冷却塔模型的抗震计算与试验研究
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摘要
自然通风冷却塔是火电厂的重要建筑物之一,其安全性是关系到国家经济发展的重要问题。冷却塔在自然界中受到自重、风压、地震、温度等因素综合作用,其抗震性设计是尤为重要的一个方面。目前对冷却塔抗震动力特性主要是用有限元方法计算,本文结合振动台试验及有限元法计算,综合研究有机玻璃冷却塔模型及钢架冷却塔模型的抗震性,这在实际工程应用中具有重要意义。
本文基于1:200缩尺比例的两种冷却塔模型,研究其固有特性及在地震激励下的动力响应。具体内容为:用锤击试验法测得两种模型的频率及阻尼,并与有限元计算结果比较分析;计算有机玻璃冷却塔模型在EL-centro、Koyna及松潘地震波激励下的瞬态响应及反应谱响应;将有限元法计算与振动台试验法结合,研究了钢架冷却塔模型在两种周期加速度激励下的动力学响应,并对结果比较分析。最后可以得到结论:有限元法计算得到的部分模态可在锤击试验中识别;冷却塔在EL-centro地震波下时程响应极值比Koyna及松潘地震波作用下的时程响应极值要大,与谱分析结果相当,因此对模型的时程响应分析是必要的;在各类加速度激励下,塔壳体下端支柱附近的内力及应力响应较大。
本文首次在国内用有限元分析法及模型试验法相结合初步研究冷却塔的动力响应,所得结果对冷却塔抗震设计有指导意义。
Natural draft cooling tower is an important construction in power plant and its safety concerns economic development greatly. In nature, cooling tower is influenced by gravity, wind pressure, earthquakes and temperature, in which seismic-resistance is an important aspect. At present, most research on dynamics of cooling tower is based on FEM. However in this thesis, vibration experiment and FEM calculations are all used to research seismic-resistance of organic model and steel model, which is meaningful in practical engineering applications.
Two cooling tower models of 1:200 reduced-scales are built to make analysis of model properties and dynamic responses. First, natural frequencies and damping are measured by hammering experiments, comparison with the results of ANSYS calculations are made. Transient responses and spectrum analysis responses of organic cooling tower model under EL-centro, Koyna and song seismic waves are calculated by ANSYS. At last, dynamic responses of steel cooling tower model under two periodic incentives are analyzed by using ANSYS and vibration experiments, also make comparison. The results showed that: some modes in ANSYS are recognizable in experiments. The responses of organic cooling tower model under EL-centro seismic wave are bigger than the other two and are similar to results of spectrum analysis, so time history response analysis are necessary. Motivated by various acceleration incentives, responses of the supporting columns are bigger.
It is the first time that finite element analysis and vibration experiments are used together to research the responses of cooling tower initially, the results can give some guide to seismic responses design.
本文基于1:200缩尺比例的两种冷却塔模型,研究其固有特性及在地震激励下的动力响应。具体内容为:用锤击试验法测得两种模型的频率及阻尼,并与有限元计算结果比较分析;计算有机玻璃冷却塔模型在EL-centro、Koyna及松潘地震波激励下的瞬态响应及反应谱响应;将有限元法计算与振动台试验法结合,研究了钢架冷却塔模型在两种周期加速度激励下的动力学响应,并对结果比较分析。最后可以得到结论:有限元法计算得到的部分模态可在锤击试验中识别;冷却塔在EL-centro地震波下时程响应极值比Koyna及松潘地震波作用下的时程响应极值要大,与谱分析结果相当,因此对模型的时程响应分析是必要的;在各类加速度激励下,塔壳体下端支柱附近的内力及应力响应较大。
本文首次在国内用有限元分析法及模型试验法相结合初步研究冷却塔的动力响应,所得结果对冷却塔抗震设计有指导意义。
Natural draft cooling tower is an important construction in power plant and its safety concerns economic development greatly. In nature, cooling tower is influenced by gravity, wind pressure, earthquakes and temperature, in which seismic-resistance is an important aspect. At present, most research on dynamics of cooling tower is based on FEM. However in this thesis, vibration experiment and FEM calculations are all used to research seismic-resistance of organic model and steel model, which is meaningful in practical engineering applications.
Two cooling tower models of 1:200 reduced-scales are built to make analysis of model properties and dynamic responses. First, natural frequencies and damping are measured by hammering experiments, comparison with the results of ANSYS calculations are made. Transient responses and spectrum analysis responses of organic cooling tower model under EL-centro, Koyna and song seismic waves are calculated by ANSYS. At last, dynamic responses of steel cooling tower model under two periodic incentives are analyzed by using ANSYS and vibration experiments, also make comparison. The results showed that: some modes in ANSYS are recognizable in experiments. The responses of organic cooling tower model under EL-centro seismic wave are bigger than the other two and are similar to results of spectrum analysis, so time history response analysis are necessary. Motivated by various acceleration incentives, responses of the supporting columns are bigger.
It is the first time that finite element analysis and vibration experiments are used together to research the responses of cooling tower initially, the results can give some guide to seismic responses design.
引文
[1]Proceedings of fifth international symposium on natural draft cooling tower,Intanbul,2004.
[2]Herbert A.Mang,Helmut Floegl,Friedrich Treppel and Herbert Walter.Wind-loaded reinforce concrete cooling tower shells:buckling or ultimate load,Eng.Sruct,1983,Vol.5,July.
[3]J.F.Abel,S.C.Chang,S.L.Hanna.Comparison of complete and simplified elastic buckling analysis for cooling tower shells,Engng Struct,1986,Vol.8,January.
[4]P.L.Gould,W.B.Kratzig,I.Mungan,U.wittek.Proceedings of the 2th International Symposium on Natural Draft Cooling Towers,1984,Germany.
[5]U.wittek,W.B.Kratzig.Proceeding of the 4th International Symposium on Natrual Draft Cooling Towers,Germany,1996,
[6]I.Mungan and U.wittek.Proceeding of the 5th International Symposium on Natrual Draft Cooling Towers,2004,Istanbul.
[7]Ellinas,C.P,Croll,J.G.A,and Kemp K.O.Cooling tower with circumferential imperfections,Engng Struct,Vol.3,1980.
[8]AL-Dabbag,A.and Gupta A.K.Meridional imperfection in cooling towers design,Engineering Structures,Vol.2,1979.
[9]Mang H.A,Floegl H.,Trappel and Walter H.wind-loaded reinforced concrete cooling towers:buckling or ultimate load,Engng Struct,Vol.5,1983.
[10]Kratzig,W.D and meskouris K.Natural Draught Cooling towers an Increasing Need for Structual Research,ASME Applied Mechanics Review,Vol.5,1993.
[11]Milford,R.V.Nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete cooling tower,Nuclear Engineering and Design,1984.
[12]M.Golczyk,W.Aramek and J.Centkowski.Analysis of safety of respaired concrete cooling towers,Engineering Structures,1996.
[13]P.B.Bosman,I.G.Strickland and R.P.Pruckl.Strengthening of natural draught cooling tower shells with stiffening rings,Engng Struct,1996.
[14]S.N.Krivoshapko.Static,Vibration and buckling analysis and application to one-sheet hyperbolic shells of revolution,ASME Applied Mechanics Review,2002,55,241-270.
[15]北京大学固体力学教研室.旋转壳体应力分析.北京:水利水电出版社,1979.
[16]陈健,黄志龙,武际可,王大钧.旋转壳及附属结构应力分析软件系统.计算结构力学及其应用,1995,Vol.12:337-343.
[17]李辉,武际可.旋转薄壳稳定性的数值分析.力学学报,1990,12:110-114.
[18]A.K.Gupta,W.C.Schnobrich.Seismic analysis and design of hyperbolic coolingtowers.Nuclear Engineering and Design,1976,36(2):251-260.
[19]Carl S.Gran and T.Y.Yang.Refined analysis of the seismic response of column-supported cooling tower.Computers & Structures,1980,11(3):225-231.
[20]Carl S.Gran and T.Y.Yang.NASTRAN and SAP IV applications on the seismic response of column-supported cooling towers.Computers &Structures,1978,8(6):761-768.
[21]Luigi Cedolin.Dynamic analysis of cooling towers using a frontal based frequency solver.Engineering Structures,1980,2(3):157-162.
[22]Shiro Kato and Yoshitsura Yokoo.Effects of geometric imperfections on stress distributions in cooling towers.Engineering Structures,1980,2(3):150-156.
[23]R.L.Nelson.Analyses of cooling tower dynamics.Journal of Sound and Vibration,1981,79(8):501-518.
[24]Kopper H.O.Extreme loading effects on cooling towers,Engineering Structures,1984.
[25]Y.Yong and Y.K.Lin.Free and random vibrations of column-supported cooling towers.Journal of Sound and Vibration,1985,98(4):539-563
[26]B.J.Lee and P.L.Gould.Seismic response of pile supported cooling towers,J ASCE,1985(111):1930 1947.
[27]J.P.Wolf.Seismic analysis of cooling towers.Engineering Sturctures,1986,8(3):191-198.
[28]Kratzig,W.B,Gruber,and Zahlten.Numercial collapse simula tions of large cooling towers checking their safety ang durability.Engineering Structures,1992
[29]Th.Castiau and R.Gaurois.The design of cooling tower in extremely severe earthquake conditions.Construction and Building Materials,1992,Vol.6(4):239-245.
[30]Anmin Ji and Udo Wittek.Dynamic Effects on Cooling Tower Structures,1994.
[31]W.Zahlten,K.Meskouris,C.Borri and G.Bartoli.Time-domain simulation of cooling tower shells subjected to stochastic loading.Engineering Structures.1996.
[32]Makovicka.D.Response analysis of an RC cooling tower under seismic and windstorm effects.Acta Polytechnica,2006,46(6):17-21.
[33]M.N.Viladkar,Karisiddappa.Static soil-structure interaction response of hyperbolic cooling tower to symmetrical wind loads.Engineering Sturctures,2006,28(9):1236-1251
[34]Gruber.Nonlinear computer simulations as components of a design concept for increasing safety and durability of na rural draught cooling tower,Engineering Sturctures,1994.
[35]Byun,C.Kapania,R.K.Nonlinear transient response of imperfect hyperbolic shells using a reduction method.Engineering Structures,1992.
[36]Lu Wen-Da and Qian Yuan-yao.Nonlinear dynamic analysis of natural draught hyperbolic cooling tower.Engineering Structures,1988.
[37]Engelfried R.,Bandt.N and Titze.B,Optimized performance of surface protection systems on natural draught cooling towers with flue gas discharge.Engineering Sturctures,Vol.86,2006.
[38]Cholnoky P.,Dunai L.and Horvath L.Development of new generation of natural draught steel cooling towers.Engineering Sturctures,2006.
[39]Isyumov N.,Abusitta S.H.and Davenport.Approaches to the design of hyperbolic cooling towers against the dynamic action of wind and earthquakes.Engineering Structures,1972.
[40]Anmin Ji and Udo Wittek.Dynamic behaviour of cooling tower shells subjected to stochastic loading.Engineering Structures,1996.
[41]李佳颖,任春玲,黄志龙.自然通风冷却塔的试验及有限元分析.力学季刊,2007,28(3):443-447.
[42]张光雄,杨军,金波.70m高冷却塔爆破拆除震动测试及分析.工程爆破,2005,11(4):76-79.
[43]郑付明.ANSYS在冷却塔结构设计中的应用.江汉大学学报,2005,33(4):87-90.
[44]方明霞,龚旭.全复合材料大型冷却塔风振及地震研究.噪声与振动控制,1998,5(3):11-16.
[45]《构筑物抗震设计规范》GB50191-93,北京:中国计划出版社,1993.
[46]刘延柱,陈文良,陈立群.振动力学.北京:高等教育出版社,1998:264-2944.
[47]《工业循环水冷却设计规范》GB/T 50102-2003,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[48]Clough,Ray W.Dynamics of structure.New York:McGraw-Hill,c1993.
[49]《构筑物抗震设计规范》GB 50191-93,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[50]王勖成.有限元法基本原理和数值方法.第二版.北京:清华大学出版社,1997:44 3.481.
[51]胡志强.随机振动试验应用技术.中国计量出版社,1996:200-205.
[52]张阿舟.振动环境工程.北京:航空工业出版社,1986:89-93.
[53]戴诗亮.随机振动试验技术.北京:清华大学出版社,2000:98-100.
[54]《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》JGJ3-2002,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[2]Herbert A.Mang,Helmut Floegl,Friedrich Treppel and Herbert Walter.Wind-loaded reinforce concrete cooling tower shells:buckling or ultimate load,Eng.Sruct,1983,Vol.5,July.
[3]J.F.Abel,S.C.Chang,S.L.Hanna.Comparison of complete and simplified elastic buckling analysis for cooling tower shells,Engng Struct,1986,Vol.8,January.
[4]P.L.Gould,W.B.Kratzig,I.Mungan,U.wittek.Proceedings of the 2th International Symposium on Natural Draft Cooling Towers,1984,Germany.
[5]U.wittek,W.B.Kratzig.Proceeding of the 4th International Symposium on Natrual Draft Cooling Towers,Germany,1996,
[6]I.Mungan and U.wittek.Proceeding of the 5th International Symposium on Natrual Draft Cooling Towers,2004,Istanbul.
[7]Ellinas,C.P,Croll,J.G.A,and Kemp K.O.Cooling tower with circumferential imperfections,Engng Struct,Vol.3,1980.
[8]AL-Dabbag,A.and Gupta A.K.Meridional imperfection in cooling towers design,Engineering Structures,Vol.2,1979.
[9]Mang H.A,Floegl H.,Trappel and Walter H.wind-loaded reinforced concrete cooling towers:buckling or ultimate load,Engng Struct,Vol.5,1983.
[10]Kratzig,W.D and meskouris K.Natural Draught Cooling towers an Increasing Need for Structual Research,ASME Applied Mechanics Review,Vol.5,1993.
[11]Milford,R.V.Nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete cooling tower,Nuclear Engineering and Design,1984.
[12]M.Golczyk,W.Aramek and J.Centkowski.Analysis of safety of respaired concrete cooling towers,Engineering Structures,1996.
[13]P.B.Bosman,I.G.Strickland and R.P.Pruckl.Strengthening of natural draught cooling tower shells with stiffening rings,Engng Struct,1996.
[14]S.N.Krivoshapko.Static,Vibration and buckling analysis and application to one-sheet hyperbolic shells of revolution,ASME Applied Mechanics Review,2002,55,241-270.
[15]北京大学固体力学教研室.旋转壳体应力分析.北京:水利水电出版社,1979.
[16]陈健,黄志龙,武际可,王大钧.旋转壳及附属结构应力分析软件系统.计算结构力学及其应用,1995,Vol.12:337-343.
[17]李辉,武际可.旋转薄壳稳定性的数值分析.力学学报,1990,12:110-114.
[18]A.K.Gupta,W.C.Schnobrich.Seismic analysis and design of hyperbolic coolingtowers.Nuclear Engineering and Design,1976,36(2):251-260.
[19]Carl S.Gran and T.Y.Yang.Refined analysis of the seismic response of column-supported cooling tower.Computers & Structures,1980,11(3):225-231.
[20]Carl S.Gran and T.Y.Yang.NASTRAN and SAP IV applications on the seismic response of column-supported cooling towers.Computers &Structures,1978,8(6):761-768.
[21]Luigi Cedolin.Dynamic analysis of cooling towers using a frontal based frequency solver.Engineering Structures,1980,2(3):157-162.
[22]Shiro Kato and Yoshitsura Yokoo.Effects of geometric imperfections on stress distributions in cooling towers.Engineering Structures,1980,2(3):150-156.
[23]R.L.Nelson.Analyses of cooling tower dynamics.Journal of Sound and Vibration,1981,79(8):501-518.
[24]Kopper H.O.Extreme loading effects on cooling towers,Engineering Structures,1984.
[25]Y.Yong and Y.K.Lin.Free and random vibrations of column-supported cooling towers.Journal of Sound and Vibration,1985,98(4):539-563
[26]B.J.Lee and P.L.Gould.Seismic response of pile supported cooling towers,J ASCE,1985(111):1930 1947.
[27]J.P.Wolf.Seismic analysis of cooling towers.Engineering Sturctures,1986,8(3):191-198.
[28]Kratzig,W.B,Gruber,and Zahlten.Numercial collapse simula tions of large cooling towers checking their safety ang durability.Engineering Structures,1992
[29]Th.Castiau and R.Gaurois.The design of cooling tower in extremely severe earthquake conditions.Construction and Building Materials,1992,Vol.6(4):239-245.
[30]Anmin Ji and Udo Wittek.Dynamic Effects on Cooling Tower Structures,1994.
[31]W.Zahlten,K.Meskouris,C.Borri and G.Bartoli.Time-domain simulation of cooling tower shells subjected to stochastic loading.Engineering Structures.1996.
[32]Makovicka.D.Response analysis of an RC cooling tower under seismic and windstorm effects.Acta Polytechnica,2006,46(6):17-21.
[33]M.N.Viladkar,Karisiddappa.Static soil-structure interaction response of hyperbolic cooling tower to symmetrical wind loads.Engineering Sturctures,2006,28(9):1236-1251
[34]Gruber.Nonlinear computer simulations as components of a design concept for increasing safety and durability of na rural draught cooling tower,Engineering Sturctures,1994.
[35]Byun,C.Kapania,R.K.Nonlinear transient response of imperfect hyperbolic shells using a reduction method.Engineering Structures,1992.
[36]Lu Wen-Da and Qian Yuan-yao.Nonlinear dynamic analysis of natural draught hyperbolic cooling tower.Engineering Structures,1988.
[37]Engelfried R.,Bandt.N and Titze.B,Optimized performance of surface protection systems on natural draught cooling towers with flue gas discharge.Engineering Sturctures,Vol.86,2006.
[38]Cholnoky P.,Dunai L.and Horvath L.Development of new generation of natural draught steel cooling towers.Engineering Sturctures,2006.
[39]Isyumov N.,Abusitta S.H.and Davenport.Approaches to the design of hyperbolic cooling towers against the dynamic action of wind and earthquakes.Engineering Structures,1972.
[40]Anmin Ji and Udo Wittek.Dynamic behaviour of cooling tower shells subjected to stochastic loading.Engineering Structures,1996.
[41]李佳颖,任春玲,黄志龙.自然通风冷却塔的试验及有限元分析.力学季刊,2007,28(3):443-447.
[42]张光雄,杨军,金波.70m高冷却塔爆破拆除震动测试及分析.工程爆破,2005,11(4):76-79.
[43]郑付明.ANSYS在冷却塔结构设计中的应用.江汉大学学报,2005,33(4):87-90.
[44]方明霞,龚旭.全复合材料大型冷却塔风振及地震研究.噪声与振动控制,1998,5(3):11-16.
[45]《构筑物抗震设计规范》GB50191-93,北京:中国计划出版社,1993.
[46]刘延柱,陈文良,陈立群.振动力学.北京:高等教育出版社,1998:264-2944.
[47]《工业循环水冷却设计规范》GB/T 50102-2003,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[48]Clough,Ray W.Dynamics of structure.New York:McGraw-Hill,c1993.
[49]《构筑物抗震设计规范》GB 50191-93,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[50]王勖成.有限元法基本原理和数值方法.第二版.北京:清华大学出版社,1997:44 3.481.
[51]胡志强.随机振动试验应用技术.中国计量出版社,1996:200-205.
[52]张阿舟.振动环境工程.北京:航空工业出版社,1986:89-93.
[53]戴诗亮.随机振动试验技术.北京:清华大学出版社,2000:98-100.
[54]《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》JGJ3-2002,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.