特种小型机电引信设计及关键技术研究
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摘要
在现代战争中,特别是在恐怖活动日益猖獗的形势下,适合城市巷战使用的单兵空炸榴弹成为世界各国研究的重点,而特种小型机电引信则决定其起爆方式和毁伤威力,是小口径弹药设计的瓶颈。实现特种小型机电引信灵巧化设计能够大幅度提高小口径武器弹药的作战性能。
特种小型机电引信灵巧化设计体现为引信小型化和功能化设计。本文以某型小口径单兵武器采用的空炸榴弹为应用背景,对其特种小型机电引信灵巧化设计进行了系统的研究,具体内容包括：小口径空炸引信总体设计、微机电(MEMS)安全与解除保险装置设计、膛内电磁感应供能及信息装定的电磁场分析以及引信电路软硬件设计。
针对小口径弹药引信的需求、设计要求和技术难点,从微小型安全与解除保险装置、空炸作用体制、可编程装定方法和引信电源四个方面,对小口径榴弹空炸引信各组成部分进行详细的分析讨论；并以此为依据,构建某小口径榴弹空炸引信设计的框架,归纳其关键技术。
安全与解除保险装置是引信不可或缺的重要组成部分,本文探讨了以引信微机电安全与解除保险装置为核心内容的引信小型化技术；分析和设计了两种引信微机电安全与解除保险装置,详细分析了其关键部件的设计,包括储能弹簧部件、后坐滑块延期机构、电磁驱动机构；并通过与国家同步辐射实验室联合微机电加工工艺的研究,展开了微机电安全与解除保险装置的微加工制作。
感应装定技术是实现引信智能化设计的核心,本文采用膛内电磁感应供能、信息装定作为小口径空炸引信感应装定技术。在该技术支撑下,一方面,能够将战场信息迅速传递给引信,实现引信可编程功能；另一方面,能将电磁能储存作为引信全弹道工作所需能量,使得引信不需要增加额外电源,进一步实现引信小型化设计的目的。
膛内电磁感应供能、信息装定技术的实施,本质上都是通过交变电磁场实现能量的传递。由于交变电磁场的作用,金属发射管内产生涡流,降低了系统能量传递效率。本文以麦克斯韦尔电磁场基本方程推导出了电磁场在金属发射管中的电磁渗透方程；分别从电磁场时域、频域分析了小口径金属发射管壁电磁场的扩散过程,经过分析得出：钛金属发射管壁外缠绕线圈磁场频率小于2.5KHz,才能保证发射管内部磁场强度约为管外磁场强度的80%；频率越高,衰减越快。根据电流法求解模型,计算、分析了小口径金属发射管壁涡流的损失功率。
小口径空炸引信电路系统是特种小型机电引信关键所在。本文分析了小口径空炸引信的功能特点及电路设计要求、电路模块组成,并对各模块的选取、设计思路进行了探讨；分析了引信低功耗设计的意义,建立了引信电路功耗模型,从静态功耗和动态功耗两个角度分析了功耗影响因数；分析了电路系统的电磁兼容性,从硬件和软件设计两个角度探讨了空炸引信电路电磁兼容设计方法。
从电路硬件、软件、低功耗以及电磁兼容角度,设计了某型特种小型机电引信原理样机。经过静、动态模拟试验结果表明,其性能满足某型特种小型机电引信的设计要求。该系统能够实现在膛内1s内完成感应供能和数据装定,样本空间内装定数据完全准确,储存能量能够实现为引信全弹道工作时间不少于8s的时间要求。
In the current situation of modern wars, especially where the terrorist activities are rampant, it has become the emphasis of many nations to research on small-caliber air-burst ammunition, which is perfect for city wars and street wars; To a small-caliber air-burst ammunition, the special type small electro-mechanical fuze is the brain that determines the location and damage power of the explosion. The realization of the smart design of special type small electro-mechanical fuze can improve the combating performance of small-caliber weaponry system greatly.
Smart designing of special type small electro-mechanical fuze means the fuze that is miniaturized and intelligentized. This essay conducts systematic researches into smart designing of the special type fuze in the application background of a small-caliber weapon adopting air-burst ammunition. The researches include those on:small-caliber air burst fuze design, MEMS fuze technology, technology of electromagnetic inductive power supplying and information setting field in bore, and hardware and software design of fuze circuit.
For the demands, design requirements, and technical difficulties of small-caliber ammunition fuze, this essay analyzes on the four aspects of fuze in detail:small safe and arming(S&A) device, the action principle of aerial bombardment, programmable setting method and fuze power. Basing on the analyses, a small-caliber grenade fuze design framework is constructed and its key technologies are proposed.
The safe and arming device is an indispensable part of fuze. The technology of fuze-downsizing, which focuses on the MEMS safe and arming device, is discussed in this essay. Two kinds of MEMS safe and arming devices and theirs parts are analyzed and designed, such as components of energy storage, zigzag setback time delay device, and electromagnetic drive mechanism. Furthermore, with the help of national synchronic radiation laboratory, the micro fabrication technique of the MEMS safe and arming device is in the process on the basis of researches on MEMS fabrication technique.
Inductive setting technology is the core of the realization of fuze smart designing. In this essay, the technology of electromagnetic inductive setting and inductive power supplying in bore is adopted to construct the small-caliber induction fuze. Equipped with this technology, on one hand, battlefield information can be promptly delivered into fuze to realize the programmable function; on the other hand, electromagnetic energy can be restored for the fuze working in the whole trajectory. Which saves additional power source equipment, and realizs the fuze-downsizing still further.
The realization of electromagnetic inductive power supplying and information setting field in bore, in essence, is the energy transfer through the medium of alternate electromagnetic field. And because of that, eddy current is generated in the metal barrel, reducing efficiency of energy transfer. Electromagnetic penetration equation is deduced from Maxwell's basic equations of electromagnetic field. Analysis on the diffusion process of the electromagnetic field of small caliber metal launch barrel wall from electromagnetic field time domain and frequency domain respectively leads to the result that:the magnetic field frequency of excitation coil must be less than 2.5kHz to guarantee the internal magnetic field strength of about 80% of the external. The higher the frequency rises, the faster the penetration attenuates. Also, the calculation of eddy current's wasted power in small caliber metal launch barrel wall is discussed from the current solving model.
The circuit system of small-caliber air burst fuze is the core of special type small electro-mechanical fuze, who's features, design requirements, module composing as well as module selecting and design ideas are analyzed in this essay. About low-power consumption design, its significance is discussed and a fuze circuit power model is constructed to analyze the influence factors from aspects of static power and dynamic power; about EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) design, its design methods are discussed from the aspects of hardware and software.
A prototype model of special type small electro-mechanical is designed from aspects of hardware, software, low power consumption and EMC of the circuit. The outcomes of both static and dynamic experiments indicate that the special type small electro-mechanical fuze meet the performing requirements. This system realizes the inductive energy supplying and data setting within 1 s with the 100% accuracy, and the restored energy meets the requirement of providing power to work no less than 8s for the fuze in the whole trajectory.
特种小型机电引信灵巧化设计体现为引信小型化和功能化设计。本文以某型小口径单兵武器采用的空炸榴弹为应用背景,对其特种小型机电引信灵巧化设计进行了系统的研究,具体内容包括：小口径空炸引信总体设计、微机电(MEMS)安全与解除保险装置设计、膛内电磁感应供能及信息装定的电磁场分析以及引信电路软硬件设计。
针对小口径弹药引信的需求、设计要求和技术难点,从微小型安全与解除保险装置、空炸作用体制、可编程装定方法和引信电源四个方面,对小口径榴弹空炸引信各组成部分进行详细的分析讨论；并以此为依据,构建某小口径榴弹空炸引信设计的框架,归纳其关键技术。
安全与解除保险装置是引信不可或缺的重要组成部分,本文探讨了以引信微机电安全与解除保险装置为核心内容的引信小型化技术；分析和设计了两种引信微机电安全与解除保险装置,详细分析了其关键部件的设计,包括储能弹簧部件、后坐滑块延期机构、电磁驱动机构；并通过与国家同步辐射实验室联合微机电加工工艺的研究,展开了微机电安全与解除保险装置的微加工制作。
感应装定技术是实现引信智能化设计的核心,本文采用膛内电磁感应供能、信息装定作为小口径空炸引信感应装定技术。在该技术支撑下,一方面,能够将战场信息迅速传递给引信,实现引信可编程功能；另一方面,能将电磁能储存作为引信全弹道工作所需能量,使得引信不需要增加额外电源,进一步实现引信小型化设计的目的。
膛内电磁感应供能、信息装定技术的实施,本质上都是通过交变电磁场实现能量的传递。由于交变电磁场的作用,金属发射管内产生涡流,降低了系统能量传递效率。本文以麦克斯韦尔电磁场基本方程推导出了电磁场在金属发射管中的电磁渗透方程；分别从电磁场时域、频域分析了小口径金属发射管壁电磁场的扩散过程,经过分析得出：钛金属发射管壁外缠绕线圈磁场频率小于2.5KHz,才能保证发射管内部磁场强度约为管外磁场强度的80%；频率越高,衰减越快。根据电流法求解模型,计算、分析了小口径金属发射管壁涡流的损失功率。
小口径空炸引信电路系统是特种小型机电引信关键所在。本文分析了小口径空炸引信的功能特点及电路设计要求、电路模块组成,并对各模块的选取、设计思路进行了探讨；分析了引信低功耗设计的意义,建立了引信电路功耗模型,从静态功耗和动态功耗两个角度分析了功耗影响因数；分析了电路系统的电磁兼容性,从硬件和软件设计两个角度探讨了空炸引信电路电磁兼容设计方法。
从电路硬件、软件、低功耗以及电磁兼容角度,设计了某型特种小型机电引信原理样机。经过静、动态模拟试验结果表明,其性能满足某型特种小型机电引信的设计要求。该系统能够实现在膛内1s内完成感应供能和数据装定,样本空间内装定数据完全准确,储存能量能够实现为引信全弹道工作时间不少于8s的时间要求。
In the current situation of modern wars, especially where the terrorist activities are rampant, it has become the emphasis of many nations to research on small-caliber air-burst ammunition, which is perfect for city wars and street wars; To a small-caliber air-burst ammunition, the special type small electro-mechanical fuze is the brain that determines the location and damage power of the explosion. The realization of the smart design of special type small electro-mechanical fuze can improve the combating performance of small-caliber weaponry system greatly.
Smart designing of special type small electro-mechanical fuze means the fuze that is miniaturized and intelligentized. This essay conducts systematic researches into smart designing of the special type fuze in the application background of a small-caliber weapon adopting air-burst ammunition. The researches include those on:small-caliber air burst fuze design, MEMS fuze technology, technology of electromagnetic inductive power supplying and information setting field in bore, and hardware and software design of fuze circuit.
For the demands, design requirements, and technical difficulties of small-caliber ammunition fuze, this essay analyzes on the four aspects of fuze in detail:small safe and arming(S&A) device, the action principle of aerial bombardment, programmable setting method and fuze power. Basing on the analyses, a small-caliber grenade fuze design framework is constructed and its key technologies are proposed.
The safe and arming device is an indispensable part of fuze. The technology of fuze-downsizing, which focuses on the MEMS safe and arming device, is discussed in this essay. Two kinds of MEMS safe and arming devices and theirs parts are analyzed and designed, such as components of energy storage, zigzag setback time delay device, and electromagnetic drive mechanism. Furthermore, with the help of national synchronic radiation laboratory, the micro fabrication technique of the MEMS safe and arming device is in the process on the basis of researches on MEMS fabrication technique.
Inductive setting technology is the core of the realization of fuze smart designing. In this essay, the technology of electromagnetic inductive setting and inductive power supplying in bore is adopted to construct the small-caliber induction fuze. Equipped with this technology, on one hand, battlefield information can be promptly delivered into fuze to realize the programmable function; on the other hand, electromagnetic energy can be restored for the fuze working in the whole trajectory. Which saves additional power source equipment, and realizs the fuze-downsizing still further.
The realization of electromagnetic inductive power supplying and information setting field in bore, in essence, is the energy transfer through the medium of alternate electromagnetic field. And because of that, eddy current is generated in the metal barrel, reducing efficiency of energy transfer. Electromagnetic penetration equation is deduced from Maxwell's basic equations of electromagnetic field. Analysis on the diffusion process of the electromagnetic field of small caliber metal launch barrel wall from electromagnetic field time domain and frequency domain respectively leads to the result that:the magnetic field frequency of excitation coil must be less than 2.5kHz to guarantee the internal magnetic field strength of about 80% of the external. The higher the frequency rises, the faster the penetration attenuates. Also, the calculation of eddy current's wasted power in small caliber metal launch barrel wall is discussed from the current solving model.
The circuit system of small-caliber air burst fuze is the core of special type small electro-mechanical fuze, who's features, design requirements, module composing as well as module selecting and design ideas are analyzed in this essay. About low-power consumption design, its significance is discussed and a fuze circuit power model is constructed to analyze the influence factors from aspects of static power and dynamic power; about EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) design, its design methods are discussed from the aspects of hardware and software.
A prototype model of special type small electro-mechanical is designed from aspects of hardware, software, low power consumption and EMC of the circuit. The outcomes of both static and dynamic experiments indicate that the special type small electro-mechanical fuze meet the performing requirements. This system realizes the inductive energy supplying and data setting within 1 s with the 100% accuracy, and the restored energy meets the requirement of providing power to work no less than 8s for the fuze in the whole trajectory.
引文
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