中国西部男男性行为人群艾滋病暴露前预防用药的知晓及使用意愿动机模型研究
|
摘要
研究背景
艾滋病流行形势严峻，迫切需要新的安全、有效、可行的生物医学预防措施。艾滋病暴露前预防用药（PrEP）是目前最有前景的HIV生物预防策略，已初步证实其应用于人体的安全性和有效性。我国MSM人群因其规模大，存在大量多性伴和无保护的性行为，是艾滋病新发感染的重要人群和艾滋病传播的桥梁人群，直接影响我国艾滋病的流行程度。因此，MSM人群将是我国PrEP推广的潜在重点人群。了解我国MSM人群对PrEP的知晓和使用意愿及其相关因素，对即将获得进一步临床试验证实的PrEP策略在我国的实施和推广具有重要意义。
研究目的
（1）了解我国西部MSM人群对PrEP的知晓、使用经历和使用意愿，初步评价PrEP在我国西部MSM人群中实施和推广的可行性；
（2）从社会人口学、健康心理学、行为学的角度探索和分析我国MSM人群PrEP使用意愿的相关因素，构建PrEP使用意愿动机模型，探讨PrEP使用意愿形成机制，为制定PrEP的实施和推广策略、促进和保持MSM人群中PrEP的正确和规范使用提出建议。
研究方法
（1）文献研究和理论研究：通过文献研究的方法系统了解目前PrEP国内国际研究现状，制定研究框架，完成研究设计；通过对健康心理学认知理论的比较研究，结合PrEP相关文献研究提出PrEP使用意愿动机模型假说；
（2）调查方法：选择重庆主城区、四川南充、广西南宁和广西柳州四个调查现场，采用滚雪球法、网络招募法，以及通过志愿者的非政府组织招募研究对象，运用定量问卷调查和个人深入访谈相结合的方法收集资料；
（3）资料录入和分析软件：采用epidata3.0软件录入，SAS9.1软件和smartPLS软件分析定量数据；MAXqda2007软件整理和分析定性资料。
（4）资料分析方法：采用统计描述和统计推断的方法分析定量调查数据，并利用基于PLS的结构方程模型方法验证和求解PrEP使用意愿动机模型，定性访谈资料采用类属分析与情境分析相结合的方法进行分析。
主要结论
（1）MSM人群对PrEP的知晓率较低，PrEP的实施和推广，需要MSM人群对PrEP的充分知晓和正确理解；低年龄组、学生和城市户口的MSM对PrEP的知晓相对较高；网络、同志工作组、电视和朋友是MSM人群获取PrEP信息的主要途径。少数MSM已开始使用药物预防艾滋病，但目前尚无证据显示有人真正使用过PrEP。
（2）安全性和有效性是MSM人群接受PrEP的前提，MSM人群对PrEP药物有较高的安全性和有效性要求。如果证明PrEP的安全性和有效性，MSM人群PrEP的使用意愿较高，PrEP在MSM人群中的实施和推广具有初步可行性。
（3）低文化程度、中低收入的MSM人群更愿意使用PrEP，学生、机关企事业单位职员更不愿意使用PrEP；艾滋病知识知晓程度越高越有可能使用PrEP；偶尔或从不在互联网上寻找性伴、曾出现过性病症状、做过HIV免费咨询的MSM人群更愿意使用PrEP；降低需方承担的PrEP费用，开发和选择服用周期更长的PrEP药物，是PrEP使用的促进因素，胶囊制剂是大多数人更接受的药物剂型；疾控中心是MSM人群最愿意获得PrEP药物的机构，网络、电视和MSM人群的志愿者组织是MSM人群认为最容易和最期望的获得PrEP信息的渠道。
（4）心理动机因素是影响PrEP使用意愿的内在的和最直接的因素。理论研究和实证研究的结果显示，以保护动机理论为基础的PrEP使用意愿动机模型能够从心理动机因素方面对PrEP使用意愿进行较好的解释和预测，适用于对PrEP使用意愿的分析。威胁感知、反应效益和自我效能正向作用于PrEP使用意愿，反应代价负向作用于PrEP使用意愿。按对PrEP使用意愿影响的大小排序依次为：反应代价、反应效益、自我效能和威胁感知。
（5）结构方程模型因其可以同时处理潜变量的测量和潜变量之间的结构关系，可同时处理多个因变量，并允许自变量含有测量误差，在PrEP使用意愿动机模型的求解中具有优势，经过模型的拟合和预测检验，Q2大于0，使用意愿Blindfolding共同因子为0.677，Blindfolding冗余为0.148，模型具有一定预测能力，结构方程模型比较适用于求解PrEP使用意愿动机模型。
（6）PrEP使用意愿心理动机因素、其他相关因素以及PrEP使用意愿之间关系分析：不同社会人口学特征的MSM人群，主要由于对PrEP的反应代价不同，以至对PrEP的使用意愿存在差异；艾滋病知识知晓主要通过作用于心理动机因素中的威胁感知，间接作用于PrEP的使用意愿；艾滋病相关行为与PrEP使用意愿通过他们共同的原因变量威胁感知而存在关联；PrEP药物因素和PrEP实施模式因素通过作用于心理动机因素中的三个应对评估变量而影响使用意愿。因此，可以通过对PrEP使用意愿其他相关因素的干预，如艾滋病知识知晓、PrEP药物因素、PrEP实施模式等，降低反应代价，增强反应效益和自我效能，以促进MSM人群对PrEP的使用。同时，可以在PrEP推广过程中，辅以咨询和心理指导，以直接作用于PrEP的心理动机因素，促进PrEP的使用和坚持。
建议和设想
（1）建议采用“政府主导、CDC管理，医院参与，志愿者组织配合，费用分担”的推广模式；
（2）充分利用网络、媒体、MSM志愿者组织等各种渠道，正确宣传和客观报道、传播PrEP知识；
（3）继续加强艾滋病相关知识宣传教育，更加全面的宣传艾滋病知识，更加透明化艾滋病流行信息，减少社会大众对HIV感染者的歧视，引导大众更加客观的看待MSM和HIV感染者；
（4）采取有力措施预防可能引起的性行为去抑制现象；
（5）继续进行PrEP的药物研究，优化服药方案，在PrEP的实施和推广中，建立PrEP监测评价体系，进一步监测评价PrEP的效益，完善PrEP的实施推广模式。
Background：The situation of HIV/AIDS epidemic is serious. Anew safe, effective and feasible biomedical prophylaxis measure is urgentlyneeded. The HIV/AIDS pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is now the mostpromising biomedical prophylaxis for HIV. It has been initially provedthat it is safe and effective for the human being. Because of the big scale,multi sex partners and unprotected sexual behaviors, the MSM is the majorpopulation for new cases of HIV infection as well as the bridge populationfor HIV spreading, who directly impact the extent of HIV spreading inChina. Therefore, MSM will be an important latent population group forPrEP promotion. Knowing the knowledge awareness of PrEP andwillingness to use it among the MSM in China is significantly importantfor the implementation and promotion of PrEP strategy which will soon beproved by clinical trials.
Objectives:
（1）To know the knowledge awareness, using experience and wiliness to use it among the MSM in Western China in order to initiallyevaluate the feasibility of implementation and promotion of PrEP amongthe MSM in Western China.
（2） To explore and analysis factors related to the wilinesssocio-demographically, health psychologically and ethologically in order toestablish the motivation model of willingness to use PrEP and to provideadvices for the establishing of the implementation and promotion strategyand for the correct and standard using of PrEP among MSM.
Methods：
（1）Literature and theoretic study: The literature study method wasused to know the international and domestic status on PrEP study,establish the study frame and complete the study design. The study on thecognitive theory in health psychology combined with the literature on PrEPwas studied to establish the motivation model of willingness to use PrEP.
（2）Investigation methods: Four settings were chosen to do theinvestigation (Chongqing City, Nanchong in Sichuan, Nanning in Guangxiand Liuzhou in Guangxi). Participants were enrolled through thefollowing methods: snow-ball sampling, network enrolling and NGOs.Data were collected through both the method of quantitative questionnairesand in-depth interviews.
（3）Data entering and analysis software: Data were entered into theepidata3.0. SAS9.1and smartPLS were used for quantitative data analysis. MAXqda2007were used to collect and analysis qualitativematerials.
（4）Data analysis: Quantitative data were analyzed through statisticaldescription and inference. The motivation model was formulated on thebasis of the model of PLS equation of structure. Qualitative materialswere analyzed through both the generic analysis and scenario analysis.
Conclusions:
（1）The knowledge awareness on PrEP was relatively low amongMSM. It is needed for the MSM to fully know and exactly understand thePrEP for the PrEP implementation and promotion. The MSM of low-age,students and urban residents had relatively high knowledge awareness onPrEP. The newwork, MSM workshops, TV and friends were main waysfor MSM to get PrEP information. A few MSM have already started touse medicines to prevent HIV/AIDS. However, there is still no evidenceto show that there is someone who has exactly used PrEP.
（2）Safety and effectiveness are the premise for MSM to accept PrEP.The MSM have relatively high command for the safety and effectiveness.If the two properties of PrEP were proved, the MSM would more willing touse it. There is initiative feasibility for the implementation and promotionof PrEP among MSM.
（3）The MSM with low educational degree and low-middle incomewere more likely to use PrEP while students and officials in government/institutes/enterprises were less likely to use it. the higher theknowledge awareness on HIV/AIDS the stronger the willingness to usePrEP. The MSM who occasionally or never found sex partners on the net,ever had STD symptoms and went for free HIV/AIDS consultation weremore likely to use PrEP. Lowering the PrEP costs paid by buyers anddeveloping/selecting medicines with longer oral taking intermittent areprecipitating factors for PrEP taking. Most participants were likely tochoose capsule as the form of the medicine. Participants were mostwilling to get PrEP in CDC. The network, TV and MSM workshops werethe easiest and most expected ways to get PrEP information for the MSM.
（4）The psychological factor is the inner and direct factor impactingthe willingness to use PrEP. The theoretical and empirical study show thatthe motivation model of willingness to use PrEP based on protectivemotivation theory can explain and predict the willingness from the aspectof psychological motivation, which is fit to the analysis of willingness touse PrEP. The threat perception, response efficacy and self-efficacypositively influence the willingness while response costs negativelyinfluences it.
（5）The structural equation model can deal with the structuralrelationship between the measure of latent variables and latent variablesand deal with more than one dependent variables allowing measure error ofindependent variables, which has advantages in formula of motivation model of using PrEP. The results of least squares fitting and predictivetest are as the following: Q2>0, Blindfolding communality ofwillingness=0.667, Blindfolding redundancy=0.148. The model has certainpredictive function and relatively suitable for the formula of the motivationmodel of willingness to use PrEP.
（6）Analysis on the relationship among the willingness relatedfactors, psychological motivation factors and the willingness: MSM withdifferent socio-demographical characteristics have different response costsfor PrEP, so there are differences among their willingness. Theknowledge awareness on HIV/AIDS mainly impacts on the threatperception in the psychological motivation factors and thus indirectlyimpacts on the willingness. The HIV/AIDS related behaviors andwillingness to use PrEP are reacted through their common reason variable(threat perception). The medicine factor and implementation model factorimpact the willingness through acting on the three coping appraisalvariables in psychological motivation factors. Therefore, interventionscould be carried out on the other relevant factors of willingness, such asknowledge awareness, medicine factors, implementation model et al, tolower the response costs and strengthen the response efficacy andself-efficacy and thus promote the using of PrEP among MSM.Meanwhile, during the promotion process of PrEP, consultation andpsychological could be used to directly impact the psychological motivation factors and thus promote the using and continuity of PrEP.
Suggestions and assumptions:
（1）The promotion model of “government leading, CDC managing,hospitals joining, volunteers organizing and coordinating, cost sharing” issuggested.
（2）Various publicizing ways, such as the network, media, MSMNGOs and so on, should be used for exact and objective report of thePrEP trial and dissemination of PrEP relevant knowledge.
（3）The health education on HIV/AIDS prevention should beenhanced, the publicizing of HIV/AIDS knowledge should be moreextensive and the epidemic of HIV/AIDS information should be moretransparent to reduce the discrimination of common people for HIVinfection and to guide common people to treat MSM and HIV infectedpeople more objectively.
（4） Strong measures should be carried out to prevent thephenomenon of sexual behavior disinhibition.
（5）The study on PrEP should be continued to optimize themedication scheme. During the implementation and promotion of PrEP, themonitoring and evaluating system of PrEP should be set up to furthermonitoring and evaluation of the efficiency of PrEP and further perfect theimplementation and promotion model of PrEP..
艾滋病流行形势严峻，迫切需要新的安全、有效、可行的生物医学预防措施。艾滋病暴露前预防用药（PrEP）是目前最有前景的HIV生物预防策略，已初步证实其应用于人体的安全性和有效性。我国MSM人群因其规模大，存在大量多性伴和无保护的性行为，是艾滋病新发感染的重要人群和艾滋病传播的桥梁人群，直接影响我国艾滋病的流行程度。因此，MSM人群将是我国PrEP推广的潜在重点人群。了解我国MSM人群对PrEP的知晓和使用意愿及其相关因素，对即将获得进一步临床试验证实的PrEP策略在我国的实施和推广具有重要意义。
研究目的
（1）了解我国西部MSM人群对PrEP的知晓、使用经历和使用意愿，初步评价PrEP在我国西部MSM人群中实施和推广的可行性；
（2）从社会人口学、健康心理学、行为学的角度探索和分析我国MSM人群PrEP使用意愿的相关因素，构建PrEP使用意愿动机模型，探讨PrEP使用意愿形成机制，为制定PrEP的实施和推广策略、促进和保持MSM人群中PrEP的正确和规范使用提出建议。
研究方法
（1）文献研究和理论研究：通过文献研究的方法系统了解目前PrEP国内国际研究现状，制定研究框架，完成研究设计；通过对健康心理学认知理论的比较研究，结合PrEP相关文献研究提出PrEP使用意愿动机模型假说；
（2）调查方法：选择重庆主城区、四川南充、广西南宁和广西柳州四个调查现场，采用滚雪球法、网络招募法，以及通过志愿者的非政府组织招募研究对象，运用定量问卷调查和个人深入访谈相结合的方法收集资料；
（3）资料录入和分析软件：采用epidata3.0软件录入，SAS9.1软件和smartPLS软件分析定量数据；MAXqda2007软件整理和分析定性资料。
（4）资料分析方法：采用统计描述和统计推断的方法分析定量调查数据，并利用基于PLS的结构方程模型方法验证和求解PrEP使用意愿动机模型，定性访谈资料采用类属分析与情境分析相结合的方法进行分析。
主要结论
（1）MSM人群对PrEP的知晓率较低，PrEP的实施和推广，需要MSM人群对PrEP的充分知晓和正确理解；低年龄组、学生和城市户口的MSM对PrEP的知晓相对较高；网络、同志工作组、电视和朋友是MSM人群获取PrEP信息的主要途径。少数MSM已开始使用药物预防艾滋病，但目前尚无证据显示有人真正使用过PrEP。
（2）安全性和有效性是MSM人群接受PrEP的前提，MSM人群对PrEP药物有较高的安全性和有效性要求。如果证明PrEP的安全性和有效性，MSM人群PrEP的使用意愿较高，PrEP在MSM人群中的实施和推广具有初步可行性。
（3）低文化程度、中低收入的MSM人群更愿意使用PrEP，学生、机关企事业单位职员更不愿意使用PrEP；艾滋病知识知晓程度越高越有可能使用PrEP；偶尔或从不在互联网上寻找性伴、曾出现过性病症状、做过HIV免费咨询的MSM人群更愿意使用PrEP；降低需方承担的PrEP费用，开发和选择服用周期更长的PrEP药物，是PrEP使用的促进因素，胶囊制剂是大多数人更接受的药物剂型；疾控中心是MSM人群最愿意获得PrEP药物的机构，网络、电视和MSM人群的志愿者组织是MSM人群认为最容易和最期望的获得PrEP信息的渠道。
（4）心理动机因素是影响PrEP使用意愿的内在的和最直接的因素。理论研究和实证研究的结果显示，以保护动机理论为基础的PrEP使用意愿动机模型能够从心理动机因素方面对PrEP使用意愿进行较好的解释和预测，适用于对PrEP使用意愿的分析。威胁感知、反应效益和自我效能正向作用于PrEP使用意愿，反应代价负向作用于PrEP使用意愿。按对PrEP使用意愿影响的大小排序依次为：反应代价、反应效益、自我效能和威胁感知。
（5）结构方程模型因其可以同时处理潜变量的测量和潜变量之间的结构关系，可同时处理多个因变量，并允许自变量含有测量误差，在PrEP使用意愿动机模型的求解中具有优势，经过模型的拟合和预测检验，Q2大于0，使用意愿Blindfolding共同因子为0.677，Blindfolding冗余为0.148，模型具有一定预测能力，结构方程模型比较适用于求解PrEP使用意愿动机模型。
（6）PrEP使用意愿心理动机因素、其他相关因素以及PrEP使用意愿之间关系分析：不同社会人口学特征的MSM人群，主要由于对PrEP的反应代价不同，以至对PrEP的使用意愿存在差异；艾滋病知识知晓主要通过作用于心理动机因素中的威胁感知，间接作用于PrEP的使用意愿；艾滋病相关行为与PrEP使用意愿通过他们共同的原因变量威胁感知而存在关联；PrEP药物因素和PrEP实施模式因素通过作用于心理动机因素中的三个应对评估变量而影响使用意愿。因此，可以通过对PrEP使用意愿其他相关因素的干预，如艾滋病知识知晓、PrEP药物因素、PrEP实施模式等，降低反应代价，增强反应效益和自我效能，以促进MSM人群对PrEP的使用。同时，可以在PrEP推广过程中，辅以咨询和心理指导，以直接作用于PrEP的心理动机因素，促进PrEP的使用和坚持。
建议和设想
（1）建议采用“政府主导、CDC管理，医院参与，志愿者组织配合，费用分担”的推广模式；
（2）充分利用网络、媒体、MSM志愿者组织等各种渠道，正确宣传和客观报道、传播PrEP知识；
（3）继续加强艾滋病相关知识宣传教育，更加全面的宣传艾滋病知识，更加透明化艾滋病流行信息，减少社会大众对HIV感染者的歧视，引导大众更加客观的看待MSM和HIV感染者；
（4）采取有力措施预防可能引起的性行为去抑制现象；
（5）继续进行PrEP的药物研究，优化服药方案，在PrEP的实施和推广中，建立PrEP监测评价体系，进一步监测评价PrEP的效益，完善PrEP的实施推广模式。
Background：The situation of HIV/AIDS epidemic is serious. Anew safe, effective and feasible biomedical prophylaxis measure is urgentlyneeded. The HIV/AIDS pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is now the mostpromising biomedical prophylaxis for HIV. It has been initially provedthat it is safe and effective for the human being. Because of the big scale,multi sex partners and unprotected sexual behaviors, the MSM is the majorpopulation for new cases of HIV infection as well as the bridge populationfor HIV spreading, who directly impact the extent of HIV spreading inChina. Therefore, MSM will be an important latent population group forPrEP promotion. Knowing the knowledge awareness of PrEP andwillingness to use it among the MSM in China is significantly importantfor the implementation and promotion of PrEP strategy which will soon beproved by clinical trials.
Objectives:
（1）To know the knowledge awareness, using experience and wiliness to use it among the MSM in Western China in order to initiallyevaluate the feasibility of implementation and promotion of PrEP amongthe MSM in Western China.
（2） To explore and analysis factors related to the wilinesssocio-demographically, health psychologically and ethologically in order toestablish the motivation model of willingness to use PrEP and to provideadvices for the establishing of the implementation and promotion strategyand for the correct and standard using of PrEP among MSM.
Methods：
（1）Literature and theoretic study: The literature study method wasused to know the international and domestic status on PrEP study,establish the study frame and complete the study design. The study on thecognitive theory in health psychology combined with the literature on PrEPwas studied to establish the motivation model of willingness to use PrEP.
（2）Investigation methods: Four settings were chosen to do theinvestigation (Chongqing City, Nanchong in Sichuan, Nanning in Guangxiand Liuzhou in Guangxi). Participants were enrolled through thefollowing methods: snow-ball sampling, network enrolling and NGOs.Data were collected through both the method of quantitative questionnairesand in-depth interviews.
（3）Data entering and analysis software: Data were entered into theepidata3.0. SAS9.1and smartPLS were used for quantitative data analysis. MAXqda2007were used to collect and analysis qualitativematerials.
（4）Data analysis: Quantitative data were analyzed through statisticaldescription and inference. The motivation model was formulated on thebasis of the model of PLS equation of structure. Qualitative materialswere analyzed through both the generic analysis and scenario analysis.
Conclusions:
（1）The knowledge awareness on PrEP was relatively low amongMSM. It is needed for the MSM to fully know and exactly understand thePrEP for the PrEP implementation and promotion. The MSM of low-age,students and urban residents had relatively high knowledge awareness onPrEP. The newwork, MSM workshops, TV and friends were main waysfor MSM to get PrEP information. A few MSM have already started touse medicines to prevent HIV/AIDS. However, there is still no evidenceto show that there is someone who has exactly used PrEP.
（2）Safety and effectiveness are the premise for MSM to accept PrEP.The MSM have relatively high command for the safety and effectiveness.If the two properties of PrEP were proved, the MSM would more willing touse it. There is initiative feasibility for the implementation and promotionof PrEP among MSM.
（3）The MSM with low educational degree and low-middle incomewere more likely to use PrEP while students and officials in government/institutes/enterprises were less likely to use it. the higher theknowledge awareness on HIV/AIDS the stronger the willingness to usePrEP. The MSM who occasionally or never found sex partners on the net,ever had STD symptoms and went for free HIV/AIDS consultation weremore likely to use PrEP. Lowering the PrEP costs paid by buyers anddeveloping/selecting medicines with longer oral taking intermittent areprecipitating factors for PrEP taking. Most participants were likely tochoose capsule as the form of the medicine. Participants were mostwilling to get PrEP in CDC. The network, TV and MSM workshops werethe easiest and most expected ways to get PrEP information for the MSM.
（4）The psychological factor is the inner and direct factor impactingthe willingness to use PrEP. The theoretical and empirical study show thatthe motivation model of willingness to use PrEP based on protectivemotivation theory can explain and predict the willingness from the aspectof psychological motivation, which is fit to the analysis of willingness touse PrEP. The threat perception, response efficacy and self-efficacypositively influence the willingness while response costs negativelyinfluences it.
（5）The structural equation model can deal with the structuralrelationship between the measure of latent variables and latent variablesand deal with more than one dependent variables allowing measure error ofindependent variables, which has advantages in formula of motivation model of using PrEP. The results of least squares fitting and predictivetest are as the following: Q2>0, Blindfolding communality ofwillingness=0.667, Blindfolding redundancy=0.148. The model has certainpredictive function and relatively suitable for the formula of the motivationmodel of willingness to use PrEP.
（6）Analysis on the relationship among the willingness relatedfactors, psychological motivation factors and the willingness: MSM withdifferent socio-demographical characteristics have different response costsfor PrEP, so there are differences among their willingness. Theknowledge awareness on HIV/AIDS mainly impacts on the threatperception in the psychological motivation factors and thus indirectlyimpacts on the willingness. The HIV/AIDS related behaviors andwillingness to use PrEP are reacted through their common reason variable(threat perception). The medicine factor and implementation model factorimpact the willingness through acting on the three coping appraisalvariables in psychological motivation factors. Therefore, interventionscould be carried out on the other relevant factors of willingness, such asknowledge awareness, medicine factors, implementation model et al, tolower the response costs and strengthen the response efficacy andself-efficacy and thus promote the using of PrEP among MSM.Meanwhile, during the promotion process of PrEP, consultation andpsychological could be used to directly impact the psychological motivation factors and thus promote the using and continuity of PrEP.
Suggestions and assumptions:
（1）The promotion model of “government leading, CDC managing,hospitals joining, volunteers organizing and coordinating, cost sharing” issuggested.
（2）Various publicizing ways, such as the network, media, MSMNGOs and so on, should be used for exact and objective report of thePrEP trial and dissemination of PrEP relevant knowledge.
（3）The health education on HIV/AIDS prevention should beenhanced, the publicizing of HIV/AIDS knowledge should be moreextensive and the epidemic of HIV/AIDS information should be moretransparent to reduce the discrimination of common people for HIVinfection and to guide common people to treat MSM and HIV infectedpeople more objectively.
（4） Strong measures should be carried out to prevent thephenomenon of sexual behavior disinhibition.
（5）The study on PrEP should be continued to optimize themedication scheme. During the implementation and promotion of PrEP, themonitoring and evaluating system of PrEP should be set up to furthermonitoring and evaluation of the efficiency of PrEP and further perfect theimplementation and promotion model of PrEP..
引文
[1]联合国艾滋病规划署. GLOBAL REPORT UNAIDS REPORT ON THE GLOBALAIDS EPIDEMIC (2010)[OL]. http://www.unaids.org/en/Dataanalysis/
[2]卫生部.我国艾滋病防治工作取得显著成效[OL]. http://www.moh.gov.cn/Public-files/business/htmlfiles/mohjbyfkzj/s3586/201011/49893.htm
[3]卫生部,联合国艾滋病规划署,WHO.2009年中国艾滋病疫情估计工作报告(R).北京:2010
[4]勒薇.艾滋病防治政策干部读本[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社,2005.12:14~24
[5]合肥CDC.艾滋病的危害[OL]. http://www.hfcdc.ah.cn/include/web_view.php?ID=623
[6]刘锡潼.全球防控艾滋病每年花费5000亿[OL]. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/h/2006-11-29/101811652249.shtml
[7]刘康迈,袁建华.艾滋病的流行对我国社会经济的影响[J].社会学,中国人民大学书报资料中心,2004:84~86
[8] Shelton JD, Halperin DT, Wilson D. Has global incidence peaked?[J] Lancet2006,367:1120~1122
[9]童戈.艾滋病防治工具书:MSM人群干预[M].北京:人民卫生出版社.2005:2.
[10] Robert T Michael, John H Gagnon, Edward Laumann等.美国人的性生活[M].西安:陕西人民出版社,1996:247,253
[11]张北川,李秀芳,史同新,等.对中国男同/双性爱人口数量与艾滋病病毒感染率的初步估测[J].中国性病艾滋病防治.2002,8(4):197-199
[12]刘达临.中国当代性文化(精华本)[M].上海:上海三联书店,1995,P113,175-176
[13]潘绥铭.中国性现状[M].北京:光明日报出版社,1998, P10
[14]胡珍.2000年中国大学生性心理调查对比分析[J].中国性科学.2001,10(4):28~33
[15]李银河.同性恋亚文化[M].北京:今日中国出版社,1998, p10
[16]王茜.我国男性同性恋性伙伴最多达百个以上[OL]. http://www.cctv.com/news/society/20041215/100448.shtml
[17] UNAIDS. AIDS and men who have sex with men[M]. New York: UNAIDS,1997:1~15
[18]明中强.艾滋病预防与控制的成功经验[J].国外医学流行病学传染病学分册,1999,26(5):193~197
[19] HIV/AIDS among Men Who Have Sex with Men. July,2006[OL]. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/tpics/msm/resources/factsheets/msm.htm.
[20]韩梅,冯连贵,蒋岩等.重庆市2006-2008年男男性行为人群HIV-1感染发病率调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2009,30(9):878~881
[21]王全意, Ge Lin, Michael W Ross.男男性接触者的危险性行为:一项通过互联网的调查[J].中国艾滋病性病,2004,19(5):335~337.
[22]郑煜煌,龚国忠.男男性接触者和艾滋病[J].中国现代医学杂志,2003,13(2):32~34
[23]兰亚佳,顾仪,王斌等.男-男性行为者的行为特征分析[J].四川大学学报(医学版).2004,35(3):372~375
[24]周生建,潘传波,孟晓容等.重庆市男男性接触者性行为与HIV感染相关性研究[J].中国感染控制杂志.2008,7(6):381~384
[25]张丽芬,梅林,乔晓春等.太原市男男性行为人群的认知态度对安全套使用行为和意向的影响[J].中国艾滋病性病.2009,15(2):124~127.
[26]杨旭.重庆市男男性接触人群艾滋病高危行为相关因素研究[D].重庆:第三军医大学硕士学位论文,2008
[27]刘叔文,李卫华,丁训诚,等.预防HIV性传播的杀微生物剂[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,17(5):31723201
[28] AVAC. Pre--Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).[OL] http://www.avac.org/ht/d/sp/a/GetDocumentAction/i/5851
[29] CDC. CDC’s Clinical Studies of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention[OL]. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/qa/index.htm
[30] Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R,et al.Reduction of mater-nal-infanttransmission of human immunodeficiency virus type1with zidovudine treatment.Pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol076study group[J].N Engl JMed,1994,331(18):1173~1180.
[31] Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T,et al.Intrapartum and neona-tal single-dosenevirapine ompared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission ofHIV-1in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET012randomised trial [J].Lancet,1999,354(9181):795~802
[32] Vyankadondera J, Luchters S, Hassink E, et al. Reducing risk of HIV-1transmission through breastfeeding using antiretroviral prophylaxis in infants (SIMBAstudy)[OL].2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment.http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx? pageId=11&abstractId=11061
[33] Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA,et al. A case-control study of HIVseroconversion in health care workers after percu-taneous exposure [J].N Engl J Med,1997,337(21):1485~1490
[34] Inge Derdelinckx, Mark A. Wainberg, Joep M. A. Lange, et al. Criteria for DrugsUsed in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Trials against HIV Infection [J]. PLoS Medicine,2006,3(11), e454:1999~2004
[35] Leigh Peterson, Doug Taylor, Ronald Roddy, et al. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratefor Prevention of HIV Infection in Women: A Phase2, Double-Blind, Randomized,Placebo-Controlled Trial [J]. PLoS CLINICAL TRIALS,2007,e27:0001~0009
[36] CDC. Preliminary Results from First Safety Study of Daily Tenofovir for HIVPrevention Among MSM Find No Significant Concerns [OL]. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/factsheets/extended_PrEB-safety-trial.htm
[37] Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Janet A. Frohlich, et al.Effectiveness and Safety of Tenofovir Gel, an Antiretroviral Microbicide, for thePrevention of HIV Infection in Women [J]. Science,2010,329,1168~1174
[38] Robert M. Grant, Javier R. Lama, Peter L. Anderson et al. PreexposureChemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men [J]. N Engl JMed,2010,363(27),2587~2599
[39] Scott E. Kellerman, Angela B. Hutchinson, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay PrideEvents,2004[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2006,43(3):376~377
[40] Andrew C. Voetsch, James D. Huffelfinger, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay Pride Events,2005Through2006[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2007,46(3):378~380
[41] N. NODIN, A. CARBALLO-DIEGUEZ, A.M.VENTUNEA et al. Knowledgeand acceptability of alternative HIV prevention bio-medical products among MSM whobareback[J]. AIDS Care.2008,20(1):106~115
[42] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men[J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[43] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[44] IM Poynten, GP Prestage, JM Kaldor et al. Attitudes towards new HIV biomedicalprevention technologies among a cohort of HIV-negative gay men in Sydney,Australia[J]. HIV Medicine.2010,11:282~288
[45] Elizabeth Anne Barash, Matthew Golden. Awareness and Use of HIV Pre-ExposureProphylaxis Among Attendees of a Seattle Gay Pride Events and Sexually TransmittedDisease Clinic[J]. AIDS PATIENT CARE and STDs,2010,24(11):1~3
[46] Sarit A. Golub, William Kowalczyk, Corina L. Weinberger et al. PreexposureProphylaxis and Predicted Condom Use Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex WithMen[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2010,54(5):548~554
[47]胡晓云,徐国景,山建国,等.1626名CSWs艾滋病相关KABP现状及影响因素研究[J].医学与社会.2007,20(8):10~12,21
[48]田小兵,吉渝南.中小城市男男性接触者安全套使用状况分析[J].中国公共卫生.2006,22(11):1316~1317
[49]张学化.济南市男男性接触者艾滋病知识态度行为的调查与分析研究[D].山东:山东大学公共卫生专业,2007
[50] Macaluso M, Demand M, Artz L, et al. Female condom use among women at highrisk of sexually transmitted disease [J]. Family Planning Perspectives,2000,32(3):138~144
[51] Hoffman S, Exner T M, Leu C S, et al. Female-condom use in a gender-specificfamily planning clinic trial [J]. American Journal of Public Health,2003,93(11):1897~1903
[52] Choi K H, Gregorich S E, Anderson K, et al. Patterns and predictors of femalecondom use among ethnically diverse women attending family planning clinics [J].Sexually Transmitted Disease,2003,30(1):91~9853[53]朱广荣,孙江平,彭钊等.暗娼安全套使用行为的心理影响因素分析[J].中国公共卫生.2003,19(2):204~206
[54] Wang Y, Liao S-S,Weeks M R,et al. Acceptability of hypothetical microbicidesamong women in sex establishments in rural areas in Southern Chin [J]. SexuallyTransmitted Diseases,2008,35(1):102~110
[55] Coggins C,Blanchard K,Friedland B. Men’s attitudes towards a potential vaginalmicrobicide in Zimbabwe, Mexico and the USA [J]. Reproductive Health Matters,2000,8(15):132~141
[1]袁秦,黄军.重庆庆今年新增1530艾滋病感染者[OL]. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/chongqing/2010-11-30/content_1307745.html
[2]韩梅,冯连贵,蒋岩等.重庆市2006-2008年男男性行为人群HIV-1感染发病率调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2009,30(9):878-881
[3]张义成.性传播已成艾滋病主要传播途径[OL]. http://www.scncrb.com/html/channel_1/2008/1201/28971.html
[4]徐哲.南宁艾滋病疫情形势严峻[OL]. http://www.gxnews.com.cn/staticpages/20100808/newgx4c5df5cf-3166998.shtml
[5]陈世海,朱建靖,杨泞珲.2006-2008年南宁市男男性接触者艾滋病及性传播疾病感染情况调查[J].职业与健康,2010,26(1):56-58
[6]陈小燕.广西柳州艾滋病疫情形势严峻[OL]. http://news.qq.com/a/20091125/000974.htm
[7] DiClemente R, Zom J,Temoshok L. Adolescents and AIDS: Survey of knowledge,attitudes and beliefs about AIDS in San Francisco [J]. Am J of Pub Health1986,76:1443~1445
[8] Koopman C, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Herderson R, et. al. Assessment of Knowledge ofAIDS and Beliefs about AIDS Prevention among Adolescents [J]. AIDS Education&Prevention,1990,2:58~70
[9] Sayles J. N., Hays R. D., Sarkisian C. A., Mahajan A.P., Spritzer K.L.,Cunningham W. E.(2008). Development and psychometric assessment of amultidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive [J].AIDS Behavior,12:748~758
[10] Galavotti C., Cabral, R. J., Lansky A., Grimley D. M., Riley G. E., and Prochaska J.O.(1995). Validation of Measures of Condom and Other Contraceptive Use AmongWomen at High Risk for HIV Infection and Unintended Pregnancy [J]. HealthPsychology,14(6):570~578
[1] Scott E. Kellerman, Angela B. Hutchinson, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge and Useof HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay PrideEvents,2004[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2006,43(3):376~377
[2] Andrew C. Voetsch, James D. Huffelfinger, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay Pride Events,2005Through2006[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2007,46(3):378~380
[3] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men [J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[4] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education [J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[5] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men [J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[6] AVAC. Pre--Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).[OL] http://www.avac.org/ht/d/sp/a/GetDocumentAction/i/5851
[7] IM Poynten, GP Prestage, JM Kaldor et al. Attitudes towards new HIV biomedicalprevention technologies among a cohort of HIV-negative gay men in Sydney, Australia[J]. HIV Medicine.2010,11:282~288
[1] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men[J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[2] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[3] Sarit A. Golub, William Kowalczyk, Corina L. Weinberger et al. PreexposureProphylaxis and Predicted Condom Use Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex WithMen[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2010,54(5):548~554
[4] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[5] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men [J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[6] Elizabeth Anne Barash, Matthew Golden. Awareness and Use of HIV Pre-ExposureProphylaxis Among Attendees of a Seattle Gay Pride Events and Sexually TransmittedDisease Clinic [J]. AIDS PATIENT CARE and STDs,2010,24(11):1~3
[7] Leigh Peterson, Doug Taylor, Ronald Roddy, et al. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratefor Prevention of HIV Infection in Women: A Phase2, Double-Blind, Randomized,Placebo-Controlled Trial [J]. PLoS CLINICAL TRIALS,2007, e27:0001~0009
[8] CDC. Preliminary Results from First Safety Study of Daily Tenofovir for HIVPrevention Among MSM Find No Significant Concerns [OL].http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/factsheets/extended_PrEB-safety-trial.htm
[9] Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Janet A. Frohlich, et al.Effectiveness and Safety of Tenofovir Gel, an Antiretroviral Microbicide, for thePrevention of HIV Infection in Women [J]. Science,2010,329,1168~1174
[1]张丽芬,梅林,乔晓春,等.太原市男男性行为人群的认知态度对安全套使用行为和意向的影响[J].中国艾滋病性病.2009,15(2):124~127
[2]朱广荣,孙江平,彭钊等.暗娼安全套使用行为的心理影响因素分析[J].中国公共卫生.2003,19(2):204~206
[3] Abood, D. A, Black, D. R,&Feral, D..Nutrition education worksite interventionfor university staff: application of the health belief model [J]. Journal of NutritionEducation and Behavior,2003,35(5):260~267
[4] Rosenstock, I. M.. Historical Origins of theHealth Belief Model[J]. HealthEducation Monograph,1974,2(4),328~335
[5] Jzak-Place J．Stem M．Health belief factors and dispesitional optimism as predictorsof sl and HIV preventive be havior[J]．Journal of American CollegeHealth．2004．52(5):229~236．
[6] Morris D,Wilson L．Utilization of the Health Belief Model to investigate smokingbehaviors and attitudes of nun an d nursing assistants[J]．Research QuarterlyforExercise and Sport．2005．76(1):43．
[7] Robert R, Towell T, Golding J. Foundations of Health Psychology [J]. PALGRAVE.2001
[8] Melamed S,Rabinowitz S,Feiner M,Weisberg E,Ribak J. Usefulness of theprotection motivation theory in explaining hearing protection device use among makeindustrial workers[J]. Health Psychology,1996,15(3):209~215
[9] Milne S,Orbell S,Sheeran P. Combininig motivational and volitional interventions topromote exercise participation: protection motivation theory and implementationintensions[J]. British Joumal of Health Psychology.2002,7:163~184
[10] Bakker AB, Buunk BP, Siero FW. Condom use among heterosexuals: a comparisonof the theory of planned behavior,the health belief model and protection motivationtheory[J]. Gedrag Gezond (Article in Dutch).1993,21(5):238~258
[11] Runge C, Prentice-Dunn S,Scogin F. Protection motivation theory and alcohol useattitudes among older adults[J]. Psychological Report.1993,73(1):96~98
[12] Chen DKS, Cheung A, Gray A, Lee B. Identifyiing the psychosocial correlates ofcondom use by female sex workers in Hong Kong [J]. AIDS Care,2004,16:530~539
[13] Sheeran P, Orbell S, Abraharm C. Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condomuse: a meta-analysis [J]. Psychologica Bulletin1999,125:90~132
[14]左群,单广量等.影响商业性服务提供/受供AIDS/HIV危险行为的社会-心理-个人因素[J].中国艾滋病性别杂志,2004,10(3)
[15]许瑾.河北省正定县农村居民对菌痢疫苗接受性及影响因素研究[D].上海:复旦大学公共卫生学院博士论文,2005
[16] Sayles J. N., Hays R. D., Sarkisian C. A., Mahajan A.P., Spritzer K.L.,Cunningham W. E.. Development and psychometric assessment of amultidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive[J].AIDS Behavior,2008,12:748~758
[17] Galavotti C., Cabral, R. J., Lansky A., Grimley D. M., Riley G. E., and Prochaska J.O. Validation of Measures of Condom and Other Contraceptive Use Among Women atHigh Risk for HIV Infection and Unintended Pregnancy[J]. Health Psychology,1995,14(6):570~578
[18] Werts, C.E., Linn, R. L.,&J?reskog, K. G. Intraclass reliability estimates: Testingstructural assumptions[J]. Educational and Psychological Measurement,1974,34(1):25~33
[19] Chin W. W.. The partial Least Squares Approach for Strcutural Equation Modeling[M]. Modem Methods for Business Research,1998,295~336
[20]孙继红，杨晓红. PLS通径模型应用中应注意的几个问题[J].统计教育,2009,122,11:3~10
[21]易丹辉.结构方程模型方法与应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008
[22]陈学涛.病人忠诚意向模型的理论与实证研究[D].重庆:第三军医大学,2009
[23] Amato S.,Esposito Vinzi, V., Tenenhaus, M., A Global Goodness-of-Fit indes forPLS Structal Equation Modeling[OL]. http://www.sis-statistica.it/files/pdf/atti/rsba20-04p739~742,pdf,2004
[24] Marie Paule Bayol, Anne de la Foye, Carole Tellier et al. Use of PLS PathModellinig to Estimate the European Consumer Satisfaction Index(ECSI) Model[J].Statistica Application,2000,12(3):361~375
[1]联合国艾滋病规划署. GLOBAL REPORT UNAIDS REPORT ON THE GLOBALAIDS EPIDEMIC （2010）（OL）. http://www.unaids.org/en/Dataanalysis/
[2]刘叔文,李卫华,丁训诚,等1预防HIV性传播的杀微生物剂[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,17(5):31723201
[3] AVAC. Pre--Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)[OL].http://www.avac.org/ht/d/sp/a/GetDocumentAction/i/5851
[4] CDC. CDC’s Clinical Studies of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention [OL].http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/qa/index.htm
[5] Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R,et al.Reduction of mater-nal-infant transmissionof human immunodeficiency virus type1with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDSclinical trials group protocol076study group.N Engl J Med,1994,331(18):1173-1180.
[6] Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T,et al.Intrapartum and neona-tal single-dosenevirapine ompared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission ofHIV-1in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET012randomised trial [J].Lancet,1999,354(9181):795-802.
[7] Vyankadondera J, Luchters S, Hassink E, et al. Reducing risk of HIV-1transmissionthrough breastfeeding using antiretroviral prophylaxis in infants (SIMBA study)[OL].2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx? pageId=11&abstractId=11061
[8] Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA,et al. A case-control study of HIVseroconversion in health care workers after percu-taneous exposure [J]. Center fordisease control and prevention needlestick surveillance group.N Engl J Med,1997,337(21):1485-1490.
[9] Inge Derdelinckx, Mark A. Wainberg, Joep M. A. Lange, et al. Criteria for DrugsUsed in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Trials against HIV Infection [J]. PLoS Medicine,2006,3(11),e454:1999-2004
[10] Denton PW, Krisko JF, Powell DA, et al. Systemic administration of antiretroviralprior to exposure prevents rectal and intravenous HIV-1transmission in humanized BLTmice [J]. PLoS One.2010,5(1):e8829
[11] Garcia-Lema JG, Otten RA, Qari SH, et al. Prevention of rectal SHIV transmissionin macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabline and tenofovir [J].PLoS Med.2008,5(1):e28
[12] Parikh UM, Dobard C, Sharma S, Cong ME, et al. Complete protection fromrepeated vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus exposures in macaques by atopical gel containing tenofovir alone or with entricitabine [J]. J Virol.2009,83(20):10358~65
[13] Leigh Peterson, Doug Taylor, Ronald Roddy, et al. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratefor Prevention of HIV Infection in Women: A Phase2, Double-Blind, Randomized,Placebo-Controlled Trial [J]. PLoS CLINICAL TRIALS,2007,e27:0001-0009
[14] CDC. Preliminary Results from First Safety Study of Daily Tenofovir for HIVPreventio-n Among MSM Find No Significant Concerns [OL].http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/factsheets/extended_PrEB-safety-trial.htm
[15] Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Janet A. Frohlich, et al.Effectiveness and Safety of Tenofovir Gel, an Antiretroviral Microbicide, for thePrevention of HIV Infection in Women [J]. Science,2010,329,1168-1174
[16] Robert M. Grant, Javier R. Lama, Peter L. Anderson et al. PreexposureChemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men [J]. N Engl JMed,2010,363(27),2587-2599
[17] Scott E. Kellerman, Angela B. Hutchinson, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay PrideEvents,2004[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2006,43(3):376~377
[18] Andrew C. Voetsch, James D. Huffelfinger, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay Pride Events,2005Through2006[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2007,46(3):378~380
[19] N. NODIN, A. CARBALLO-DIEGUEZ, A.M.VENTUNEA et al. Knowledgeand acceptability of alternative HIV prevention bio-medical products among MSM whobareback[J]. AIDS Care.2008,20(1):106~115
[20] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men[J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[21] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[22] IM Poynten, GP Prestage, JM Kaldor et al. Attitudes towards new HIV biomedicalprevention technologies among a cohort of HIV-negative gay men in Sydney,Australia[J]. HIV Medicine.2010,11:282~288
[23] Elizabeth Anne Barash, Matthew Golden. Awareness and Use of HIV Pre-ExposureProphylaxis Among Attendees of a Seattle Gay Pride Events and Sexually TransmittedDisease Clinic[J]. AIDS PATIENT CARE and STDs,2010,24(11):1~3
[24] Sarit A. Golub, William Kowalczyk, Corina L. Weinberger et al. PreexposureProphylaxis and Predicted Condom Use Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex WithMen[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2010,54(5):548~554
[25]胡晓云，徐国景，山建国，等.1626名CSWs艾滋病相关KABP现状及影响因素研究[J].医学与社会.2007,20（8）：10~12，21
[26]田小兵，吉渝南.中小城市男男性接触者安全套使用状况分析[J].中国公共卫生.2006,22（11）：1316~1317
[27]张学化.济南市男男性接触者艾滋病知识态度行为的调查与分析研究[D].山东：山东大学公共卫生专业，2007
[28] Macaluso M, Demand M, Artz L, et al. Female condom use among women at highrisk of sexually transmitted disease [J]. Family Planning Perspectives,2000，32（3）：138~144
[29] Hoffman S, Exner T M, Leu C S, et al. Female-condom use in a gender-specificfamily planning clinic trial [J]. American Journal of Public Health,2003，93（11）：1897~1903
[30] Choi K H, Gregorich S E, Anderson K, et al. Patterns and predictors of femalecondom use among ethnically diverse women attending family planning clinics [J].Sexually Transmitted Disease,2003，30（1）：91~98
[31]张丽芬，梅林，乔晓春，等.太原市男男性行为人群的认知态度对安全套使用行为和意向的影响[J].中国艾滋病性病.2009，15（2）：124~127
[32]朱广荣，孙江平，彭钊等.暗娼安全套使用行为的心理影响因素分析[J].中国公共卫生.2003，19（2）：204~206
[33] Wang Y, Liao S-S，Weeks M R，et al. Acceptability of hypothetical microbicidesamong women in sex establishments in rural areas in Southern Chin [J]. SexuallyTransmitted Diseases，2008，35（1）：102~110
[34] Coggins C，Blanchard K，Friedland B. Men’s attitudes towards a potential vaginalmicrobicide in Zimbabwe, Mexico and the USA [J]. Reproductive Health Matters,2000，8（15）：132~141
[35] Abbas U L, Anderson RM, Mellors JW. Potential impact of antiretroviralchemoprophylaxis on HIV-1transmission in resource limited settings [J]. PLoS One.2007,2(9):e875
[36] Vissers DC, Voeten HA, Nagelkerke NJ, et al. The impact of pre-exposureprophylaxis(PrEP) on HIV epidemics in Africa and India: a simulation study [J]. PLoSOne.2008,3(5):e2077
[2]卫生部.我国艾滋病防治工作取得显著成效[OL]. http://www.moh.gov.cn/Public-files/business/htmlfiles/mohjbyfkzj/s3586/201011/49893.htm
[3]卫生部,联合国艾滋病规划署,WHO.2009年中国艾滋病疫情估计工作报告(R).北京:2010
[4]勒薇.艾滋病防治政策干部读本[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社,2005.12:14~24
[5]合肥CDC.艾滋病的危害[OL]. http://www.hfcdc.ah.cn/include/web_view.php?ID=623
[6]刘锡潼.全球防控艾滋病每年花费5000亿[OL]. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/h/2006-11-29/101811652249.shtml
[7]刘康迈,袁建华.艾滋病的流行对我国社会经济的影响[J].社会学,中国人民大学书报资料中心,2004:84~86
[8] Shelton JD, Halperin DT, Wilson D. Has global incidence peaked?[J] Lancet2006,367:1120~1122
[9]童戈.艾滋病防治工具书:MSM人群干预[M].北京:人民卫生出版社.2005:2.
[10] Robert T Michael, John H Gagnon, Edward Laumann等.美国人的性生活[M].西安:陕西人民出版社,1996:247,253
[11]张北川,李秀芳,史同新,等.对中国男同/双性爱人口数量与艾滋病病毒感染率的初步估测[J].中国性病艾滋病防治.2002,8(4):197-199
[12]刘达临.中国当代性文化(精华本)[M].上海:上海三联书店,1995,P113,175-176
[13]潘绥铭.中国性现状[M].北京:光明日报出版社,1998, P10
[14]胡珍.2000年中国大学生性心理调查对比分析[J].中国性科学.2001,10(4):28~33
[15]李银河.同性恋亚文化[M].北京:今日中国出版社,1998, p10
[16]王茜.我国男性同性恋性伙伴最多达百个以上[OL]. http://www.cctv.com/news/society/20041215/100448.shtml
[17] UNAIDS. AIDS and men who have sex with men[M]. New York: UNAIDS,1997:1~15
[18]明中强.艾滋病预防与控制的成功经验[J].国外医学流行病学传染病学分册,1999,26(5):193~197
[19] HIV/AIDS among Men Who Have Sex with Men. July,2006[OL]. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/tpics/msm/resources/factsheets/msm.htm.
[20]韩梅,冯连贵,蒋岩等.重庆市2006-2008年男男性行为人群HIV-1感染发病率调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2009,30(9):878~881
[21]王全意, Ge Lin, Michael W Ross.男男性接触者的危险性行为:一项通过互联网的调查[J].中国艾滋病性病,2004,19(5):335~337.
[22]郑煜煌,龚国忠.男男性接触者和艾滋病[J].中国现代医学杂志,2003,13(2):32~34
[23]兰亚佳,顾仪,王斌等.男-男性行为者的行为特征分析[J].四川大学学报(医学版).2004,35(3):372~375
[24]周生建,潘传波,孟晓容等.重庆市男男性接触者性行为与HIV感染相关性研究[J].中国感染控制杂志.2008,7(6):381~384
[25]张丽芬,梅林,乔晓春等.太原市男男性行为人群的认知态度对安全套使用行为和意向的影响[J].中国艾滋病性病.2009,15(2):124~127.
[26]杨旭.重庆市男男性接触人群艾滋病高危行为相关因素研究[D].重庆:第三军医大学硕士学位论文,2008
[27]刘叔文,李卫华,丁训诚,等.预防HIV性传播的杀微生物剂[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,17(5):31723201
[28] AVAC. Pre--Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).[OL] http://www.avac.org/ht/d/sp/a/GetDocumentAction/i/5851
[29] CDC. CDC’s Clinical Studies of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention[OL]. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/qa/index.htm
[30] Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R,et al.Reduction of mater-nal-infanttransmission of human immunodeficiency virus type1with zidovudine treatment.Pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol076study group[J].N Engl JMed,1994,331(18):1173~1180.
[31] Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T,et al.Intrapartum and neona-tal single-dosenevirapine ompared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission ofHIV-1in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET012randomised trial [J].Lancet,1999,354(9181):795~802
[32] Vyankadondera J, Luchters S, Hassink E, et al. Reducing risk of HIV-1transmission through breastfeeding using antiretroviral prophylaxis in infants (SIMBAstudy)[OL].2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment.http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx? pageId=11&abstractId=11061
[33] Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA,et al. A case-control study of HIVseroconversion in health care workers after percu-taneous exposure [J].N Engl J Med,1997,337(21):1485~1490
[34] Inge Derdelinckx, Mark A. Wainberg, Joep M. A. Lange, et al. Criteria for DrugsUsed in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Trials against HIV Infection [J]. PLoS Medicine,2006,3(11), e454:1999~2004
[35] Leigh Peterson, Doug Taylor, Ronald Roddy, et al. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratefor Prevention of HIV Infection in Women: A Phase2, Double-Blind, Randomized,Placebo-Controlled Trial [J]. PLoS CLINICAL TRIALS,2007,e27:0001~0009
[36] CDC. Preliminary Results from First Safety Study of Daily Tenofovir for HIVPrevention Among MSM Find No Significant Concerns [OL]. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/factsheets/extended_PrEB-safety-trial.htm
[37] Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Janet A. Frohlich, et al.Effectiveness and Safety of Tenofovir Gel, an Antiretroviral Microbicide, for thePrevention of HIV Infection in Women [J]. Science,2010,329,1168~1174
[38] Robert M. Grant, Javier R. Lama, Peter L. Anderson et al. PreexposureChemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men [J]. N Engl JMed,2010,363(27),2587~2599
[39] Scott E. Kellerman, Angela B. Hutchinson, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay PrideEvents,2004[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2006,43(3):376~377
[40] Andrew C. Voetsch, James D. Huffelfinger, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay Pride Events,2005Through2006[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2007,46(3):378~380
[41] N. NODIN, A. CARBALLO-DIEGUEZ, A.M.VENTUNEA et al. Knowledgeand acceptability of alternative HIV prevention bio-medical products among MSM whobareback[J]. AIDS Care.2008,20(1):106~115
[42] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men[J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[43] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[44] IM Poynten, GP Prestage, JM Kaldor et al. Attitudes towards new HIV biomedicalprevention technologies among a cohort of HIV-negative gay men in Sydney,Australia[J]. HIV Medicine.2010,11:282~288
[45] Elizabeth Anne Barash, Matthew Golden. Awareness and Use of HIV Pre-ExposureProphylaxis Among Attendees of a Seattle Gay Pride Events and Sexually TransmittedDisease Clinic[J]. AIDS PATIENT CARE and STDs,2010,24(11):1~3
[46] Sarit A. Golub, William Kowalczyk, Corina L. Weinberger et al. PreexposureProphylaxis and Predicted Condom Use Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex WithMen[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2010,54(5):548~554
[47]胡晓云,徐国景,山建国,等.1626名CSWs艾滋病相关KABP现状及影响因素研究[J].医学与社会.2007,20(8):10~12,21
[48]田小兵,吉渝南.中小城市男男性接触者安全套使用状况分析[J].中国公共卫生.2006,22(11):1316~1317
[49]张学化.济南市男男性接触者艾滋病知识态度行为的调查与分析研究[D].山东:山东大学公共卫生专业,2007
[50] Macaluso M, Demand M, Artz L, et al. Female condom use among women at highrisk of sexually transmitted disease [J]. Family Planning Perspectives,2000,32(3):138~144
[51] Hoffman S, Exner T M, Leu C S, et al. Female-condom use in a gender-specificfamily planning clinic trial [J]. American Journal of Public Health,2003,93(11):1897~1903
[52] Choi K H, Gregorich S E, Anderson K, et al. Patterns and predictors of femalecondom use among ethnically diverse women attending family planning clinics [J].Sexually Transmitted Disease,2003,30(1):91~9853[53]朱广荣,孙江平,彭钊等.暗娼安全套使用行为的心理影响因素分析[J].中国公共卫生.2003,19(2):204~206
[54] Wang Y, Liao S-S,Weeks M R,et al. Acceptability of hypothetical microbicidesamong women in sex establishments in rural areas in Southern Chin [J]. SexuallyTransmitted Diseases,2008,35(1):102~110
[55] Coggins C,Blanchard K,Friedland B. Men’s attitudes towards a potential vaginalmicrobicide in Zimbabwe, Mexico and the USA [J]. Reproductive Health Matters,2000,8(15):132~141
[1]袁秦,黄军.重庆庆今年新增1530艾滋病感染者[OL]. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/chongqing/2010-11-30/content_1307745.html
[2]韩梅,冯连贵,蒋岩等.重庆市2006-2008年男男性行为人群HIV-1感染发病率调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2009,30(9):878-881
[3]张义成.性传播已成艾滋病主要传播途径[OL]. http://www.scncrb.com/html/channel_1/2008/1201/28971.html
[4]徐哲.南宁艾滋病疫情形势严峻[OL]. http://www.gxnews.com.cn/staticpages/20100808/newgx4c5df5cf-3166998.shtml
[5]陈世海,朱建靖,杨泞珲.2006-2008年南宁市男男性接触者艾滋病及性传播疾病感染情况调查[J].职业与健康,2010,26(1):56-58
[6]陈小燕.广西柳州艾滋病疫情形势严峻[OL]. http://news.qq.com/a/20091125/000974.htm
[7] DiClemente R, Zom J,Temoshok L. Adolescents and AIDS: Survey of knowledge,attitudes and beliefs about AIDS in San Francisco [J]. Am J of Pub Health1986,76:1443~1445
[8] Koopman C, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Herderson R, et. al. Assessment of Knowledge ofAIDS and Beliefs about AIDS Prevention among Adolescents [J]. AIDS Education&Prevention,1990,2:58~70
[9] Sayles J. N., Hays R. D., Sarkisian C. A., Mahajan A.P., Spritzer K.L.,Cunningham W. E.(2008). Development and psychometric assessment of amultidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive [J].AIDS Behavior,12:748~758
[10] Galavotti C., Cabral, R. J., Lansky A., Grimley D. M., Riley G. E., and Prochaska J.O.(1995). Validation of Measures of Condom and Other Contraceptive Use AmongWomen at High Risk for HIV Infection and Unintended Pregnancy [J]. HealthPsychology,14(6):570~578
[1] Scott E. Kellerman, Angela B. Hutchinson, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge and Useof HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay PrideEvents,2004[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2006,43(3):376~377
[2] Andrew C. Voetsch, James D. Huffelfinger, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay Pride Events,2005Through2006[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2007,46(3):378~380
[3] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men [J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[4] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education [J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[5] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men [J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[6] AVAC. Pre--Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).[OL] http://www.avac.org/ht/d/sp/a/GetDocumentAction/i/5851
[7] IM Poynten, GP Prestage, JM Kaldor et al. Attitudes towards new HIV biomedicalprevention technologies among a cohort of HIV-negative gay men in Sydney, Australia[J]. HIV Medicine.2010,11:282~288
[1] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men[J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[2] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[3] Sarit A. Golub, William Kowalczyk, Corina L. Weinberger et al. PreexposureProphylaxis and Predicted Condom Use Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex WithMen[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2010,54(5):548~554
[4] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[5] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men [J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[6] Elizabeth Anne Barash, Matthew Golden. Awareness and Use of HIV Pre-ExposureProphylaxis Among Attendees of a Seattle Gay Pride Events and Sexually TransmittedDisease Clinic [J]. AIDS PATIENT CARE and STDs,2010,24(11):1~3
[7] Leigh Peterson, Doug Taylor, Ronald Roddy, et al. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratefor Prevention of HIV Infection in Women: A Phase2, Double-Blind, Randomized,Placebo-Controlled Trial [J]. PLoS CLINICAL TRIALS,2007, e27:0001~0009
[8] CDC. Preliminary Results from First Safety Study of Daily Tenofovir for HIVPrevention Among MSM Find No Significant Concerns [OL].http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/factsheets/extended_PrEB-safety-trial.htm
[9] Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Janet A. Frohlich, et al.Effectiveness and Safety of Tenofovir Gel, an Antiretroviral Microbicide, for thePrevention of HIV Infection in Women [J]. Science,2010,329,1168~1174
[1]张丽芬,梅林,乔晓春,等.太原市男男性行为人群的认知态度对安全套使用行为和意向的影响[J].中国艾滋病性病.2009,15(2):124~127
[2]朱广荣,孙江平,彭钊等.暗娼安全套使用行为的心理影响因素分析[J].中国公共卫生.2003,19(2):204~206
[3] Abood, D. A, Black, D. R,&Feral, D..Nutrition education worksite interventionfor university staff: application of the health belief model [J]. Journal of NutritionEducation and Behavior,2003,35(5):260~267
[4] Rosenstock, I. M.. Historical Origins of theHealth Belief Model[J]. HealthEducation Monograph,1974,2(4),328~335
[5] Jzak-Place J．Stem M．Health belief factors and dispesitional optimism as predictorsof sl and HIV preventive be havior[J]．Journal of American CollegeHealth．2004．52(5):229~236．
[6] Morris D,Wilson L．Utilization of the Health Belief Model to investigate smokingbehaviors and attitudes of nun an d nursing assistants[J]．Research QuarterlyforExercise and Sport．2005．76(1):43．
[7] Robert R, Towell T, Golding J. Foundations of Health Psychology [J]. PALGRAVE.2001
[8] Melamed S,Rabinowitz S,Feiner M,Weisberg E,Ribak J. Usefulness of theprotection motivation theory in explaining hearing protection device use among makeindustrial workers[J]. Health Psychology,1996,15(3):209~215
[9] Milne S,Orbell S,Sheeran P. Combininig motivational and volitional interventions topromote exercise participation: protection motivation theory and implementationintensions[J]. British Joumal of Health Psychology.2002,7:163~184
[10] Bakker AB, Buunk BP, Siero FW. Condom use among heterosexuals: a comparisonof the theory of planned behavior,the health belief model and protection motivationtheory[J]. Gedrag Gezond (Article in Dutch).1993,21(5):238~258
[11] Runge C, Prentice-Dunn S,Scogin F. Protection motivation theory and alcohol useattitudes among older adults[J]. Psychological Report.1993,73(1):96~98
[12] Chen DKS, Cheung A, Gray A, Lee B. Identifyiing the psychosocial correlates ofcondom use by female sex workers in Hong Kong [J]. AIDS Care,2004,16:530~539
[13] Sheeran P, Orbell S, Abraharm C. Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condomuse: a meta-analysis [J]. Psychologica Bulletin1999,125:90~132
[14]左群,单广量等.影响商业性服务提供/受供AIDS/HIV危险行为的社会-心理-个人因素[J].中国艾滋病性别杂志,2004,10(3)
[15]许瑾.河北省正定县农村居民对菌痢疫苗接受性及影响因素研究[D].上海:复旦大学公共卫生学院博士论文,2005
[16] Sayles J. N., Hays R. D., Sarkisian C. A., Mahajan A.P., Spritzer K.L.,Cunningham W. E.. Development and psychometric assessment of amultidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive[J].AIDS Behavior,2008,12:748~758
[17] Galavotti C., Cabral, R. J., Lansky A., Grimley D. M., Riley G. E., and Prochaska J.O. Validation of Measures of Condom and Other Contraceptive Use Among Women atHigh Risk for HIV Infection and Unintended Pregnancy[J]. Health Psychology,1995,14(6):570~578
[18] Werts, C.E., Linn, R. L.,&J?reskog, K. G. Intraclass reliability estimates: Testingstructural assumptions[J]. Educational and Psychological Measurement,1974,34(1):25~33
[19] Chin W. W.. The partial Least Squares Approach for Strcutural Equation Modeling[M]. Modem Methods for Business Research,1998,295~336
[20]孙继红，杨晓红. PLS通径模型应用中应注意的几个问题[J].统计教育,2009,122,11:3~10
[21]易丹辉.结构方程模型方法与应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008
[22]陈学涛.病人忠诚意向模型的理论与实证研究[D].重庆:第三军医大学,2009
[23] Amato S.,Esposito Vinzi, V., Tenenhaus, M., A Global Goodness-of-Fit indes forPLS Structal Equation Modeling[OL]. http://www.sis-statistica.it/files/pdf/atti/rsba20-04p739~742,pdf,2004
[24] Marie Paule Bayol, Anne de la Foye, Carole Tellier et al. Use of PLS PathModellinig to Estimate the European Consumer Satisfaction Index(ECSI) Model[J].Statistica Application,2000,12(3):361~375
[1]联合国艾滋病规划署. GLOBAL REPORT UNAIDS REPORT ON THE GLOBALAIDS EPIDEMIC （2010）（OL）. http://www.unaids.org/en/Dataanalysis/
[2]刘叔文,李卫华,丁训诚,等1预防HIV性传播的杀微生物剂[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,17(5):31723201
[3] AVAC. Pre--Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)[OL].http://www.avac.org/ht/d/sp/a/GetDocumentAction/i/5851
[4] CDC. CDC’s Clinical Studies of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention [OL].http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/qa/index.htm
[5] Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R,et al.Reduction of mater-nal-infant transmissionof human immunodeficiency virus type1with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDSclinical trials group protocol076study group.N Engl J Med,1994,331(18):1173-1180.
[6] Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T,et al.Intrapartum and neona-tal single-dosenevirapine ompared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission ofHIV-1in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET012randomised trial [J].Lancet,1999,354(9181):795-802.
[7] Vyankadondera J, Luchters S, Hassink E, et al. Reducing risk of HIV-1transmissionthrough breastfeeding using antiretroviral prophylaxis in infants (SIMBA study)[OL].2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx? pageId=11&abstractId=11061
[8] Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA,et al. A case-control study of HIVseroconversion in health care workers after percu-taneous exposure [J]. Center fordisease control and prevention needlestick surveillance group.N Engl J Med,1997,337(21):1485-1490.
[9] Inge Derdelinckx, Mark A. Wainberg, Joep M. A. Lange, et al. Criteria for DrugsUsed in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Trials against HIV Infection [J]. PLoS Medicine,2006,3(11),e454:1999-2004
[10] Denton PW, Krisko JF, Powell DA, et al. Systemic administration of antiretroviralprior to exposure prevents rectal and intravenous HIV-1transmission in humanized BLTmice [J]. PLoS One.2010,5(1):e8829
[11] Garcia-Lema JG, Otten RA, Qari SH, et al. Prevention of rectal SHIV transmissionin macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabline and tenofovir [J].PLoS Med.2008,5(1):e28
[12] Parikh UM, Dobard C, Sharma S, Cong ME, et al. Complete protection fromrepeated vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus exposures in macaques by atopical gel containing tenofovir alone or with entricitabine [J]. J Virol.2009,83(20):10358~65
[13] Leigh Peterson, Doug Taylor, Ronald Roddy, et al. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratefor Prevention of HIV Infection in Women: A Phase2, Double-Blind, Randomized,Placebo-Controlled Trial [J]. PLoS CLINICAL TRIALS,2007,e27:0001-0009
[14] CDC. Preliminary Results from First Safety Study of Daily Tenofovir for HIVPreventio-n Among MSM Find No Significant Concerns [OL].http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/factsheets/extended_PrEB-safety-trial.htm
[15] Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Janet A. Frohlich, et al.Effectiveness and Safety of Tenofovir Gel, an Antiretroviral Microbicide, for thePrevention of HIV Infection in Women [J]. Science,2010,329,1168-1174
[16] Robert M. Grant, Javier R. Lama, Peter L. Anderson et al. PreexposureChemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men [J]. N Engl JMed,2010,363(27),2587-2599
[17] Scott E. Kellerman, Angela B. Hutchinson, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay PrideEvents,2004[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2006,43(3):376~377
[18] Andrew C. Voetsch, James D. Huffelfinger, Elin B. Begley et al. Knowledge andUse of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Attendees of Minority Gay Pride Events,2005Through2006[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2007,46(3):378~380
[19] N. NODIN, A. CARBALLO-DIEGUEZ, A.M.VENTUNEA et al. Knowledgeand acceptability of alternative HIV prevention bio-medical products among MSM whobareback[J]. AIDS Care.2008,20(1):106~115
[20] Albert Y. Liu, Pravina V. Kittredge, Eric Vittinghoff et al. Limited Knowledge andUse of HIV Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay and Bisexual Men[J]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr.2008,47(2):241~246
[21] Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson et al. PreexposureAntiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who ReportHaving Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for IncreasedUtilization After Education[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2009,50(1):77~83
[22] IM Poynten, GP Prestage, JM Kaldor et al. Attitudes towards new HIV biomedicalprevention technologies among a cohort of HIV-negative gay men in Sydney,Australia[J]. HIV Medicine.2010,11:282~288
[23] Elizabeth Anne Barash, Matthew Golden. Awareness and Use of HIV Pre-ExposureProphylaxis Among Attendees of a Seattle Gay Pride Events and Sexually TransmittedDisease Clinic[J]. AIDS PATIENT CARE and STDs,2010,24(11):1~3
[24] Sarit A. Golub, William Kowalczyk, Corina L. Weinberger et al. PreexposureProphylaxis and Predicted Condom Use Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex WithMen[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2010,54(5):548~554
[25]胡晓云，徐国景，山建国，等.1626名CSWs艾滋病相关KABP现状及影响因素研究[J].医学与社会.2007,20（8）：10~12，21
[26]田小兵，吉渝南.中小城市男男性接触者安全套使用状况分析[J].中国公共卫生.2006,22（11）：1316~1317
[27]张学化.济南市男男性接触者艾滋病知识态度行为的调查与分析研究[D].山东：山东大学公共卫生专业，2007
[28] Macaluso M, Demand M, Artz L, et al. Female condom use among women at highrisk of sexually transmitted disease [J]. Family Planning Perspectives,2000，32（3）：138~144
[29] Hoffman S, Exner T M, Leu C S, et al. Female-condom use in a gender-specificfamily planning clinic trial [J]. American Journal of Public Health,2003，93（11）：1897~1903
[30] Choi K H, Gregorich S E, Anderson K, et al. Patterns and predictors of femalecondom use among ethnically diverse women attending family planning clinics [J].Sexually Transmitted Disease,2003，30（1）：91~98
[31]张丽芬，梅林，乔晓春，等.太原市男男性行为人群的认知态度对安全套使用行为和意向的影响[J].中国艾滋病性病.2009，15（2）：124~127
[32]朱广荣，孙江平，彭钊等.暗娼安全套使用行为的心理影响因素分析[J].中国公共卫生.2003，19（2）：204~206
[33] Wang Y, Liao S-S，Weeks M R，et al. Acceptability of hypothetical microbicidesamong women in sex establishments in rural areas in Southern Chin [J]. SexuallyTransmitted Diseases，2008，35（1）：102~110
[34] Coggins C，Blanchard K，Friedland B. Men’s attitudes towards a potential vaginalmicrobicide in Zimbabwe, Mexico and the USA [J]. Reproductive Health Matters,2000，8（15）：132~141
[35] Abbas U L, Anderson RM, Mellors JW. Potential impact of antiretroviralchemoprophylaxis on HIV-1transmission in resource limited settings [J]. PLoS One.2007,2(9):e875
[36] Vissers DC, Voeten HA, Nagelkerke NJ, et al. The impact of pre-exposureprophylaxis(PrEP) on HIV epidemics in Africa and India: a simulation study [J]. PLoSOne.2008,3(5):e2077