级联H-桥多电平STATCOM关键技术研究
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摘要
电力系统中无论是发电、输电还是配电环节都要求稳定电压水平，为用户提供稳定、可靠、无污染的电能。动态无功补偿是稳定电压水平的重要手段之一。静止同步补偿器（STATCOM）具有许多优点，代表了无功补偿装置的发展方向，引起国内外专家学者的广泛关注。级联H-桥多电平（或称“链式”）STATCOM是当前高压大容量STATCOM的最佳方案，具有广阔的发展前景和独特的研究价值。链式STATCOM的关键技术包含同步技术、调制技术、动态无功控制和并网电流控制技术、不平衡工况下的控制和保护技术和链节直流电压均衡控制技术等。本文针对同步算法、不平衡工况下的控制和链节直流电压均衡控制三个关键技术目前研究中存在的问题，进行了以下三个方面的工作。
首先，讨论了abc/dq变换的频率偏移特性，针对预测滤波器改进dq_MAF_open同步算法频率适应范围窄和在非偶次谐波点上提供的衰减不足的两个缺陷，提出了一种基于有限冲击响应滤波器的宽范围频率适应新型开环同步算法，详细分析了该算法各部分的工作原理和设计原则，给出了具体设计步骤，并通过仿真结果比较了预测滤波器改进dq_MAF_open同步算法和新算法的频率适应性能，验证了其优越性。
其次，建立了星形链式STATCOM的数学模型，分析了两种典型不平衡工况下，链式STATCOM每相变换器输入有功会发生偏移的特殊现象，从数学上证明常规的有功电流调节法并不能对有功偏移量进行校正，分析了现有文献提出的两种功率校正方案的基本原理，指出了它们的局限性，给出了一种零序电压求解方案。通过对零序电压注入法的有效补偿范围的定量分析，得出了STATCOM输出额定无功电流时的不平衡负序电流补偿能力与正、负序电流的比值以及并网电感的关系，通过10kV/±50MVar星形链式STATCOM的仿真结果，验证了理论分析的正确性。
最后，从实现的角度，对链式STATCOM直流电容电压控制系统的优化设计进行了探索，提出一种链节直流电压分布式控制系统，能在不损害均压效果前提下，简化通信系统，便于链节扩展。分析了分布式系统引入直流电压控制调节量vb前后，系统的总功率平衡关系和各链节的功率变化情况，建立了考虑主链节直流电压闭环控制的作用后vb和链节损耗差异间的定量关系，通过仿真验证了这一定量关系的正确性。给出了分布式系统的具体软、硬件设计方案，通过一台单相三模块级联H-桥七电平STATCOM样机的实验结果验证了分布式系统的有效性。
Keeping system voltage level stable is a basic requirement for electricity generation,transmission and distribution systems, and this can bring the users stable, reliable and cleanelectric energy. Rapid and dynamic reactive power compensation is very important. Havingmany merits, the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) represents thedevelopment tendency of reactive power compensation devices, and it has been paid moreand more attention. Cascaded H-Bridge STATCOM is the best choice of high voltage largecapacity STATCOM application at present, and it has a broad development prospect andspecial research value. The key technologies of cascaded H-Bridge STATCOM involvesynchronization algorithm, modulation strategy, dynamic reactive power andgrid-connected current control, control and protection under unbalanced conditions and dcvoltage balance control, etc. To solve the problems existed in the research field ofsynchronization algorithm, control under unbalanced conditions and dc voltage balancecontrol, this paper works in the following three areas.
First, the frequency-biased characteristic of abc/dq transformation is discussed. Theimproved dq_MAF_open synchronization algorithm based on predictive filter has two maindefects: the frequency adaptive range is too narrow, and the amplitude attenuation onuneven harmonic spot is not enough. To make up these two defects, a novel wide frequencyadaptive range open-loop synchronization algorithm based on FIR filter is proposed. Theoperation principles and design methods of all parts of this algorithm are analyzed in detail,and specific designing steps are given. The frequency adaptability of the predictive filterimproved dq_MAF_open synchronization algorithm and the proposed algorithm arecompared by simulation results, which imply the superiority of proposed method.
Second, the mathematical model of star cascaded STATCOM is built. The specialactive power biased phenomenon of cascaded STATCOM under two typical unbalancedconditions are analyzed. The principle that the conventional active current regulationmethod cannot correct the biased active power is proved by mathematic method. And themain principles and limitations of existing two active power correction methods areanalyzed. A zero sequence voltage solution method is proposed. By quantitatively analyzingthe valid compensation region of zero-sequence voltage injecton method, the relationshipbetween STATCOM negative sequence current compensation ability and k and gridconnected inductor L is obtained. The validity of theory analysis is proved by thesimulation results of a10kV/±50MVar star cascaded STATCOM.
Third, this paper presents a novel dc capacitor voltage distributed control system (DCS)for cascaded H-Bridge multilevel STATCOM. The DCS can simplify the communicationsystem design, without injuring the voltage balancing performance. The system total powerbalance relation and each link power change before and after introducing vbare analyzed.Considering the effect of main link DC voltage close-loop controller, the quantitativerelation between vband link loss diversity is built. The correctness of this quantitativerelation is proved by simulation. A hardware and software solution is presented. Thevalidity of DCS is verified by the experimental results of a single phase three-moduleseven-level cascaded STATCOM prototype.
首先，讨论了abc/dq变换的频率偏移特性，针对预测滤波器改进dq_MAF_open同步算法频率适应范围窄和在非偶次谐波点上提供的衰减不足的两个缺陷，提出了一种基于有限冲击响应滤波器的宽范围频率适应新型开环同步算法，详细分析了该算法各部分的工作原理和设计原则，给出了具体设计步骤，并通过仿真结果比较了预测滤波器改进dq_MAF_open同步算法和新算法的频率适应性能，验证了其优越性。
其次，建立了星形链式STATCOM的数学模型，分析了两种典型不平衡工况下，链式STATCOM每相变换器输入有功会发生偏移的特殊现象，从数学上证明常规的有功电流调节法并不能对有功偏移量进行校正，分析了现有文献提出的两种功率校正方案的基本原理，指出了它们的局限性，给出了一种零序电压求解方案。通过对零序电压注入法的有效补偿范围的定量分析，得出了STATCOM输出额定无功电流时的不平衡负序电流补偿能力与正、负序电流的比值以及并网电感的关系，通过10kV/±50MVar星形链式STATCOM的仿真结果，验证了理论分析的正确性。
最后，从实现的角度，对链式STATCOM直流电容电压控制系统的优化设计进行了探索，提出一种链节直流电压分布式控制系统，能在不损害均压效果前提下，简化通信系统，便于链节扩展。分析了分布式系统引入直流电压控制调节量vb前后，系统的总功率平衡关系和各链节的功率变化情况，建立了考虑主链节直流电压闭环控制的作用后vb和链节损耗差异间的定量关系，通过仿真验证了这一定量关系的正确性。给出了分布式系统的具体软、硬件设计方案，通过一台单相三模块级联H-桥七电平STATCOM样机的实验结果验证了分布式系统的有效性。
Keeping system voltage level stable is a basic requirement for electricity generation,transmission and distribution systems, and this can bring the users stable, reliable and cleanelectric energy. Rapid and dynamic reactive power compensation is very important. Havingmany merits, the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) represents thedevelopment tendency of reactive power compensation devices, and it has been paid moreand more attention. Cascaded H-Bridge STATCOM is the best choice of high voltage largecapacity STATCOM application at present, and it has a broad development prospect andspecial research value. The key technologies of cascaded H-Bridge STATCOM involvesynchronization algorithm, modulation strategy, dynamic reactive power andgrid-connected current control, control and protection under unbalanced conditions and dcvoltage balance control, etc. To solve the problems existed in the research field ofsynchronization algorithm, control under unbalanced conditions and dc voltage balancecontrol, this paper works in the following three areas.
First, the frequency-biased characteristic of abc/dq transformation is discussed. Theimproved dq_MAF_open synchronization algorithm based on predictive filter has two maindefects: the frequency adaptive range is too narrow, and the amplitude attenuation onuneven harmonic spot is not enough. To make up these two defects, a novel wide frequencyadaptive range open-loop synchronization algorithm based on FIR filter is proposed. Theoperation principles and design methods of all parts of this algorithm are analyzed in detail,and specific designing steps are given. The frequency adaptability of the predictive filterimproved dq_MAF_open synchronization algorithm and the proposed algorithm arecompared by simulation results, which imply the superiority of proposed method.
Second, the mathematical model of star cascaded STATCOM is built. The specialactive power biased phenomenon of cascaded STATCOM under two typical unbalancedconditions are analyzed. The principle that the conventional active current regulationmethod cannot correct the biased active power is proved by mathematic method. And themain principles and limitations of existing two active power correction methods areanalyzed. A zero sequence voltage solution method is proposed. By quantitatively analyzingthe valid compensation region of zero-sequence voltage injecton method, the relationshipbetween STATCOM negative sequence current compensation ability and k and gridconnected inductor L is obtained. The validity of theory analysis is proved by thesimulation results of a10kV/±50MVar star cascaded STATCOM.
Third, this paper presents a novel dc capacitor voltage distributed control system (DCS)for cascaded H-Bridge multilevel STATCOM. The DCS can simplify the communicationsystem design, without injuring the voltage balancing performance. The system total powerbalance relation and each link power change before and after introducing vbare analyzed.Considering the effect of main link DC voltage close-loop controller, the quantitativerelation between vband link loss diversity is built. The correctness of this quantitativerelation is proved by simulation. A hardware and software solution is presented. Thevalidity of DCS is verified by the experimental results of a single phase three-moduleseven-level cascaded STATCOM prototype.
引文
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