开发细辛型白蚁防治剂的思路探讨及前期实验研究
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摘要
白蚁广布于温带及热带地区,是危害率高、破坏性极大的社会昆虫。我国南方白蚁危害十分猖獗,据估算,湖广地区每年白蚁危害造成的经济损失就达10亿元人民币。多年来我国使用氯丹、灭蚁灵、亚砷酸钠等化学药剂来防治白蚁。由于这些药物对环境的污染和人类健康的危害,一些国家已相继禁用。而我国目前尚未有良好的替代药物。近年来,植物源杀虫剂因其具有高效、低毒或无毒、无污染、选择性高、不易产生抗药性等优点,日益受到白蚁防治业界的重视。
细辛(马兜铃科细辛属)为我国传统中草药,具有祛风散寒,通窍止痛,温肺化饮之功效,自古以来,一直被医家视为祛除痼疾的常用药。但因“细辛不可过钱”之说,严重束缚了其临床应用及疗效的发挥。
我国民间自古就用细辛包袋,祛虫避秽。我国南方将细辛全草铺于地板下以防白蚁侵蛀。为探讨细辛制成白蚁防治剂的可行性,本课题首先通过对北细辛各成分组群的栖北散白蚁毒效研究,探讨了其抑杀白蚁的活性成分,并测定其含量:其次对活性成分组群进行了农药第一阶段的安全性评价。实验结果显示:(1) 北细辛挥发油对栖北散白蚁具有较好的驱避作用和熏蒸活性,甲基丁香酚是其熏蒸作用的活性物质;(2) 北细辛醇提物对栖北散白蚁具有一定的触杀作用,细辛脂素为其触杀作用的有效成分;(3) 通过高效液相法测定了北细辛醇提物中细辛脂素的含量,约为28.04mg/g;(4) 北细辛醇提物的急性经口毒性、急性经皮毒性均属低毒级,且无急性皮肤刺激性、无眼刺激性、无皮肤过敏性。
本课题的研究为制成高效、低毒的细辛型白蚁防治剂奠定基础,其研究思路也将为发挥我国中药资源优势,进行中药在其它领域的深加工开发另辟蹊径。
Termites blazoning in the temperate zone and the torrid zone is a kind of high-harmful society insect. The harmfulness caused by termites is terribly rampant in the southward of China. It was estimated that the economic expense caused by termites is approximately one billion RMB in Hubei and Guangdong provinces every year. In our country, the termicides often used include arsenicals, organchlorine compounds, organophosphates, and so on.Because the chemical termicides are highly harmful to the environment and human health, many countries have already stopped using them. However, there are no other replacers for the current chemical termicides in China. Lately, researchers have paid attention to the botanical insecticides that are high-effective, !ow-toxic, high-selectivity and not pollutive.Asarum is an efficacious traditional Chinese medicine. However, the toxicity of Asarum seriously restricts its clinic application. From of old, Chinese people have used Asarum to drive away insects. In Chinese southward, people have spreaded Asarum grass below the floor board to drive termites. In order to explore the possibility of Asarum as the termicides, this paper has studied on the toxic effects of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) kitag. against Reticulitermes flaviceps, discussed the active ingredients ngainst termites and mensurated its content. Moreover, we have evaluated the security of the active group. The results showed that: 1)Asarum naphtha has good repellent and suffocating activity against Reticulitermes flaviceps, and Methyleugenol is the active substance of its suffocating activity; (2)the ethanol extraction of Asarum has the definite contacting toxicity, and Asarinin is the active substance of its contacting toxicity; (3) the Asarinin content
细辛(马兜铃科细辛属)为我国传统中草药,具有祛风散寒,通窍止痛,温肺化饮之功效,自古以来,一直被医家视为祛除痼疾的常用药。但因“细辛不可过钱”之说,严重束缚了其临床应用及疗效的发挥。
我国民间自古就用细辛包袋,祛虫避秽。我国南方将细辛全草铺于地板下以防白蚁侵蛀。为探讨细辛制成白蚁防治剂的可行性,本课题首先通过对北细辛各成分组群的栖北散白蚁毒效研究,探讨了其抑杀白蚁的活性成分,并测定其含量:其次对活性成分组群进行了农药第一阶段的安全性评价。实验结果显示:(1) 北细辛挥发油对栖北散白蚁具有较好的驱避作用和熏蒸活性,甲基丁香酚是其熏蒸作用的活性物质;(2) 北细辛醇提物对栖北散白蚁具有一定的触杀作用,细辛脂素为其触杀作用的有效成分;(3) 通过高效液相法测定了北细辛醇提物中细辛脂素的含量,约为28.04mg/g;(4) 北细辛醇提物的急性经口毒性、急性经皮毒性均属低毒级,且无急性皮肤刺激性、无眼刺激性、无皮肤过敏性。
本课题的研究为制成高效、低毒的细辛型白蚁防治剂奠定基础,其研究思路也将为发挥我国中药资源优势,进行中药在其它领域的深加工开发另辟蹊径。
Termites blazoning in the temperate zone and the torrid zone is a kind of high-harmful society insect. The harmfulness caused by termites is terribly rampant in the southward of China. It was estimated that the economic expense caused by termites is approximately one billion RMB in Hubei and Guangdong provinces every year. In our country, the termicides often used include arsenicals, organchlorine compounds, organophosphates, and so on.Because the chemical termicides are highly harmful to the environment and human health, many countries have already stopped using them. However, there are no other replacers for the current chemical termicides in China. Lately, researchers have paid attention to the botanical insecticides that are high-effective, !ow-toxic, high-selectivity and not pollutive.Asarum is an efficacious traditional Chinese medicine. However, the toxicity of Asarum seriously restricts its clinic application. From of old, Chinese people have used Asarum to drive away insects. In Chinese southward, people have spreaded Asarum grass below the floor board to drive termites. In order to explore the possibility of Asarum as the termicides, this paper has studied on the toxic effects of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) kitag. against Reticulitermes flaviceps, discussed the active ingredients ngainst termites and mensurated its content. Moreover, we have evaluated the security of the active group. The results showed that: 1)Asarum naphtha has good repellent and suffocating activity against Reticulitermes flaviceps, and Methyleugenol is the active substance of its suffocating activity; (2)the ethanol extraction of Asarum has the definite contacting toxicity, and Asarinin is the active substance of its contacting toxicity; (3) the Asarinin content
引文
[1] 孔令梅,孔令泓,孔建国.细辛用量古今谈[J].河南中医,2001,21(6):18
[2] 谢伟,陆满文.细辛挥发油的化学与药理作用[J].宁夏医学杂志,1995,(2):121-124
[3] 何家琅.论文摘要集[M].中国药学会北京分会,1957:68
[4] 柯铭清.中草药有效成分理化与药理特性[M].湖南科学技术出版社,1982:108
[5] 周金黄.中药药理学[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1986:31
[6] 曲淑岩.细辛油的抗炎作用[J].药学学报,1982,(1):12
[7] 江苏新医学院,中药大辞典(上册),1752-1754
[8] 中药现代临床应用[M],466-467
[9] 周长征,杨春澎,柳树林.中药细辛的质量检测[J].基层中药杂志,1998,12(3):22
[10] 周长征,杨春澎,马长华,等.气相色谱法测定细辛挥发油中甲基丁香酚和黄樟醚的含量[J].中国药学杂志,1999,34(12):836
[11] 周长征,中国细辛植物分类学及细辛道地药材的系统研究[J].北京中医药大学博士论文,1998
[12] 董良杰,王树明.细辛用量研究[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2000,6(4):39
[13] 夏传国,戴自荣.我国白蚁的危害及白蚁防治的应用状况[J].农药科学与管理,2001,增刊:16-18,29
[14] 吴宏和.白蚁危害及防治对经济的影响[J].中山大学学报论丛,1999,4:66-69
[15] 李桂祥,戴自容,李栋.中国白蚁与防治方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:14-20
[16] 林树青.我国白蚁危害与防治情况综述[J].白蚁科技,1987,4(3):1-5
[17] 林树青,高道蓉.中国等翅目及其主要危害种类的治理[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1990
[18] 刘晓燕,钟国华.白蚁防治剂的现状和未来[J].农药学学报,2002,4(2):14-22
[19] 汤成如.房屋建筑受白蚁危害的防治[J].安徽建筑,1998(3):14-15
[20] 杨登良,杨登福.现代建筑的特点与白蚁的关系及防治意见[J].华东昆虫学,2001,6(3):24-28
[21] 李桂祥,饶绮珍,田伟金,等.中国堤坝白蚁防治简史及现状[J].白蚁科技,1998,15(3):1-9,16
[22] 韦成礼.我国白蚁研究概况[J].广西植保,1995(3):28-31
[23] 邓晓军,张珈敏,胡建芳,等.白蚁信息素的研究进展[J].昆虫学报,2002,45(5):666-672
[24] 张大羽,宋晓刚,程家安.探测及防治白蚁技术的进展[J].白蚁科技,2000,17(1):213-26
[25] 李凯.毒死蜱防治白蚁效果及其应用技术[J].湖北植保,2001,2
[26] 高四维,朱国念,吴慧明.毒死蜱对家白蚁的室内毒力测定[J].白蚁科技,1997,14(3):6-11
[2] 谢伟,陆满文.细辛挥发油的化学与药理作用[J].宁夏医学杂志,1995,(2):121-124
[3] 何家琅.论文摘要集[M].中国药学会北京分会,1957:68
[4] 柯铭清.中草药有效成分理化与药理特性[M].湖南科学技术出版社,1982:108
[5] 周金黄.中药药理学[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1986:31
[6] 曲淑岩.细辛油的抗炎作用[J].药学学报,1982,(1):12
[7] 江苏新医学院,中药大辞典(上册),1752-1754
[8] 中药现代临床应用[M],466-467
[9] 周长征,杨春澎,柳树林.中药细辛的质量检测[J].基层中药杂志,1998,12(3):22
[10] 周长征,杨春澎,马长华,等.气相色谱法测定细辛挥发油中甲基丁香酚和黄樟醚的含量[J].中国药学杂志,1999,34(12):836
[11] 周长征,中国细辛植物分类学及细辛道地药材的系统研究[J].北京中医药大学博士论文,1998
[12] 董良杰,王树明.细辛用量研究[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2000,6(4):39
[13] 夏传国,戴自荣.我国白蚁的危害及白蚁防治的应用状况[J].农药科学与管理,2001,增刊:16-18,29
[14] 吴宏和.白蚁危害及防治对经济的影响[J].中山大学学报论丛,1999,4:66-69
[15] 李桂祥,戴自容,李栋.中国白蚁与防治方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:14-20
[16] 林树青.我国白蚁危害与防治情况综述[J].白蚁科技,1987,4(3):1-5
[17] 林树青,高道蓉.中国等翅目及其主要危害种类的治理[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1990
[18] 刘晓燕,钟国华.白蚁防治剂的现状和未来[J].农药学学报,2002,4(2):14-22
[19] 汤成如.房屋建筑受白蚁危害的防治[J].安徽建筑,1998(3):14-15
[20] 杨登良,杨登福.现代建筑的特点与白蚁的关系及防治意见[J].华东昆虫学,2001,6(3):24-28
[21] 李桂祥,饶绮珍,田伟金,等.中国堤坝白蚁防治简史及现状[J].白蚁科技,1998,15(3):1-9,16
[22] 韦成礼.我国白蚁研究概况[J].广西植保,1995(3):28-31
[23] 邓晓军,张珈敏,胡建芳,等.白蚁信息素的研究进展[J].昆虫学报,2002,45(5):666-672
[24] 张大羽,宋晓刚,程家安.探测及防治白蚁技术的进展[J].白蚁科技,2000,17(1):213-26
[25] 李凯.毒死蜱防治白蚁效果及其应用技术[J].湖北植保,2001,2
[26] 高四维,朱国念,吴慧明.毒死蜱对家白蚁的室内毒力测定[J].白蚁科技,1997,14(3):6-11