轮作和连作对燕麦产量、品质、主要病虫害及土壤肥力的影响
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摘要
通过设置在陇中黄土高原西部二阴地区连续四年（2008～2011年）的大田试验，研究了燕麦单序轮作（燕麦-豌豆-胡麻-燕麦）和连作条件下燕麦产量、品质、病虫害及土壤肥力的变化规律，建立了该单序轮作和连作下燕麦产量、品质、病虫害及土壤评价的综合模型，探讨了燕麦轮作和连作对燕麦产量、品质、病虫害及土壤的调控效应。主要研究结果如下：
（1）轮作和连作对燕麦灌浆期干草产量有显著影响，轮作条件下燕麦灌浆期干草产量要高于连作条件下，轮作第四年燕麦灌浆期干草产量比连作第四年高25.6%。在连作条件下燕麦灌浆期干草产量呈逐年下降的趋势，从燕麦连作第三年开始呈现明显下降趋势，且下降幅度随着年限的增加而增强。
（2）轮作和连作对燕麦籽粒产量影响显著。轮作条件下燕麦籽粒产量显著高于连作。连作条件下燕麦籽粒产量随着种植年限的增加而逐年下降，连作第四年较连作第一年下降了17.2%。轮作和连作主要通过影响籽粒产量构成因子来影响其产量，在连作时燕麦籽粒产量构成因子呈逐年下降的趋势，穗长、每穗小穗数、穗节数/花序和千粒重下降趋势比较缓和；单枝生殖枝数、种子粒数和单株种子重的下降趋势比较明显。
（3）轮作和连作对燕麦干草和籽粒品质影响显著。轮作条件下由于土壤肥力的改善和病虫害减轻，燕麦干草蛋白质含量、粗脂肪含量、粗灰分、钙和磷含量处在一个较高且稳定的水平。连作条件下燕麦干草多项品质指标都随种植年限的增加而下降，酸洗纤维含量则随种植年限的增加而呈上升。
（4）轮作和连作对燕麦病虫害的影响显著。在日相对湿度、日均温、日降水量等与虫害发生相关程度高的气象因子一致的情况下，蚜虫数量呈单峰曲线变化。连作条件下燕麦蚜虫数量要显著高于轮作，且蚜虫数量随种植年限的增加呈逐年上升趋势，轮作第四年燕麦单株蚜虫头数比连作第四年降低了34.6%。轮作条件下燕麦红叶病病情指数和黑穗病发病率明显低于连作条件下，在连作条件下燕麦红叶病病情指数黑穗病发病率随着种植年限的增加而呈逐年上升的趋势，且上升趋势明显。
（5）轮作和连作对土壤肥力的影响显著。连作条件下土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分随燕麦种植年限的增加呈逐年下降；而土壤pH值呈逐年上升趋势。轮作条件下土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分年际间变化不显著，但明显高于连作。轮作和连作对土壤酶活性的影响也非常显著，燕麦轮作条件下土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和蔗糖酶活性都高于连作；燕麦连作条件下各土壤酶活性都随种植年限的增加而下降，加快了土壤的老化，导致土壤肥力下降。
（6）运用主成分分析对轮作和连作下燕麦产量、品质、病虫害及土壤肥力综合评价，其模型为：P综合=0.4668P1+0.3840P2+0.0950P3。轮作能够使燕麦产量和品质保持在一个高产优质的稳定水平，同时使燕麦病虫害减轻并能维持土壤肥力；燕麦连作时因土壤肥力逐年下降和病虫害的逐年上升使燕麦产量和品质都有所下降，且从连作第三年呈现明显下降趋势。
The field experiment was carried out from2008to2011at the western of theLoess Plateau moist area, Gansu Province, the rules were researched though the singlesequence rotation (oats-peas-til-oats) and continuous condition production and quality,diseases and pests oats and soil fertility changes, then set up the comprehensiveevaluation model of the soil about the single sequence rotation and under the impactof oats yield, quality, pests and soil fertility, the paper discussed the effect of the oatsrotation and continuous on oat yield, quality, diseases and pests and controlling. Themain research results were as follows
(1) Crop rotation and continuous production of oat hay significantly influencedin filling stage, the hay yield was higher than continuous conditions in filling stage ofrotation conditions. In the fourth year of crop rotation oats and milking stage hay yieldin the fourth year of continuous high25.6%。Under the condition of the continuouscropping, oats production declined year by year in the hay trend in filling stage, fromthe third year began to drop oats present obvious down trend, which the increase ofthe decline of enhanced.
(2) The effected of the crop rotation and continuous on oat grain yield wassignificant. Under the crop rotation conditions, oats grain yield significantly higherthan that under the condition of continuous cropping. On the4thyear of continuous was17.2%times lower than that of first year. Crop rotation and continuous mainly throughinfluence factor to influence the grain yield constitute its yield, under continuous, oatsgrain yield factor when a downward trend was more, spike length, each ear numberper ear festival, small number/inflorescence-grain weight and mild decline; Singlebranch number, seed reproductive branch grain number and the yield per plant seedsheavy down trend more apparent.
(3) The crop rotation and continuous on oat hay and grain quality was significant.In the rotation conditions, due to the improvement of soil fertility and plant diseasesand insect pests, the contents of protein, crude fat content, crude ash, calcium andphosphorus content of oat hay on a higher level and the stability condition. Manyquality indexes of plantation age increase with the decrease under the continuous; butpickling fiber content increased.
(4) The impact of crop rotation and continuous effect of plant diseases and insectpests of oats significantly. When the day relative humidity and average dailytemperature, precipitation, etc, which three poles and the high degree of involved inmeteorological factors relative stability, the number of the aphids was a single-peakcurve changed. Under the condition of continuous oats aphids to a significantly higheramount rotation conditions, and the impact of the number of the aphids increased withincreasing year by year. in the fourth year of crop rotation oats aphids than dropbroken down per fourth year34.6%. At the same time, crop rotation conditions oatsBYDV disease index and smut incidence were significantly lower than the impact ofcontinuous conditions, under continuous conditions, BYDV disease index and smutincidence with the increase of the years of planting were the tendency that year afteryear rised obviously.
(5) The crop rotation and continuous impact of the influence of soil nutrientsignificantly. Under the condition, the soil microorganisms.this organic matter, totalnitrogen, phosphorus nutrients with years of planting in the increase of oats reducedyear by year except pH. In the crop rotation conditions, the soil organic matter, totalnitrogen, phosphorus and nutrient interannual changes between not significant, but theimpact was significantly higher than conditions. The impact of soil enzyme activitywas the very significant influence under the crop rotation and conditions. In therotation conditions, the soil catalase activity, urease activity, alkaline phosphataseactivity and invertase activity was higher than the continuous. In the continuousconditions, the soil enzyme activity decreased of plantation age, speeding up the soilof aging, lead to soil fertility dropped.
(6) By using principal component analysised to evaluation oats yield, quality,pests and the soil fertility in the crop rotation and continuous of two different farmingsystem, the model for: P comprehensive=0.4668P1+0.3840P2+0.0950P3. It wasknown that the rotation can make oats yield and quality to remain in a stable of highyield and good quality level, while making oats plant diseases and insect pests andreduce the maintenance of soil fertility; Oats drop because of soil fertility declineswhen plant diseases and insect pests and the increasing of yield and quality makesoats declined, from the third year continuous obviously declined.
（1）轮作和连作对燕麦灌浆期干草产量有显著影响，轮作条件下燕麦灌浆期干草产量要高于连作条件下，轮作第四年燕麦灌浆期干草产量比连作第四年高25.6%。在连作条件下燕麦灌浆期干草产量呈逐年下降的趋势，从燕麦连作第三年开始呈现明显下降趋势，且下降幅度随着年限的增加而增强。
（2）轮作和连作对燕麦籽粒产量影响显著。轮作条件下燕麦籽粒产量显著高于连作。连作条件下燕麦籽粒产量随着种植年限的增加而逐年下降，连作第四年较连作第一年下降了17.2%。轮作和连作主要通过影响籽粒产量构成因子来影响其产量，在连作时燕麦籽粒产量构成因子呈逐年下降的趋势，穗长、每穗小穗数、穗节数/花序和千粒重下降趋势比较缓和；单枝生殖枝数、种子粒数和单株种子重的下降趋势比较明显。
（3）轮作和连作对燕麦干草和籽粒品质影响显著。轮作条件下由于土壤肥力的改善和病虫害减轻，燕麦干草蛋白质含量、粗脂肪含量、粗灰分、钙和磷含量处在一个较高且稳定的水平。连作条件下燕麦干草多项品质指标都随种植年限的增加而下降，酸洗纤维含量则随种植年限的增加而呈上升。
（4）轮作和连作对燕麦病虫害的影响显著。在日相对湿度、日均温、日降水量等与虫害发生相关程度高的气象因子一致的情况下，蚜虫数量呈单峰曲线变化。连作条件下燕麦蚜虫数量要显著高于轮作，且蚜虫数量随种植年限的增加呈逐年上升趋势，轮作第四年燕麦单株蚜虫头数比连作第四年降低了34.6%。轮作条件下燕麦红叶病病情指数和黑穗病发病率明显低于连作条件下，在连作条件下燕麦红叶病病情指数黑穗病发病率随着种植年限的增加而呈逐年上升的趋势，且上升趋势明显。
（5）轮作和连作对土壤肥力的影响显著。连作条件下土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分随燕麦种植年限的增加呈逐年下降；而土壤pH值呈逐年上升趋势。轮作条件下土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分年际间变化不显著，但明显高于连作。轮作和连作对土壤酶活性的影响也非常显著，燕麦轮作条件下土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和蔗糖酶活性都高于连作；燕麦连作条件下各土壤酶活性都随种植年限的增加而下降，加快了土壤的老化，导致土壤肥力下降。
（6）运用主成分分析对轮作和连作下燕麦产量、品质、病虫害及土壤肥力综合评价，其模型为：P综合=0.4668P1+0.3840P2+0.0950P3。轮作能够使燕麦产量和品质保持在一个高产优质的稳定水平，同时使燕麦病虫害减轻并能维持土壤肥力；燕麦连作时因土壤肥力逐年下降和病虫害的逐年上升使燕麦产量和品质都有所下降，且从连作第三年呈现明显下降趋势。
The field experiment was carried out from2008to2011at the western of theLoess Plateau moist area, Gansu Province, the rules were researched though the singlesequence rotation (oats-peas-til-oats) and continuous condition production and quality,diseases and pests oats and soil fertility changes, then set up the comprehensiveevaluation model of the soil about the single sequence rotation and under the impactof oats yield, quality, pests and soil fertility, the paper discussed the effect of the oatsrotation and continuous on oat yield, quality, diseases and pests and controlling. Themain research results were as follows
(1) Crop rotation and continuous production of oat hay significantly influencedin filling stage, the hay yield was higher than continuous conditions in filling stage ofrotation conditions. In the fourth year of crop rotation oats and milking stage hay yieldin the fourth year of continuous high25.6%。Under the condition of the continuouscropping, oats production declined year by year in the hay trend in filling stage, fromthe third year began to drop oats present obvious down trend, which the increase ofthe decline of enhanced.
(2) The effected of the crop rotation and continuous on oat grain yield wassignificant. Under the crop rotation conditions, oats grain yield significantly higherthan that under the condition of continuous cropping. On the4thyear of continuous was17.2%times lower than that of first year. Crop rotation and continuous mainly throughinfluence factor to influence the grain yield constitute its yield, under continuous, oatsgrain yield factor when a downward trend was more, spike length, each ear numberper ear festival, small number/inflorescence-grain weight and mild decline; Singlebranch number, seed reproductive branch grain number and the yield per plant seedsheavy down trend more apparent.
(3) The crop rotation and continuous on oat hay and grain quality was significant.In the rotation conditions, due to the improvement of soil fertility and plant diseasesand insect pests, the contents of protein, crude fat content, crude ash, calcium andphosphorus content of oat hay on a higher level and the stability condition. Manyquality indexes of plantation age increase with the decrease under the continuous; butpickling fiber content increased.
(4) The impact of crop rotation and continuous effect of plant diseases and insectpests of oats significantly. When the day relative humidity and average dailytemperature, precipitation, etc, which three poles and the high degree of involved inmeteorological factors relative stability, the number of the aphids was a single-peakcurve changed. Under the condition of continuous oats aphids to a significantly higheramount rotation conditions, and the impact of the number of the aphids increased withincreasing year by year. in the fourth year of crop rotation oats aphids than dropbroken down per fourth year34.6%. At the same time, crop rotation conditions oatsBYDV disease index and smut incidence were significantly lower than the impact ofcontinuous conditions, under continuous conditions, BYDV disease index and smutincidence with the increase of the years of planting were the tendency that year afteryear rised obviously.
(5) The crop rotation and continuous impact of the influence of soil nutrientsignificantly. Under the condition, the soil microorganisms.this organic matter, totalnitrogen, phosphorus nutrients with years of planting in the increase of oats reducedyear by year except pH. In the crop rotation conditions, the soil organic matter, totalnitrogen, phosphorus and nutrient interannual changes between not significant, but theimpact was significantly higher than conditions. The impact of soil enzyme activitywas the very significant influence under the crop rotation and conditions. In therotation conditions, the soil catalase activity, urease activity, alkaline phosphataseactivity and invertase activity was higher than the continuous. In the continuousconditions, the soil enzyme activity decreased of plantation age, speeding up the soilof aging, lead to soil fertility dropped.
(6) By using principal component analysised to evaluation oats yield, quality,pests and the soil fertility in the crop rotation and continuous of two different farmingsystem, the model for: P comprehensive=0.4668P1+0.3840P2+0.0950P3. It wasknown that the rotation can make oats yield and quality to remain in a stable of highyield and good quality level, while making oats plant diseases and insect pests andreduce the maintenance of soil fertility; Oats drop because of soil fertility declineswhen plant diseases and insect pests and the increasing of yield and quality makesoats declined, from the third year continuous obviously declined.
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