知识显性化及知识流程研究
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摘要
随着信息技术的快速发展以及全球经济一体化的加快,人类进入了一个以知识为核心的全新的时代。在这样的时代背景下,知识流程成为了企业管理运作的核心,受到了学术界和企业界的高度重视,这是因为：知识是当今企业竞争优势的主要源泉；知识管理的研究内容就是如何提高企业知识资源的利用率；同时,知识管理又是围绕知识获取、知识共享、知识应用与知识创新等一系列知识流程活动进行的,知识管理在某种程度上就是要取得这些知识流程核心活动之间的平衡。因此,对知识流程分析与建模方法是具有实际价值的研究方向。
本文的研究从知识获取入手,因为知识获取是一切知识管理研究活动的基础,尤其是隐性知识的挖掘和利用,并利用知识含量定量描述岗位隐性知识在占整个知识结构的比重。紧扣业务流程,给出一套完善、系统的知识流程分析、建模框架,以动态、直接的方式显示企业知识资源与业务流程的映射关系。研究目的和意义在于：一方面,知识获取处于知识链的瓶颈位置,本文将给出一套完整的知识获取方法,特别是隐性知识获取方法,为知识流程分析奠定了基础；另一方面,研究知识流程建模方法,有了一套系统的知识流程分析框架做指导,组织能够更有效地将知识流程研究成果应用于知识管理。
本文主要完成了一下四个方面的工作：
1)对知识管理的研究现状、现有隐性知识显性化、知识流程分析方法、知识含量的相关理论、以及信息技术的发展进行了回顾,总结前人的研究成果,分析其中的优缺点,以此作为研究的依据。
2)从知识管理的角度出发,分析如何在组织内进行高效的知识创造、知识组织、知识共享和知识应用,从显性知识、隐性知识的结构特征出发,解决如何将隐性知识显性化的问题。
3)在充分挖掘组织内部知识资源的前提下,结合问卷调查,建立知识含量的计算模型,定量分析组织内不同岗位知识资源中隐性知识的比重,根据不同岗位知识含量特征,并结合实地调研,提出如何利用知识含量指导工资发放、权责制度、领导方式等管理问题。
4)建立知识流程建模方法,该方法需要能够体现知识资源在组织内的流动情况以及知识流程与业务流程的关系,并在此基础上,提出知识管理信息系统框架,为知识管理信息系统的建立提供依据。
5)以一家电力设计研究院为背景,对本文所提出的隐形知识显性化、知识含量模型以及知识流程建模进行实例分析。
With the rapid development of information technology and the acceleration of global economic integration, knowledge is becoming more and more important to people. Knowledge process, which is highly valued by academic and business community, also becomes crucial to business operation. There are three main reasons for this. Firstly, knowledge is today the main source of competitive advantage. Secondly, the study of knowledge management is how to use knowledge resource effectively. Thirdly, knowledge management involves knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing, knowledge application and knowledge innovation, which are a series of activities of knowledge management.
This paper starts with knowledge acquisition, especially acquisition and use of tacit knowledge, which is the fundamental of all activities related to knowledge management, then calculate the proportion of tacit knowledge using knowledge amount. After that, propose a systematic knowledge process analysis structure to outlet the mapping of knowledge and business process in a direct and dynamic way. The purpose and significance of research include two aspects. On the one hand, knowledge acquisition in the knowledge chain bottlenecks, this article will give a complete set of knowledge acquisition methods, especially tacit knowledge acquisition methods for knowledge flow analysis of the foundation. On the other hand, with a systematic knowledge process analysis framework, organizations can more effectively apply the knowledge processes to knowledge management.
In this paper, the main research and achievements are as follows.
Firstly, this paper reviews research on knowledge management, the existing tacit knowledge explicitization method, knowledge process analysis, theories of knowledge amount and information technology, summarizes achivements of previous studies, analysis of the advantages and disadvantages to as the basis for this study.
Secondly, from the perspective of knowledge management, analyze how to create, organize, share and apply knowledge effectively. Basing on the structure features of explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge, figure out a way to translate tacit knowledge in to explicit knowledge.
Thirdly, through questionnaire survey to establish knowledge amount model, which is used to carry out quantitative analysis of tacit knowledge amount of different positions within the organization. Then combines with field research, proposes guidance on how to use knowledge of the payment of wages, rights and responsibilities system, leadership and other management issues.
Fourthly, knowledge process modeling method is proposed, which reflects the organization of knowledge resources and knowledge flow within the process and the relationship between business processes. Moreover, the framework for knowledge management information system is presented
Finally, a case analysis is conducted about the theories and methods proposed in this paper in a background of a Electric Power Institute.
本文的研究从知识获取入手,因为知识获取是一切知识管理研究活动的基础,尤其是隐性知识的挖掘和利用,并利用知识含量定量描述岗位隐性知识在占整个知识结构的比重。紧扣业务流程,给出一套完善、系统的知识流程分析、建模框架,以动态、直接的方式显示企业知识资源与业务流程的映射关系。研究目的和意义在于：一方面,知识获取处于知识链的瓶颈位置,本文将给出一套完整的知识获取方法,特别是隐性知识获取方法,为知识流程分析奠定了基础；另一方面,研究知识流程建模方法,有了一套系统的知识流程分析框架做指导,组织能够更有效地将知识流程研究成果应用于知识管理。
本文主要完成了一下四个方面的工作：
1)对知识管理的研究现状、现有隐性知识显性化、知识流程分析方法、知识含量的相关理论、以及信息技术的发展进行了回顾,总结前人的研究成果,分析其中的优缺点,以此作为研究的依据。
2)从知识管理的角度出发,分析如何在组织内进行高效的知识创造、知识组织、知识共享和知识应用,从显性知识、隐性知识的结构特征出发,解决如何将隐性知识显性化的问题。
3)在充分挖掘组织内部知识资源的前提下,结合问卷调查,建立知识含量的计算模型,定量分析组织内不同岗位知识资源中隐性知识的比重,根据不同岗位知识含量特征,并结合实地调研,提出如何利用知识含量指导工资发放、权责制度、领导方式等管理问题。
4)建立知识流程建模方法,该方法需要能够体现知识资源在组织内的流动情况以及知识流程与业务流程的关系,并在此基础上,提出知识管理信息系统框架,为知识管理信息系统的建立提供依据。
5)以一家电力设计研究院为背景,对本文所提出的隐形知识显性化、知识含量模型以及知识流程建模进行实例分析。
With the rapid development of information technology and the acceleration of global economic integration, knowledge is becoming more and more important to people. Knowledge process, which is highly valued by academic and business community, also becomes crucial to business operation. There are three main reasons for this. Firstly, knowledge is today the main source of competitive advantage. Secondly, the study of knowledge management is how to use knowledge resource effectively. Thirdly, knowledge management involves knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing, knowledge application and knowledge innovation, which are a series of activities of knowledge management.
This paper starts with knowledge acquisition, especially acquisition and use of tacit knowledge, which is the fundamental of all activities related to knowledge management, then calculate the proportion of tacit knowledge using knowledge amount. After that, propose a systematic knowledge process analysis structure to outlet the mapping of knowledge and business process in a direct and dynamic way. The purpose and significance of research include two aspects. On the one hand, knowledge acquisition in the knowledge chain bottlenecks, this article will give a complete set of knowledge acquisition methods, especially tacit knowledge acquisition methods for knowledge flow analysis of the foundation. On the other hand, with a systematic knowledge process analysis framework, organizations can more effectively apply the knowledge processes to knowledge management.
In this paper, the main research and achievements are as follows.
Firstly, this paper reviews research on knowledge management, the existing tacit knowledge explicitization method, knowledge process analysis, theories of knowledge amount and information technology, summarizes achivements of previous studies, analysis of the advantages and disadvantages to as the basis for this study.
Secondly, from the perspective of knowledge management, analyze how to create, organize, share and apply knowledge effectively. Basing on the structure features of explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge, figure out a way to translate tacit knowledge in to explicit knowledge.
Thirdly, through questionnaire survey to establish knowledge amount model, which is used to carry out quantitative analysis of tacit knowledge amount of different positions within the organization. Then combines with field research, proposes guidance on how to use knowledge of the payment of wages, rights and responsibilities system, leadership and other management issues.
Fourthly, knowledge process modeling method is proposed, which reflects the organization of knowledge resources and knowledge flow within the process and the relationship between business processes. Moreover, the framework for knowledge management information system is presented
Finally, a case analysis is conducted about the theories and methods proposed in this paper in a background of a Electric Power Institute.
引文
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[10]郭延吉.组织中的隐性知识的共享[J].情报理论与实践,2004,(2)：130-133
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[19]Georgakopolous D,Homick M,Sheth A. An overview of workflow management: from process modeling to work[J]. Flow automation infrastructure, Distributed and Parallel Databases,1995,3(2):119-152
[20]Leymann F,Altenhuber W. Managing business processes as an information resource[J], IBM Systems Journal,1994,33(2):326-348
[21]W.M.P van der Aalst. The Application of Petri Nets to Workflow Management[J], The Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers,8(1):21-66,1998
[22]Kacmar C, Carey J, Alexaander M. Providing workflow services using a programmable hypermedia environment[J], Information and Software Technology, 1998.40(7):381-396
[23]Geppert A, Tombros D, Dittrich K R. Defining the semantics of reactive components in event-driven workflow execution with event histories[J]. Information Systems,1998,23(3/4):235-252
[24]汪成亮,张聪张勤.UML技术在实际工程中的应用[M].计算机工程与应用.2002.01
[25]刘宪凯,张维石.UML在WEB组件建模中的应用研究[M].计算机工程与应用.2002.01
[26]方贵宾,胡辉良.UML 2.0和统一过程[M].机械工业出版社.2006年6月第一版
[27]孙万福.“头脑风暴”与“思维导图”[M].中国远程教育.2005年18期
[28]李红臣,史美林.Petri网在业务过程建模中的应用[M].小型微型计算机系统.Vo1.22 NO.12001.1
[29]格雷戈里T.豪根.有效的工作分解结构[M].机械工业出版社.2005年7月第一版
[30]杨丹.知识工作的结构分析及其对生产率的影响研究[D].上海：东华大学旭日工商管理学院,2008
[31]杨保安,张科静：多目标决策分析理论、方法与应用研究[M].东华大学出版社.2008年
[32]Drucker Peter. The Next Society[M]. The Economist.2001.9
[33]戴昌钧.国家自然科学基金项目(批准号70172030,2002-2004)研究报告[R],2005,8.
[34]徐璞.“头脑风暴”与“思维导图”[M].中国远程教育.2005年18期
[35]张科静,陈会琳,戴昌钧.信息技术对知识工作生产率的影响研究及概念模型[J].情报杂志,2010(29)8：197-202
[36]任密迎.PKM—提升个人竞争力的新路径[J].情报杂志,2004(10)
[37]徐华.知识工作特征分析及知识工作者激励研究.上海：东华大学,2003
[38]吴伟敏.UML建模工具的比较——Rose, Visio和PowerDesigner[J]现代计算机.2003年6月第165期：56-63
[39]Reber, A.S. Implicit learning of artificial grammars [J]. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,1967(5):855-863.
[40]孙炬.第二语言内隐学习和外显学习研究的新进展[J].外语界,2006(6)：39--45.
[41]温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2004年：172,78
[42]杨治华.论知识管理与业务流程的管理和改造[J].南京邮电学院学报,2002：89-94
[43]王君.基于过程管理的知识管理系统构建研究[D].博世学位论文.沈阳：东北大学,2003.
[44]Bloodgood J.M., Salisbury W.D. Understanding the influence of organizational change strategies on information technology and knowledge management strategies [J]. Decision Support System,2001, (31):55-69.
[45]Hammer M, Champy J. Reengineering the Corporation:A Manifesto for Business Process Redesign[M]. New York, NY:Harper Collins,1993.
[46]Daveport T H. Process Innovation:Reengineering Work through Information Technology [M]. Harvard Business School Press,1993.
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[2]彼得·F·德鲁克知识工人是新资本家[J],国外社会科学文献,No1,2002：112-119
[3]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编.现代汉语词典[M].北京：商务出版社,1996
[4]Polanyi M. Personal Knowledge. London:Routledge,1958
[5]金明律.论企业的知识创新及知识变换过程[M].南开管理评论,1998(2)
[6]徐耀宗.我国企业知识管理的研究与考察(上)[M].郑州轻工业学院学报(社会科学版),2001
[7]王方华.知识管理论[M].山西：山西经济出版社,1999
[8]Ikujiro Nonaka, Ryoko Toyama and Noboru Konno, SECI, Ba and Leadership:a Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation[J]. Long Range Planning,2000, (33): 5-34
[9]J.B.Noha, K.C.Leeb, J.K.Kim, J.K.Lead, S.H.Kim.A case based reasoning approach to cognitive map-driven tacit knowledge managementJ]. Expert Systems with Applications,2000, (19):249- 259.
[10]郭延吉.组织中的隐性知识的共享[J].情报理论与实践,2004,(2)：130-133
[11]Lcvill, B, Msich.J.G. Organization Learning[J].Annual Review of Sociology,1998:68-74
[12]黄希庭.心理学导论[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1991：11-12
[13]杨斌,冀亚林,王海明.以心理活动为基础的隐性知识转化诱导模型[J].情报杂志,2010：141-144
[14]托马斯·M·科洛波洛斯.知识管理[M].上海远东出版社,2002：32-34
[15]Alavi M. Leidner D.E 2001. Review:Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems:Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues[J]. MIS Quarterly,25:107-136
[16]罗海滨,范玉顺,吴澄.工作流技术综述软件学报2000,11(7)：899-907
[17]范玉顺主编.工作流管理技术基础-实现企业业务过程重组、过程管理与过程自动化的核心技术,清华大学出版社施普林格出版社.2001年4月第一版
[18]Carlsen S. Conceptual Modeling and Composition of Flexible Workflow Models. Ph.D Thesis[M], Norwegian University of Science and Technology,1997
[19]Georgakopolous D,Homick M,Sheth A. An overview of workflow management: from process modeling to work[J]. Flow automation infrastructure, Distributed and Parallel Databases,1995,3(2):119-152
[20]Leymann F,Altenhuber W. Managing business processes as an information resource[J], IBM Systems Journal,1994,33(2):326-348
[21]W.M.P van der Aalst. The Application of Petri Nets to Workflow Management[J], The Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers,8(1):21-66,1998
[22]Kacmar C, Carey J, Alexaander M. Providing workflow services using a programmable hypermedia environment[J], Information and Software Technology, 1998.40(7):381-396
[23]Geppert A, Tombros D, Dittrich K R. Defining the semantics of reactive components in event-driven workflow execution with event histories[J]. Information Systems,1998,23(3/4):235-252
[24]汪成亮,张聪张勤.UML技术在实际工程中的应用[M].计算机工程与应用.2002.01
[25]刘宪凯,张维石.UML在WEB组件建模中的应用研究[M].计算机工程与应用.2002.01
[26]方贵宾,胡辉良.UML 2.0和统一过程[M].机械工业出版社.2006年6月第一版
[27]孙万福.“头脑风暴”与“思维导图”[M].中国远程教育.2005年18期
[28]李红臣,史美林.Petri网在业务过程建模中的应用[M].小型微型计算机系统.Vo1.22 NO.12001.1
[29]格雷戈里T.豪根.有效的工作分解结构[M].机械工业出版社.2005年7月第一版
[30]杨丹.知识工作的结构分析及其对生产率的影响研究[D].上海：东华大学旭日工商管理学院,2008
[31]杨保安,张科静：多目标决策分析理论、方法与应用研究[M].东华大学出版社.2008年
[32]Drucker Peter. The Next Society[M]. The Economist.2001.9
[33]戴昌钧.国家自然科学基金项目(批准号70172030,2002-2004)研究报告[R],2005,8.
[34]徐璞.“头脑风暴”与“思维导图”[M].中国远程教育.2005年18期
[35]张科静,陈会琳,戴昌钧.信息技术对知识工作生产率的影响研究及概念模型[J].情报杂志,2010(29)8：197-202
[36]任密迎.PKM—提升个人竞争力的新路径[J].情报杂志,2004(10)
[37]徐华.知识工作特征分析及知识工作者激励研究.上海：东华大学,2003
[38]吴伟敏.UML建模工具的比较——Rose, Visio和PowerDesigner[J]现代计算机.2003年6月第165期：56-63
[39]Reber, A.S. Implicit learning of artificial grammars [J]. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,1967(5):855-863.
[40]孙炬.第二语言内隐学习和外显学习研究的新进展[J].外语界,2006(6)：39--45.
[41]温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2004年：172,78
[42]杨治华.论知识管理与业务流程的管理和改造[J].南京邮电学院学报,2002：89-94
[43]王君.基于过程管理的知识管理系统构建研究[D].博世学位论文.沈阳：东北大学,2003.
[44]Bloodgood J.M., Salisbury W.D. Understanding the influence of organizational change strategies on information technology and knowledge management strategies [J]. Decision Support System,2001, (31):55-69.
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