雷达信号细微特征分析与识别
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摘要
随着电子技术的飞速发展及其在现代战争中的广泛应用,新型雷达信号源个体的调制方式更加灵活,参数变化多样,并且现代战场电磁信号环境复杂,以使基于传统常规参数的雷达信号识别技术无法满足现实的需求。为此,迫切需要探索新的识别方法,以提高现有电子战中雷达对抗装备的技术水平,这就使得雷达信号源个体识别的技术应运而生,并且得到迅速发展。本文主要分析与研究了雷达信号有意调制识别和雷达信号无意调制识别的相关理论和方法,全文的主要研究工作概括如下:
     针对雷达信号有意调制中两类典型调制信号,即相位编码(PSK)信号和调频(FM)信号。本文提出了一种基于由粗到细的分类识别方法。根据PSK信号和FM信号两者的频率谱3dB带宽明显不同的特点,先进行类间粗分类识别。在此基础上,针对PSK信号和FM信号类内特征的不同,本文又提出了基于小波脊频特征的类内细分类识别方法,使PSK信号被细分类识别为二相编码(BPSK)信号和四相编码(QPSK)信号,使FM信号被细分类识别为线性调频(LFM)信号和非线性调频(NLFM)信号,至此完成整个分类识别过程。
     在雷达信号有意调制类型识别过程中,本文研究了加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)信道中载波信号采样序列瞬时频率的概率密度分布模型,并通过假设检验验证该分布模型的正确性。分析了不同采样速率及信噪比对瞬时频率概率密度分布的影响。根据该分析结论本文提出了一种基于抽取与重构的瞬时频率估计算法,并且对该算法的性能进行了详细的分析。同时还对多载波信号采样序列瞬时频率产生混叠以至无法分辨的情况进行了分析,并推导了瞬时频率完全混叠时的极限公式。最后通过蒙特卡罗仿真验证了提出的估计算法的正确性。
     在对已完成类型识别的信号进行参数估计方面,本文提出了一种基于三次相位函数法的改进LFM雷达信号参数估计算法。采用三次相位函数(Cubic Phase Function, CPF)法可实现对LFM及NLFM信号的参数估计。该方法可提取此类信号相位函数的各项系数,它只需通过二阶非线性变换在信号参数空间形成最大值来进行参数估计,具有较高的估计精度和良好的抗噪声能力。针对该算法计算量大的问题,本文利用信道化提取的脉冲前沿频率和脉冲宽度信息,提出调频斜率搜索范围设定准则。另外,提出双尺度调频斜率搜索法,可大量减小计算量,同时保证低信噪比下的算法精度。
     针对雷达常规脉冲信号重复间隔(Pulse Repetition Interval, PRI)特征,本文应用到达时间(Time Of Arrival, TOA)差值法进行雷达信号源个体识别。针对雷达信号载波频率偏移特征,本文应用快速傅里叶变换法(FFT)进行雷达信号源个体识别。针对应用雷达脉冲信号波形特征进行雷达信号源个体识别,本文是在对实测脉冲信号分析的基础上,对其最能代表被分析信号源个体特征的脉冲信号包络的上升沿波形特征进行提取,并应用Hausdorff距离法分别从其时域和频域两个角度,对其提取出的特征进行识别。对于上述的识别结果,本文均给出相应的正确识别概率。
     针对由相位噪声引起的雷达信号无意调制的识别,本文首先提出了基于变换域中的双谱分析法,并给出了信号双谱的计算方法和其相应的物理意义。然后,对用双谱分析法所得的计算结果,本文应用围线积分法进行了优化,对优化后的结果提取出相应的特征,采用质心距离法和FCM聚类法进行后续的识别。最后,通过仿真实验和实测数据两方面共同验证了本文所述方法的有效性与正确性。
With the rapid development of modern electronic technology and its widely used in themodern war, the modulation of the new radar signal source is more flexible, diverseparameters, and the electromagnetic signals environment in modern battlefield is complicated,so that the radar signal recognition technology based on the traditional parameters could notmeet the real needs. Therefore, exploring new recognition methods of identification in theelectronic warfare, in order to improve the radar countermeasures equipment technologicallevel, makes the radar signal source individual recognition technology emerge as the timerequire, and develop rapidly. The theory and method of intentional modulation andunintentional modulation of radar signal recognition is analysed and researched deeply. Themain research work of this paper is summarized as follows:
     Considering two typical intentional modulation of radar signal recognition, Phase ShiftKeying (PSK) signal and Frequency Modulation (FM) signal, a classified recognition methodfrom rough to the detail is proposed in this paper. Considering the significantly differentcharacteristics of the3dB bandwidth of frequency spectrum between PSK signal and FMsignal, rough classification and recognition are applied firstly. Based on this, for the differentwithin-class characteristics of PSK signal and FM signal, a method based on wavelet ridgefrequency characteristics is proposed in this paper, PSK signal is classified and recognized asthe Binary-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) signal and Quarternary-Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) indetail, FM signal is classified and recognized as Linear FM (LFM) signal and Nonlinear FM(NLFM), thus all the classification and recognition process are completed.
     In the process of intentional modulated radar signal recognition, instantaneous frequencyprobability density distribution model of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channelcarrier signal is studied in this paper, and verified the correctness of distribution model byhypothesis testing. The instantaneous frequency probability of density distribution is analyzedon different sampling rate and SNR. According to the conclusions of the analysis, a methodbased on extraction and reconstruction of the instantaneous frequency estimation algorithm isproposed, and the performance of the algorithm is analyzed in detail. In this paper, themulti-carrier signal instantaneous frequency aliasing as well as unable to distinguish is alsoanalyzed, and derived the limit formula of the instantaneous frequency aliasing completely.Finally through the Monte Carlo simulation verified the correctness of estimation algorithm advanced.
     In the case of the completed type identification signal parameter estimation, the parametersestimation algorithm of LFM radar signal based on modified cubic phase function is proposed.Cubic phase function (CPF) algorithm can be used to achieve parameters estimation of LFMand NLFM signals, this method can extract the phase function coefficients of such signals.CPF conducts parameter estimation with parameter space maximum value by second ordernonlinear transformation, which has high precision and acquires the ability of resisting noise.The computation of this algorithm is very large, for this question, through extracting the pulseleading edge and pulse width information by using channelizing, FM slope of the searchrange setting criterion is proposed. In addition, a method called dual-scale FM slope search isbrought to reduce the computation, at the same time, this method can ensure the accuracy ofthe algorithm in low SNR.
     Considering conventional pulse repetition interval(PRI) characteristics of radar, time ofarrival (TOA) difference method recognizing radar signals source individuals is applied in thispaper. Considering carrier frequency offset characteristics of radar signal, this paper appliesfast fourier transform (FFT) method for recognizing radar signals source individuals.Considering waveform characteristics of the radar pulse signal is used to recognize radarsignals source individuals, based on the analysis of the actual measured pulse, By the analysisof the most representative signals source individual characteristics, the pulse signal risingedge of the envelope waveform characteristic is extracted, the time domain characteristics andfrequency domain characteristics are extracted to recognize using the Hausdorff distancemethod in this paper. the result which is mentioned above is given in the correspondingprobability of correct recognition in this paper.
     Considering unintentional modulation of radar signal characteristics caused by the phasenoise, the double spectrum analysis method based on transform domain is proposed in thispaper, and the signal double spectrum calculation method and its physical significance is alsogiven. Surrounding-line integral method was applied to optimize the calculation results ofdouble spectrum analysis, centroid distance method and FCM clustering method forsubsequent identification. Finally, the results of computer simulation and actual data verifythe correctness and effectiveness of the method in this paper.
引文
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