基于易用性理论的城市公共厕所设计研究
摘要
随着社会的发展,公共卫生设施越来越成为现代城市设计不可或缺的重要组成部分。备受人们关注的公共厕所问题已经成为城市公共卫生设施设计的焦点。公共厕所是表现城市细节的一种基础设施,它能折射出一座城市的文明水准,以及整个城市的文化品位。本文关注的是在城市迅速发展的大背景之下,城市公共厕所设计如何更易于满足使用者的需要,并通过对公共厕所设计的研究来找到公共厕所易用性的特点。
本文试图探讨的是易用性在公共厕所设计中的应用,并以此作为公共厕所设计的一般方法。全文的侧重点放在了创建满足不同使用人群需求的公共厕所设计上,努力实现在同一个环境中满足不同人群需要的公共厕所设计。所有这些研究工作包含了一系列学术和专业领域文献的回顾,以及对使用人群的调查调研,并提出了一些相关问题。本文的前半部分主要对易用性设计的相关理论进行了介绍,把易用性原理、易用性的相对性以及易用性的设计方法和测试引入到公共厕所设计中来。并对城市公共厕所的产生发展和分类进行了研究,回顾了公共厕所的发展历程和现状,分析了公共厕所的属性和设计理念。后半部分主要分析了公共厕所存在的易用性问题,在易用性设计理论指导下对其进行设计研究,并总结出易用性在公共厕所设计中的作用。
本文把易用性设计理念引入到公共卫生设施设计中来,以公共厕所为设计载体,分析了不同人群在同一个活动环境中对设施功能要求的差异性。在易用性设计原则的指导下进行设计,总结出公共卫生设施易用性设计的一般原则和方法,实现一种满足最大需求限度的设计。
With the development of society, public health infrastructure is becoming an integral part of modern urban design increasingly. The question of public toilet which is concerned by the people already becomes the focal point of city public health facility design. Public toilets are details of the city infrastructure. It refracts the city’s civilized standard by a city detail,as well as the city's cultural quality. Under the background of city rapid development,the city public toilet design is how easier to meet user's needs. This article is for the purpose of finding the public toilet usability characteristic through the public toilet design research.
This article attempts to discuss is the usability in the public toilet design application, and to take this as general principles of public toilet design. The key point of this article lies in the foundation of the public toilet design which can to meet the different user's needs. In the same environment as far as possible to meet the needs of different population. All of these studies included a series of academic and professional fields Literature Review. As well as interviews and research of use crowd, and proposed a number of related issues. The first part of this paper mainly introduces the usability design theory, and research on the city public toilet development and classification. Latter part of the article mainly finds the usability existence questions of public toilet, conducts the design research take the usability as the principle of design to it. Conducts the design research under the usability design theory instruction. And summarizes the function of usability in the public toilet design.
This article introduces the usability design idea in the public health facility design, takes the public toilet design as a vector. I analyze the activities of different groups of people in the same environment and find the differences in the crowd functional requirements of the facilities. Carries on the design in under the usability principle instruction, summarizes the public health facility usability design principle of equality and the method, and realizes one kind to satisfy the biggest demand limit the design.
本文试图探讨的是易用性在公共厕所设计中的应用,并以此作为公共厕所设计的一般方法。全文的侧重点放在了创建满足不同使用人群需求的公共厕所设计上,努力实现在同一个环境中满足不同人群需要的公共厕所设计。所有这些研究工作包含了一系列学术和专业领域文献的回顾,以及对使用人群的调查调研,并提出了一些相关问题。本文的前半部分主要对易用性设计的相关理论进行了介绍,把易用性原理、易用性的相对性以及易用性的设计方法和测试引入到公共厕所设计中来。并对城市公共厕所的产生发展和分类进行了研究,回顾了公共厕所的发展历程和现状,分析了公共厕所的属性和设计理念。后半部分主要分析了公共厕所存在的易用性问题,在易用性设计理论指导下对其进行设计研究,并总结出易用性在公共厕所设计中的作用。
本文把易用性设计理念引入到公共卫生设施设计中来,以公共厕所为设计载体,分析了不同人群在同一个活动环境中对设施功能要求的差异性。在易用性设计原则的指导下进行设计,总结出公共卫生设施易用性设计的一般原则和方法,实现一种满足最大需求限度的设计。
With the development of society, public health infrastructure is becoming an integral part of modern urban design increasingly. The question of public toilet which is concerned by the people already becomes the focal point of city public health facility design. Public toilets are details of the city infrastructure. It refracts the city’s civilized standard by a city detail,as well as the city's cultural quality. Under the background of city rapid development,the city public toilet design is how easier to meet user's needs. This article is for the purpose of finding the public toilet usability characteristic through the public toilet design research.
This article attempts to discuss is the usability in the public toilet design application, and to take this as general principles of public toilet design. The key point of this article lies in the foundation of the public toilet design which can to meet the different user's needs. In the same environment as far as possible to meet the needs of different population. All of these studies included a series of academic and professional fields Literature Review. As well as interviews and research of use crowd, and proposed a number of related issues. The first part of this paper mainly introduces the usability design theory, and research on the city public toilet development and classification. Latter part of the article mainly finds the usability existence questions of public toilet, conducts the design research take the usability as the principle of design to it. Conducts the design research under the usability design theory instruction. And summarizes the function of usability in the public toilet design.
This article introduces the usability design idea in the public health facility design, takes the public toilet design as a vector. I analyze the activities of different groups of people in the same environment and find the differences in the crowd functional requirements of the facilities. Carries on the design in under the usability principle instruction, summarizes the public health facility usability design principle of equality and the method, and realizes one kind to satisfy the biggest demand limit the design.
引文
[1] [英]彼德.汤普森:《发展中国家的工业设计》,黄艳译,《设计与时代-中国首届国际工业设计研讨会论文集》北京,中国建材工业出版社,1995 年版,第 11 页
[2] 倪玉湛.公共厕所双重属性的演变及其重要性浅析[J].山西建筑,2005,31(1):10-11
[3] 沈模卫,张光强.视网膜与阅读:眼动控制的理想观察者模型[J].华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),2000,18(4): 59-65
[4] 吴翔.产品系统设计.产品设计,20002005,22(1):8-11
[5] 王继成.产品设计中的人机工程学.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
[6] 唐纳 德·A·诺曼. 设计心理学[M] . 北京:中信出版社,2003
[7] Bailey RW. Human performance engineering: a guide for system designers [M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
[8] 李洪杰,肖人彬.基于约束网络的机械产品设计方法原理[J] .机械工程学报,2004 (1) :121 - 126.
[9] 乌兰木其,邓家提. 并行工程环境下基于约束的产品设计理论及应用系统[J] .计算机集成制造系统 CIMS,1997,(5).
[10] 魏长增,张品.工业设计与产品语义学[J].包装工程,2003 ,24(2) :81-84.
[11] Bailey RW. Human performance engineering: a guide for system designers [M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
[12] Rubin J. Handbook of usability testing: How to plan, de-sign, and conduct effective tests [M]. New York: John Viley&Sons, 1994.
[13] Lei Brock,Cynthia.,Terry,James Evan.,Beautiful universal design:a visual guide. New York,John Wiley,c1999
[14] 高桥聪.设计扎根生活. 产品设计,2005,23:58-67
[15] 王继成.产品设计中的人机工程学.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
[16] 江崇元,楚梦兰.卫厕文化与设计.室内设计与装修,2002 年第 6 期
[17] 黎志涛.公共厕所与文化一城市公共厕所再议.新建筑,1997 年第 3 期
[18] BE Electronics,Inc.,The universal active filter:design engineer’s handbook,Littlerock,BEI Electronics,1976
[19] 金磊.试论公厕的现代化设计方法及趋势.设计师,2002,4(16):40-45
[20] 张仙桥.公厕问题与公厕革命.社会学研究,1996(5):120-124
[21] 宋森根.生态公厕调查.浙江卫生医学,1997,9(5):20
[22] 王晓红.设计多功能现代化公厕的体会.北京建筑工程学院学报,1995,11(3):37-42
[23] 张同.产品系统设计.上海:上海人民美术出版社,2004
[24] 朱嘉明.中国:需要厕所革命.上海:生活·读书·新知三联书店上海分店,1988
[25] 杨裕富.创意活力:产品设计方法论.吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,2004
[26] 李信,潘猛.环境设计中的产品设计.南京:东南大学出版社,2004
[27] 林季雄.人体计测与产品设计:理论、研究方法、个案研究.台北:太豪出版社,1983
[28] Wimbled,U.,肖钧.生态卫生厕所.瑞典: 瑞典国际开发局(英文版),中国预防医学科学院环 境卫生与卫生工程研究所(中文版),1999
[29] 陈维信.环境设施设计方案.南京:江苏美术出版社,1998
[30] 李子韦,柴晓利 .公厕设计通论,同济大学出版社,2005
[31] 金磊.现代城市公共厕所设计问题探讨.环境保护,1996(10),30-32
[32] 金磊.公共厕所设计是现代城市设计不可缺少的乐章.建筑设计,1997 年第 11 期
[33] 美国加州大学伯克利分校.公共设施交通规划与环境保护.北京:中央广播电视大学出版社 1998
[34] 边守仁.产品创新设计:工业设计专案的解构与重建,北京:北京理工大学出版社,2002
[35] 何晓佑.产品设计程序与方法,产品设计(1),北京,中国轻工业出版社,2000
[36] 荆其敏.建筑环境观赏[M].第一版.天津:天津大学出版社,1993
[37] 胡飞,杨瑞.设计符号与产品语意:理论、方法及应用.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[38] 习玉梅.为老年人、残疾人考虑的卫浴设计.住宅科技,2002 年第 9 期
[39] 世界公共厕所组织,上海市市容环境卫生管理局,世界公共厕所论坛论文集,2005
[40] 林旭光.城市公共厕所发展趋势的探讨.环境卫生工程,1995(4):39-40
[41] 冯肃伟,章益国,张东苏.厕所文化漫论.上海:同济大学出版社,2005. 105 页
[42] 世界公厕组织,上海市市容环境卫生管理局,世界公厕论坛论文集,2005
[43] Lid well,William.,Holden,Kristina.,Butler,Jill,Universal principles of design, Gloucester,Mass.,Rockport,c2003
[44] Stanton NA, Young M. Is the utility in the mind of the beholder? A study of ergonomics methods [J]. Applied Ergonomics, 1998, 29(1): 41-54.
[45] Goldsmith,Selwyn.,PRP Architects(Firm) ,Universal design:a manual of practical architects,Oxford; Boston,Architectural Press,2000
[46] Bodkin,Irma I.aufer.,Peterson,Mary Jo.,Universal interiors by: design gracious spaces, New York. McGraw-Hill,c1999
[47] 江崇元,楚梦兰.卫厕文化与设计.室内没计与装修,2002 年第 6 期.16 页
[48] 世界公共厕所组织,上海市市容环境卫生管理局.世界公共厕所论坛论文集,2005
[49] 克莱拉·葛利德,屈鸣,王文革.全方位城市设计一公共厕所.北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[50] 坂本菜子,赵丽.世界公共厕所集锦.北京:科学出版社,2002
[2] 倪玉湛.公共厕所双重属性的演变及其重要性浅析[J].山西建筑,2005,31(1):10-11
[3] 沈模卫,张光强.视网膜与阅读:眼动控制的理想观察者模型[J].华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),2000,18(4): 59-65
[4] 吴翔.产品系统设计.产品设计,20002005,22(1):8-11
[5] 王继成.产品设计中的人机工程学.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
[6] 唐纳 德·A·诺曼. 设计心理学[M] . 北京:中信出版社,2003
[7] Bailey RW. Human performance engineering: a guide for system designers [M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
[8] 李洪杰,肖人彬.基于约束网络的机械产品设计方法原理[J] .机械工程学报,2004 (1) :121 - 126.
[9] 乌兰木其,邓家提. 并行工程环境下基于约束的产品设计理论及应用系统[J] .计算机集成制造系统 CIMS,1997,(5).
[10] 魏长增,张品.工业设计与产品语义学[J].包装工程,2003 ,24(2) :81-84.
[11] Bailey RW. Human performance engineering: a guide for system designers [M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
[12] Rubin J. Handbook of usability testing: How to plan, de-sign, and conduct effective tests [M]. New York: John Viley&Sons, 1994.
[13] Lei Brock,Cynthia.,Terry,James Evan.,Beautiful universal design:a visual guide. New York,John Wiley,c1999
[14] 高桥聪.设计扎根生活. 产品设计,2005,23:58-67
[15] 王继成.产品设计中的人机工程学.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
[16] 江崇元,楚梦兰.卫厕文化与设计.室内设计与装修,2002 年第 6 期
[17] 黎志涛.公共厕所与文化一城市公共厕所再议.新建筑,1997 年第 3 期
[18] BE Electronics,Inc.,The universal active filter:design engineer’s handbook,Littlerock,BEI Electronics,1976
[19] 金磊.试论公厕的现代化设计方法及趋势.设计师,2002,4(16):40-45
[20] 张仙桥.公厕问题与公厕革命.社会学研究,1996(5):120-124
[21] 宋森根.生态公厕调查.浙江卫生医学,1997,9(5):20
[22] 王晓红.设计多功能现代化公厕的体会.北京建筑工程学院学报,1995,11(3):37-42
[23] 张同.产品系统设计.上海:上海人民美术出版社,2004
[24] 朱嘉明.中国:需要厕所革命.上海:生活·读书·新知三联书店上海分店,1988
[25] 杨裕富.创意活力:产品设计方法论.吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,2004
[26] 李信,潘猛.环境设计中的产品设计.南京:东南大学出版社,2004
[27] 林季雄.人体计测与产品设计:理论、研究方法、个案研究.台北:太豪出版社,1983
[28] Wimbled,U.,肖钧.生态卫生厕所.瑞典: 瑞典国际开发局(英文版),中国预防医学科学院环 境卫生与卫生工程研究所(中文版),1999
[29] 陈维信.环境设施设计方案.南京:江苏美术出版社,1998
[30] 李子韦,柴晓利 .公厕设计通论,同济大学出版社,2005
[31] 金磊.现代城市公共厕所设计问题探讨.环境保护,1996(10),30-32
[32] 金磊.公共厕所设计是现代城市设计不可缺少的乐章.建筑设计,1997 年第 11 期
[33] 美国加州大学伯克利分校.公共设施交通规划与环境保护.北京:中央广播电视大学出版社 1998
[34] 边守仁.产品创新设计:工业设计专案的解构与重建,北京:北京理工大学出版社,2002
[35] 何晓佑.产品设计程序与方法,产品设计(1),北京,中国轻工业出版社,2000
[36] 荆其敏.建筑环境观赏[M].第一版.天津:天津大学出版社,1993
[37] 胡飞,杨瑞.设计符号与产品语意:理论、方法及应用.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[38] 习玉梅.为老年人、残疾人考虑的卫浴设计.住宅科技,2002 年第 9 期
[39] 世界公共厕所组织,上海市市容环境卫生管理局,世界公共厕所论坛论文集,2005
[40] 林旭光.城市公共厕所发展趋势的探讨.环境卫生工程,1995(4):39-40
[41] 冯肃伟,章益国,张东苏.厕所文化漫论.上海:同济大学出版社,2005. 105 页
[42] 世界公厕组织,上海市市容环境卫生管理局,世界公厕论坛论文集,2005
[43] Lid well,William.,Holden,Kristina.,Butler,Jill,Universal principles of design, Gloucester,Mass.,Rockport,c2003
[44] Stanton NA, Young M. Is the utility in the mind of the beholder? A study of ergonomics methods [J]. Applied Ergonomics, 1998, 29(1): 41-54.
[45] Goldsmith,Selwyn.,PRP Architects(Firm) ,Universal design:a manual of practical architects,Oxford; Boston,Architectural Press,2000
[46] Bodkin,Irma I.aufer.,Peterson,Mary Jo.,Universal interiors by: design gracious spaces, New York. McGraw-Hill,c1999
[47] 江崇元,楚梦兰.卫厕文化与设计.室内没计与装修,2002 年第 6 期.16 页
[48] 世界公共厕所组织,上海市市容环境卫生管理局.世界公共厕所论坛论文集,2005
[49] 克莱拉·葛利德,屈鸣,王文革.全方位城市设计一公共厕所.北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[50] 坂本菜子,赵丽.世界公共厕所集锦.北京:科学出版社,2002