基于多普勒信息的单星无源定位新技术研究
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摘要
在现代电子战环境中,空间电子侦察平台可以不受空域、时间、天气等限制,在全球范围内对重要雷达及通信辐射源实施侦察定位,已成为最有效也是最具威胁的侦察手段。随着微小卫星的发展及电子情报侦察的紧迫需要,系统实现简单、载荷小,但定位精度高且能用于单星平台的星载无源定位技术,可以经济而高效地满足未来空间电子侦察的需要,因而成为了各国争相发展的重点。
本文主要研究了单个卫星通过被动接收地面静止辐射源信号,由信号频域和时域的多普勒效应实现对辐射源无源定位的技术。其中,第一章讨论了研究的背景和该领域目前的研究现状;第二章介绍了基于信号多普勒信息的单星无源定位的基本原理和基本方法,为后文的分析建立了统一的数学模型和有效的定位解算方法。第三章研究了多普勒效应对信号频域参数的影响,具体研究了基于WGS-84地球模型的仅测频和测频率变化率两种定位方法及其定位性能。第四章研究了多普勒效应对于信号时域参数的影响,提出了基于WGS-84地球模型的单星仅测脉冲到达时间(TOA)的定位方法。并在这两章中分别推导了三种方法理论上的定位误差克劳美罗下限(CRLB),通过仿真分析,得到了三种方法的定位精度几何稀释(GDOP)分布,并通过分析特定点上的定位误差椭圆(EEP)及影响定位性能的相关因素,分析比较了三种定位方法的特点和适用领域。第五章通过STK和MATLAB软件仿真实现了定位的过程,并通过实验方法研究了影响定位的各种因素。
通过本文的研究,为电子侦察卫星提供了一种新的基于单星平台,且简单高效的定位体制。为未来基于多普勒信息的单星无源定位的工程应用提供了理论分析依据,奠定了理论基础。
In modern electronic warfare, the electronic intelligence systems on satellites which could scout the significant radar and communication targets all over the world without the restrict of airspace , time , and even the weather has become the most efficacious and threatening reconnaissance means. Along with the development of very small satellites and the big demand of electronic intelligence, the techniques of single satellite passive localization which have simple systems, light load demand and good performance may meet the demands of electronic intelligence in future cheaply and efficiently. So the new techniques have become the focus and major project of all the countries.
This thesis researches the single satellite passive localization based on the relationship between the Doppler Effect in the signal’s frequency or time domain and the position of target emitter. The first chapter talks about the background and the present status of this research. The second chapter introduces the basic theories and the method of single satellite passive localization based on Doppler information. The math model and a efficient resolve arithmetic which are unitized and useful for the analysis in this thesis is proposed. The third chapter and the fourth chapter proposes three methods which are the frequency-only method, the change rate of frequency method and the Time of Arrive (TOA)-only method against the signals Doppler effect in frequency-domain or time-domain. The Cramer-Rao Low Bound (CRLB) of the location error is derived. Computer simulation gives the Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP) of an area on the earth. The comparison analysis of the characteristics and applications of the three methods is given by the analysis of the Elliptical Error Probable (EEP) of a specific point and the factors which effect the localization accuracy. The fifth chapter achieves the experiments of localization using the Satellites Kit Tools (STK) and MATLAB, and analyzes the facts which cause the location errors with the experimental findings.
The researches of this thesis propose a new passive localization system based on single satellite which is simple and efficient, and gives the application of electronic reconnaissance satellites a new theoretical analysis method.
本文主要研究了单个卫星通过被动接收地面静止辐射源信号,由信号频域和时域的多普勒效应实现对辐射源无源定位的技术。其中,第一章讨论了研究的背景和该领域目前的研究现状;第二章介绍了基于信号多普勒信息的单星无源定位的基本原理和基本方法,为后文的分析建立了统一的数学模型和有效的定位解算方法。第三章研究了多普勒效应对信号频域参数的影响,具体研究了基于WGS-84地球模型的仅测频和测频率变化率两种定位方法及其定位性能。第四章研究了多普勒效应对于信号时域参数的影响,提出了基于WGS-84地球模型的单星仅测脉冲到达时间(TOA)的定位方法。并在这两章中分别推导了三种方法理论上的定位误差克劳美罗下限(CRLB),通过仿真分析,得到了三种方法的定位精度几何稀释(GDOP)分布,并通过分析特定点上的定位误差椭圆(EEP)及影响定位性能的相关因素,分析比较了三种定位方法的特点和适用领域。第五章通过STK和MATLAB软件仿真实现了定位的过程,并通过实验方法研究了影响定位的各种因素。
通过本文的研究,为电子侦察卫星提供了一种新的基于单星平台,且简单高效的定位体制。为未来基于多普勒信息的单星无源定位的工程应用提供了理论分析依据,奠定了理论基础。
In modern electronic warfare, the electronic intelligence systems on satellites which could scout the significant radar and communication targets all over the world without the restrict of airspace , time , and even the weather has become the most efficacious and threatening reconnaissance means. Along with the development of very small satellites and the big demand of electronic intelligence, the techniques of single satellite passive localization which have simple systems, light load demand and good performance may meet the demands of electronic intelligence in future cheaply and efficiently. So the new techniques have become the focus and major project of all the countries.
This thesis researches the single satellite passive localization based on the relationship between the Doppler Effect in the signal’s frequency or time domain and the position of target emitter. The first chapter talks about the background and the present status of this research. The second chapter introduces the basic theories and the method of single satellite passive localization based on Doppler information. The math model and a efficient resolve arithmetic which are unitized and useful for the analysis in this thesis is proposed. The third chapter and the fourth chapter proposes three methods which are the frequency-only method, the change rate of frequency method and the Time of Arrive (TOA)-only method against the signals Doppler effect in frequency-domain or time-domain. The Cramer-Rao Low Bound (CRLB) of the location error is derived. Computer simulation gives the Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP) of an area on the earth. The comparison analysis of the characteristics and applications of the three methods is given by the analysis of the Elliptical Error Probable (EEP) of a specific point and the factors which effect the localization accuracy. The fifth chapter achieves the experiments of localization using the Satellites Kit Tools (STK) and MATLAB, and analyzes the facts which cause the location errors with the experimental findings.
The researches of this thesis propose a new passive localization system based on single satellite which is simple and efficient, and gives the application of electronic reconnaissance satellites a new theoretical analysis method.
引文
[1]孙仲康,周一宇,何黎星.单多基地有源无源定位技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1996年5月
[2]郭福成,樊昀.空间信息对抗中的单星对卫星无源定位跟踪方法[J].宇航学报,2005.3,26(2):196-200
[3]郭福成,樊昀,周一宇,李强.空间电子侦察定位原理与技术[M].待出版
[4]焦逊,陈永光.电子侦察卫星对抗技术研究[J].电子对抗技术,2004.1,19:34-37
[5]黄振,陆建华.天基无源定位与现代小卫星技术[J].装备指挥技术学院学报,2003.6,14(3):24-29
[6]郭福成.基于运动学原理的单站无源定位与跟踪关键技术研究[D].工学博士学位论文,长沙:国防科学技术大学研究生院,2002
[7]冯道旺.利用径向加速度信息的单站无源定位技术研究[D] .工学博士学位论文.长沙:国防科学技术大学研究生院,2003.
[8]孙仲康,郭福成,冯道旺等著,单站无源定位跟踪技术[M],北京:国防工业出版社,2008.11
[9] R. J. Webster. An Exact Trajectory Solution from Doppler Shift Measurement [J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic System, Vol. 18, No. 2, March 1982:249-252
[10] Y. T. Chen, J. J. Towers. Sequential Localization of a Radiating Source by Doppler-Shifted Frequency Measurement [J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic System, Vol. 28, No. 4, Oct. 1992:1084-1089
[11] B. H. Lee, Y. T. Chen, F. Chan, Huai-Jing Du, Fred A. Dilkes. Doppler Frequency Geolocation of Uncooperative Radars [J]. IEEE Military Communications Conference, Oct. 2007
[12] Editorial Staff. Advanced Digital Receiver Offers Precision Location, Identification [J]. SIGNAL, July 1998: 41-44
[13]机载电子战-未来是数字化和一体化的.电子战技术文选, 1995.5,1-4,译自IDR 1995(6):45-50
[14] H. Gershanoff. Experimental Passive Range and AOA System Shows Promise. Journal of Electronic Defense [J], Dec., 1992: 31-33
[15]孙仲康.基于运动学原理的无源定位技术[J].制导与引信,2001.3,22(1):40-44
[16]郭福成,孙仲康.脉冲序列多普勒频率变化率测量技术[J].雷达无源定位跟踪技术研讨会论文集,2001,3
[17] T. Abatzoglou. Fast Maximum Likelihood Joint Estimation of Frequency and Frequency Rate [J]. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Vol. 22, Nov. 1986: 708-714
[18] P. O’Shea. Fast parameter estimation algorithms for linear FM signals [J]. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., ICASSP, Adelaide, Australia, Apr. 1994: IV-17-20
[19] S. Peleg and B. Friedlander. The discrete polynomial phase transform [J]. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 43, Aug. 1995: 1901-1914
[20] S. Barbarossa, A. Scaglione and G. B. Giannakis. Product High-Order Ambiguity Function for Multicomponent Polynomial-Phase Signal Modeling [J]. IEEE Transactions On Signal Processing, Vol. 46, No. 3, Mar. 1998: 691-708
[21]张治国,罗景青.无源观测下运动辐射源多普勒频差ESPRIT算法[J].中国人民解放军电子工程学院学报,Vol.20,No.1,Mar,2001:7-9
[22]徐义,郭福成,冯道旺.一种单星仅测TOA无源定位方法[J].宇航学报,计划2010年第二期刊登
[23] Zhou Yiyu, Sun Zhongkang. Passive Location and Tracking of 3-D Moving Emitter Using DOA and TOA Measurements[J]. NAECON, 89. 1989: 222-227
[24]张铭,孙仲康.利用不机动单站DOA、TOA测量实现被动定位与跟踪[J].航空学报,Vol.10, No.5, 1989
[25] Scales W C, Swanson R. Air and sea rescue via satellite systems [J]. IEEE Spectrum, 1984.3:48-52
[26]陆安南,孔宪正.单星测频无源定位法[J].通信学报,2004,25(9):160-168
[27]张敏,冯道旺,郭福成.基于多普勒变化率的单星无源定位[J].舰船电子对抗,2009.8,32卷增刊,10-14
[28]边少锋,柴洪洲,金际航.大地坐标系与大地基准[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2005年5月
[29]朱华统.常用大地坐标系及其变换[M].北京:解放军出版社,1990年
[30] Steven M. Kay. Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory [M].New Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR,1993
[31] Steven M. Kay著,罗鹏飞等译.统计信号处理基础-估计与检测理论[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006年7月
[32] Richard A.Poisel著,屈晓旭等译.电子战目标定位方法[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2008年8月
[33] Poisel R.A., Introduction to Communication Electronic Warfare Systems [M], Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2002
[34]世界地面雷达手册(第二版)[M] .机械电子工业部第十四研究所,1992年10月第二版
[35] DAVID C.RIFE,ROBERT R.BOORSTYN. Single-Tone Parameter Estimation from Discrete-Time Observations [J] ,IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, VOL. IT-20, NO.5,September 1974
[36] P. M. Djuric and S. M. Kay. Parameter estimation of chirp signals [J]. IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Proc., Vol. 38, Dec. 1990: 2118-2126
[37] F. Cohen, S. Kadambe, and G. F. Boudreaux-Bartels. Tracking of unknown nonstationary chirp signals using unsupervised clustering in the Wigner distribution [J]. IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., Vol. 41, Nov. 1993: 3085-3101
[38] S. Peleg and B. Porat. The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for Signals with Constant Amplitude and Polynomial Phase [J]. IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., Mar. 1991: 749-752
[39] B. Ristic and B. Boashash. Comments on“The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for Signals with Constant Amplitude and Polynomial Phase”[J]. IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., Jun. 1998: 1708-1709
[40]李宗华.无机动单站对运动辐射源的无源定位跟踪技术研究[D].国防科技大学博士论文,2003
[41]王兴亮著.数字通信原理与技术(第二版)[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003.10:124-126
[42]吴诗其,吴廷勇,卓永宁.卫星通信导论[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2008.1
[43]杨颖,王琦.STK在计算机仿真中的应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2005.1
[2]郭福成,樊昀.空间信息对抗中的单星对卫星无源定位跟踪方法[J].宇航学报,2005.3,26(2):196-200
[3]郭福成,樊昀,周一宇,李强.空间电子侦察定位原理与技术[M].待出版
[4]焦逊,陈永光.电子侦察卫星对抗技术研究[J].电子对抗技术,2004.1,19:34-37
[5]黄振,陆建华.天基无源定位与现代小卫星技术[J].装备指挥技术学院学报,2003.6,14(3):24-29
[6]郭福成.基于运动学原理的单站无源定位与跟踪关键技术研究[D].工学博士学位论文,长沙:国防科学技术大学研究生院,2002
[7]冯道旺.利用径向加速度信息的单站无源定位技术研究[D] .工学博士学位论文.长沙:国防科学技术大学研究生院,2003.
[8]孙仲康,郭福成,冯道旺等著,单站无源定位跟踪技术[M],北京:国防工业出版社,2008.11
[9] R. J. Webster. An Exact Trajectory Solution from Doppler Shift Measurement [J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic System, Vol. 18, No. 2, March 1982:249-252
[10] Y. T. Chen, J. J. Towers. Sequential Localization of a Radiating Source by Doppler-Shifted Frequency Measurement [J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic System, Vol. 28, No. 4, Oct. 1992:1084-1089
[11] B. H. Lee, Y. T. Chen, F. Chan, Huai-Jing Du, Fred A. Dilkes. Doppler Frequency Geolocation of Uncooperative Radars [J]. IEEE Military Communications Conference, Oct. 2007
[12] Editorial Staff. Advanced Digital Receiver Offers Precision Location, Identification [J]. SIGNAL, July 1998: 41-44
[13]机载电子战-未来是数字化和一体化的.电子战技术文选, 1995.5,1-4,译自IDR 1995(6):45-50
[14] H. Gershanoff. Experimental Passive Range and AOA System Shows Promise. Journal of Electronic Defense [J], Dec., 1992: 31-33
[15]孙仲康.基于运动学原理的无源定位技术[J].制导与引信,2001.3,22(1):40-44
[16]郭福成,孙仲康.脉冲序列多普勒频率变化率测量技术[J].雷达无源定位跟踪技术研讨会论文集,2001,3
[17] T. Abatzoglou. Fast Maximum Likelihood Joint Estimation of Frequency and Frequency Rate [J]. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Vol. 22, Nov. 1986: 708-714
[18] P. O’Shea. Fast parameter estimation algorithms for linear FM signals [J]. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., ICASSP, Adelaide, Australia, Apr. 1994: IV-17-20
[19] S. Peleg and B. Friedlander. The discrete polynomial phase transform [J]. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 43, Aug. 1995: 1901-1914
[20] S. Barbarossa, A. Scaglione and G. B. Giannakis. Product High-Order Ambiguity Function for Multicomponent Polynomial-Phase Signal Modeling [J]. IEEE Transactions On Signal Processing, Vol. 46, No. 3, Mar. 1998: 691-708
[21]张治国,罗景青.无源观测下运动辐射源多普勒频差ESPRIT算法[J].中国人民解放军电子工程学院学报,Vol.20,No.1,Mar,2001:7-9
[22]徐义,郭福成,冯道旺.一种单星仅测TOA无源定位方法[J].宇航学报,计划2010年第二期刊登
[23] Zhou Yiyu, Sun Zhongkang. Passive Location and Tracking of 3-D Moving Emitter Using DOA and TOA Measurements[J]. NAECON, 89. 1989: 222-227
[24]张铭,孙仲康.利用不机动单站DOA、TOA测量实现被动定位与跟踪[J].航空学报,Vol.10, No.5, 1989
[25] Scales W C, Swanson R. Air and sea rescue via satellite systems [J]. IEEE Spectrum, 1984.3:48-52
[26]陆安南,孔宪正.单星测频无源定位法[J].通信学报,2004,25(9):160-168
[27]张敏,冯道旺,郭福成.基于多普勒变化率的单星无源定位[J].舰船电子对抗,2009.8,32卷增刊,10-14
[28]边少锋,柴洪洲,金际航.大地坐标系与大地基准[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2005年5月
[29]朱华统.常用大地坐标系及其变换[M].北京:解放军出版社,1990年
[30] Steven M. Kay. Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory [M].New Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR,1993
[31] Steven M. Kay著,罗鹏飞等译.统计信号处理基础-估计与检测理论[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006年7月
[32] Richard A.Poisel著,屈晓旭等译.电子战目标定位方法[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2008年8月
[33] Poisel R.A., Introduction to Communication Electronic Warfare Systems [M], Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2002
[34]世界地面雷达手册(第二版)[M] .机械电子工业部第十四研究所,1992年10月第二版
[35] DAVID C.RIFE,ROBERT R.BOORSTYN. Single-Tone Parameter Estimation from Discrete-Time Observations [J] ,IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, VOL. IT-20, NO.5,September 1974
[36] P. M. Djuric and S. M. Kay. Parameter estimation of chirp signals [J]. IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Proc., Vol. 38, Dec. 1990: 2118-2126
[37] F. Cohen, S. Kadambe, and G. F. Boudreaux-Bartels. Tracking of unknown nonstationary chirp signals using unsupervised clustering in the Wigner distribution [J]. IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., Vol. 41, Nov. 1993: 3085-3101
[38] S. Peleg and B. Porat. The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for Signals with Constant Amplitude and Polynomial Phase [J]. IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., Mar. 1991: 749-752
[39] B. Ristic and B. Boashash. Comments on“The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for Signals with Constant Amplitude and Polynomial Phase”[J]. IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., Jun. 1998: 1708-1709
[40]李宗华.无机动单站对运动辐射源的无源定位跟踪技术研究[D].国防科技大学博士论文,2003
[41]王兴亮著.数字通信原理与技术(第二版)[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003.10:124-126
[42]吴诗其,吴廷勇,卓永宁.卫星通信导论[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2008.1
[43]杨颖,王琦.STK在计算机仿真中的应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2005.1