of development of placement agencies, how to break the street children "was relief - and then wandering" vicious circle key chain, is open up the relief agencies and long-term interface between the channel placement agency. Should be used as relief assistance station network strength of the subject, and give full play as organization, mobilization, and supervision of the mediator role, and guide all institutions, social organizations and secondary technical schools for street children such as the development of long-term relief, so that it can return to mainstream society. Followed by the number of street children in the group, highlighting the phenomenon of professional begging. Begging is no longer troubled forced to act, but becomes a kind of means of livelihood or the means to make money. Assistance station according to "entrance voluntary, exit free" principle, can not impose restrictions on the freedom of street children, because there is no mandatory relief is facing the predicament of legal protection. Again is due to street children themselves are at the physiological and psychological growth process. Leaving the familiar environment, suddenly entered the assistance station in a foreign environment, the heart of cowardice and fear deepened, leading to street children, staff and the difficulties of communication between. Assistance to carry out human obstacles, mutual distrust and lack of effective interaction are making short-term relief can not solve the long-term problem.
At the present stage of Chinese society, because civil society in the overall level of immaturity, and social transition, the problems caused by the complex nature of civil society organizations still can not hold up street children, social support systems beam. Therefore street children social support system or should the state support as the main force in sound and perfect the process of state-sponsored force, the current strength through the assistance station, mobilization, development, activation within the system and resources outside the system, and interaction with other systems, the introduction of a new aid management concept. Perfection in its own led outside the absorption of multi-reference their own advantages and characteristics of the system, to build multiple systems of street children in the social support system.
Street children in the national support system, in the existing law does not complete, the country support the existence of several real difficulties: compulsory or voluntary relief assistance. For the street children that do not have full civil capacity, a special group from the guardian in the case of assistance should be timely, even if mandatory relief is needed. At this point the rescue of street children and adults in sharp relief the contrast. National Street Children organizations working in the professional standard, currently working street children rescue service personnel are basically selected from the original assistance station, that age before the detention and repatriation of staff, the system also affects the lack of professional training the work of the national support system effects.
Street children in the support system of social groups, social groups, the main force is to support civil society organizations, civil society organizations in the relief work of street children has made many contributions, accumulated many successful experiences. Street children, civil society organizations in building social support systems have to share the government's work to aid the protection advantages of a more professional and more efficient. Civil society organizations, NGO and NPO's development and social development played a crucial role in mobilizing social resources can greatly to mobilize the general public, citizen initiative, the state, society, opportunity for citizens to be linked together so that the community is showing a good operating condition. Support of the state system of social organization in the course of play communication, mobilization, coordination, supervision and the role of civil society organizations also avoid immature and dysfunctional. Civil society organizations working in the rescue of street children can provide more personalized assistance, street children can be effectively supported at the psychological level. Groups of social support in the plight, the Administration, and private organizations also have the same functional organization, and civil institutions in a competitive situation parallel, making the already mature civil service further squeezed the living space. Together with the management and operation of civil society organizations and also the formation of fully modern, not fully into the operation of social organizations are ideas and management methods, which are weakening the social groups to support the effectiveness of street children.
In the street children's individual social support systems, families in the dominant position. In the population movements caused by the disintegration of family support, children left with the flow emerged groups of children. Both situations make this into a potential street children children. Background in the social transformation movement of factors of population lives on the street children are mainly three types of trajectories of the situation, namely: children left -> street children; migrant children -> street children; Unattended Children -> Migrant Children -> street children. Street children, poor social support system is also an important factor in the collapse, the factors are often intertwined with many factors that cause individuals to support street children in the fracture system. School life, especially school students and senior students of growth and development of children played a crucial influence. The impact of school street children divided into two types: one is to study pressure is too great, resulting in children leaving home. Another situation is the impact of other students, many children in the family and schools are not recognized and encouraged, often feel frustrated, but in peer groups can get an identity, and because of this identity and make some anomie behavior.
引文
5鞠青,中央综治委:《中国流浪儿童研究报告》,北京,人民出版2008六月,第5页
6Roslyn Arlin Mickelson:<>,London and New York ,Routledge 2000,page280
7 UNICEF：《education as a preventive strategy against child labour》http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Child_Labour_Evaluation_Report_27_Feb_2004.pdf
8比约恩·古斯塔夫：《瑞典社会救助制度》，《国外社会科学前沿》第358页
9薛在兴：《社会排斥理论与城市流浪儿童问题研究》，北京，《青年研究》，2005年第10期
10薛在兴：《流浪儿童救助保护中的教育模式研究》，北京，《中国青年政治学院学报》2005年第6期
11张明锁:《依托社区建立健全基层救助管理体系》,郑州,《郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006年9月
12安怀世：《流浪儿童问题的国际背景和干预途径》，《社会福利》2002.10
13《a study on street children in Zimbabwe》UNICEF official website ,http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/ZIM_01‐805.pdf
14《民政部2000年流浪儿童救助教育工作进展》，中国儿童信息中心网:http://www.cinfo.org.cn
15尚晓媛、吴文贤：《对我国流浪儿童教育问题的探讨》，《青少年犯罪问题》2006年第一期
16孙莹：《儿童流浪行为分析及其干预策略》，《中国青年政治学院学报》2005年第六期
17王名、刘培峰：《民间组织通论》，时事出版社，2004版第4页
18肖东东：《关于完善流浪儿童救助体系的研究》，暨南大学硕士论文，2009.5
19严海波：《关注中国流浪儿童‐‐‐徐州流浪儿的调查》，《青年研究》，2005.2
20张明锁，《流浪少年儿童的救助与回归》，《青年研究》，2003。3
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[2]中央综治委青少年违法犯罪工作领导小组办公室.鞠青主编.中国流浪儿童研究报告.人民出版社.2008
[3]（美）Paula Allen-Meares. .李建英范志海译.儿童青少年社会工作.华东理工大学出版社.2006
[4]陆士桢魏兆鹏编著.中国儿童政策概论.社会科学文献出版社.2005
[5]陈微.当代中国流浪乞讨救助制度研究.社会科学文献出版社.2007
[6] Roslyn Arlin Mickelson.<>,London and NewYork ,Routledge 2000
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[1]肖冬冬.关于完善流浪儿童社会救助体系的研究.广州：暨南大学.2009
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[1]《民政部2000年流浪儿童救助教育工作进展》，中国儿童信息中心网:http://www.cinfo.org.cn
[2] UNICEF：《education as a preventive strategy against child labour》http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Child_Labour_Evaluation_Report_27_Feb_2004.pdf
[3]《a study on street children in Zimbabwe》UNICEF officialwebsite ,http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/ZIM_01-805.pdf
6Roslyn Arlin Mickelson:<
7 UNICEF：《education as a preventive strategy against child labour》http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Child_Labour_Evaluation_Report_27_Feb_2004.pdf
8比约恩·古斯塔夫：《瑞典社会救助制度》，《国外社会科学前沿》第358页
9薛在兴：《社会排斥理论与城市流浪儿童问题研究》，北京，《青年研究》，2005年第10期
10薛在兴：《流浪儿童救助保护中的教育模式研究》，北京，《中国青年政治学院学报》2005年第6期
11张明锁:《依托社区建立健全基层救助管理体系》,郑州,《郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006年9月
12安怀世：《流浪儿童问题的国际背景和干预途径》，《社会福利》2002.10
13《a study on street children in Zimbabwe》UNICEF official website ,http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/ZIM_01‐805.pdf
14《民政部2000年流浪儿童救助教育工作进展》，中国儿童信息中心网:http://www.cinfo.org.cn
15尚晓媛、吴文贤：《对我国流浪儿童教育问题的探讨》，《青少年犯罪问题》2006年第一期
16孙莹：《儿童流浪行为分析及其干预策略》，《中国青年政治学院学报》2005年第六期
17王名、刘培峰：《民间组织通论》，时事出版社，2004版第4页
18肖东东：《关于完善流浪儿童救助体系的研究》，暨南大学硕士论文，2009.5
19严海波：《关注中国流浪儿童‐‐‐徐州流浪儿的调查》，《青年研究》，2005.2
20张明锁，《流浪少年儿童的救助与回归》，《青年研究》，2003。3
[1]程福财.流浪儿-------基于对上海火车站地区流浪儿童的民族之调查.上海社会科学出版社.2001
[2]中央综治委青少年违法犯罪工作领导小组办公室.鞠青主编.中国流浪儿童研究报告.人民出版社.2008
[3]（美）Paula Allen-Meares. .李建英范志海译.儿童青少年社会工作.华东理工大学出版社.2006
[4]陆士桢魏兆鹏编著.中国儿童政策概论.社会科学文献出版社.2005
[5]陈微.当代中国流浪乞讨救助制度研究.社会科学文献出版社.2007
[6] Roslyn Arlin Mickelson.<
[1]张明锁.流浪少年儿童的救助与回归.青年研究，2003.3
[2]张明锁.乔宏伟.胡莹.违法流浪儿童的成因与社区矫治策略.学习论坛.2007年11期
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[1]《民政部2000年流浪儿童救助教育工作进展》，中国儿童信息中心网:http://www.cinfo.org.cn
[2] UNICEF：《education as a preventive strategy against child labour》http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Child_Labour_Evaluation_Report_27_Feb_2004.pdf
[3]《a study on street children in Zimbabwe》UNICEF officialwebsite ,http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/ZIM_01-805.pdf