硅铝对川西蒙山茶叶品质的影响
摘要
施肥是调控茶叶品质最重要的栽培措施之一，通过对川西蒙山茶的盆栽试验，分别采用二因素析因试验设计和二次饱和D-最优试验设计，研究硅、铝的两种施用方法(土壤施用和叶面喷施)和不同用量，以及硅铝配施对茶叶品质的影响，以期为平衡茶树营养，改善茶叶品质，提高施肥效益提供理论依据。研究所选用茶树为4年生蒙山早熟213，测定分析了茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱和可溶性糖等品质指标。主要研究结果如下：
(1)铝对茶叶品质的影响
施用铝肥对茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚和可溶性糖含量有较显著影响，而且施用适量铝肥对提高茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚和可溶性糖含量具有显著促进作用，有利于提高和改善茶叶品质。土壤施铝，可使茶叶中氨基酸、茶多酚、咖啡碱和可溶性糖含量分别同比对照提高12.81％、11.34％、14.48％和28.41％；叶面施铝，则可使氨基酸、茶多酚和咖啡碱含量同比对照分别提高23.61％、15.44％和15.57％。
但是施用过量铝则对茶叶品质会产生不利影响。综合考虑铝肥的施用量对茶叶品质指标的影响，从提高和改善茶叶品质角度出发，土施铝肥以0.67g／kg左右为宜，叶面喷施铝肥浓度以2500mg／l左右为宜。
(2)硅对茶叶品质的影响
施用硅肥对茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚和可溶性糖含量有较显著影响。
土壤施用硅肥对茶叶中氨基酸和可溶性糖含量具有显著促进作用，比对照分别提高38.66％和16.98％；但是对茶多酚和咖啡碱的含量却具有显著的抑制作用，比对照分别降低15.28％和20.24％。
叶面施用硅肥对茶叶中氨基酸和咖啡碱的含量具有显著促进作用，比对照分别提高33.47％和28.96％；对茶多酚和可溶性糖的含量却具有显著的降低作用，比对照分别降低12.39％和13.29％。
从提高和改善茶叶品质角度出发，一定范围内适量施用硅肥对茶叶品质具有促进作用，而过量施用则使茶叶中茶多酚和咖啡碱含量过低，从而对茶叶品质形成不利。试验中土施硅肥以0.20g／kg左右和叶面喷施硅肥500mg／l左右为宜，此时茶叶中各项品质指标含量高且比例合适，茶叶品质较好。
(3)硅铝配施对茶叶品质的影响
在铝肥施用量为1.34g／kg硅肥施用量为0.10g／kg时，茶叶中茶多酚和咖啡碱含量交互效应最高，平均含量分别为25.50％和3.18％；在铝肥施用量为1.34g／kg硅肥施用量为0.41g／kg时，茶叶中氨基酸和可溶性糖含量交互效应最高，平均含量分别为2.46％和2.79％。
施用硅、铝肥对茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚和可溶性糖含量的显著影响，可能主要与硅、铝元素对茶树特殊的生物学效应有关。
本研究分析比较了各组合对茶叶品质指标的影响，从而为茶叶生产上施肥方式的改进、茶叶品质改良及优质栽培的实施提供了理论依据，同时为保持和完善蒙山茶生产基地的生态环境和耕地质量提供理论参考。
Fertilization was one of the most effective cultivation ways to regulate tea quality. Effects under two applying methods(the soil application and leaf surface spraying) and different application quantities and the combined treatment of Silicon and Aluminum on tea quality were studied using Two-Factors Analyzing Design and D-Saturating Optimum Design. The main purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for improving the tea quality. Four years old of Mengshan 213 was grown in container. Tea was picked out to determine content of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar of leaves. The maim results are as below.
(1) Effect of applying aluminum on tea quality
It had been demonstrated that the application of aluminum fertilizer had a significant effect on contents of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea. Even more, applying appropriate aluminum has a significant simulative effect on content of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea. By comparison, the soil application made the content of amino acid increased by 12.81%, the tea polyphone by 11.34%, the caffeine by 14.48% and the soluble sugar by 28.41%, while leaf surface spraying application made the content of the amino acid increased by 23.61%, the tea polyphone by 15.44% and the caffeine by 15.57%.
But applying excessive aluminum has a negative effect on tea quality. The experiment showed when the soil applying aluminum fertilizer was about 0.67g/kg or leaf surface spray was about 2500mg/l the average quantities of the amino acid, the caffeine, the tea polyphone and the soluble sugar were higher respectively and their integrated proportion was proper, and then the quality of tea would reach its best comparatively.
(2)Effect of applying silicon on tea quality
It had been demonstrated that the application of silicon has a significant effect on contents of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea. Applying silicon has a significant simulative effect on contents of amino acid, soluble sugar in tea. By comparison, the soil application made the content of amino acid increased by 38.66%, the soluble sugar by 16.98%. While it had a negative effect on content of tea polyphenol and caffeine, the content of tea polyphenol and caffeine decreased by 15.28% and by 20.24%.
It has a significant effect on contents of amino acid and caffeine by spraying silicon to foliage. By comparison, the leaf surface spraying application made the content of amino acid increased by 12.39%, the caffeine by 13.29%.
Applying silicon of the right quantity will improve the tea quality, but excessive applying has a negative effect on tea quality. The experiment showed when the soil applying silicon fertilizer was about 0.20g/kg or leaf surface spray was about 500mg/l, the average quantities of the amino acid, the caffeine, the tea polyphone and the soluble sugar were higher respectively and their integrated proportion was proper, and then the quality of tea would reach its best comparatively.
(3) Effect under combined treatment of silicon and aluminum on tea quality
Amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea increased according to increasingly applying aluminum. The trends of amino acid and soluble sugar increased according to increasingly applying silicon, but tea polyphenol and caffeine decreased.
The results showed that, when aluminum concentration of treating was 1.34g/kg and silicon concentration was 0.10g/kg, the interactive effects of the tea polyphenol and caffeine were highest, and the average contents were 25.50% and 3.18%. When aluminum concentration of treating was 1.34g/kg and silicon concentration was 0.41g/kg, the interactive effect of the amino acid and the soluble sugar were highest and reached the theoretical maximum, and the average contents were 2.46% and 2.79%.
It may be because the aluminum and silicon have the special biological effects on tea tree's growth and development that makes the application of aluminum and silicon fertilizer has a significant effect on contents of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea.
The paper analyses and compares several treatments that have effect on tea's qualities, witch will provide theoretical basis for the improvement of fertilization ways of tea product, tea qualities, and the execution of planting; At the same time, it will provide theoretical reference for keeping and upgrading biological environment and agrarian quality of MengShan tea product basis.
(1)铝对茶叶品质的影响
施用铝肥对茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚和可溶性糖含量有较显著影响，而且施用适量铝肥对提高茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚和可溶性糖含量具有显著促进作用，有利于提高和改善茶叶品质。土壤施铝，可使茶叶中氨基酸、茶多酚、咖啡碱和可溶性糖含量分别同比对照提高12.81％、11.34％、14.48％和28.41％；叶面施铝，则可使氨基酸、茶多酚和咖啡碱含量同比对照分别提高23.61％、15.44％和15.57％。
但是施用过量铝则对茶叶品质会产生不利影响。综合考虑铝肥的施用量对茶叶品质指标的影响，从提高和改善茶叶品质角度出发，土施铝肥以0.67g／kg左右为宜，叶面喷施铝肥浓度以2500mg／l左右为宜。
(2)硅对茶叶品质的影响
施用硅肥对茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚和可溶性糖含量有较显著影响。
土壤施用硅肥对茶叶中氨基酸和可溶性糖含量具有显著促进作用，比对照分别提高38.66％和16.98％；但是对茶多酚和咖啡碱的含量却具有显著的抑制作用，比对照分别降低15.28％和20.24％。
叶面施用硅肥对茶叶中氨基酸和咖啡碱的含量具有显著促进作用，比对照分别提高33.47％和28.96％；对茶多酚和可溶性糖的含量却具有显著的降低作用，比对照分别降低12.39％和13.29％。
从提高和改善茶叶品质角度出发，一定范围内适量施用硅肥对茶叶品质具有促进作用，而过量施用则使茶叶中茶多酚和咖啡碱含量过低，从而对茶叶品质形成不利。试验中土施硅肥以0.20g／kg左右和叶面喷施硅肥500mg／l左右为宜，此时茶叶中各项品质指标含量高且比例合适，茶叶品质较好。
(3)硅铝配施对茶叶品质的影响
在铝肥施用量为1.34g／kg硅肥施用量为0.10g／kg时，茶叶中茶多酚和咖啡碱含量交互效应最高，平均含量分别为25.50％和3.18％；在铝肥施用量为1.34g／kg硅肥施用量为0.41g／kg时，茶叶中氨基酸和可溶性糖含量交互效应最高，平均含量分别为2.46％和2.79％。
施用硅、铝肥对茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚和可溶性糖含量的显著影响，可能主要与硅、铝元素对茶树特殊的生物学效应有关。
本研究分析比较了各组合对茶叶品质指标的影响，从而为茶叶生产上施肥方式的改进、茶叶品质改良及优质栽培的实施提供了理论依据，同时为保持和完善蒙山茶生产基地的生态环境和耕地质量提供理论参考。
Fertilization was one of the most effective cultivation ways to regulate tea quality. Effects under two applying methods(the soil application and leaf surface spraying) and different application quantities and the combined treatment of Silicon and Aluminum on tea quality were studied using Two-Factors Analyzing Design and D-Saturating Optimum Design. The main purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for improving the tea quality. Four years old of Mengshan 213 was grown in container. Tea was picked out to determine content of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar of leaves. The maim results are as below.
(1) Effect of applying aluminum on tea quality
It had been demonstrated that the application of aluminum fertilizer had a significant effect on contents of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea. Even more, applying appropriate aluminum has a significant simulative effect on content of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea. By comparison, the soil application made the content of amino acid increased by 12.81%, the tea polyphone by 11.34%, the caffeine by 14.48% and the soluble sugar by 28.41%, while leaf surface spraying application made the content of the amino acid increased by 23.61%, the tea polyphone by 15.44% and the caffeine by 15.57%.
But applying excessive aluminum has a negative effect on tea quality. The experiment showed when the soil applying aluminum fertilizer was about 0.67g/kg or leaf surface spray was about 2500mg/l the average quantities of the amino acid, the caffeine, the tea polyphone and the soluble sugar were higher respectively and their integrated proportion was proper, and then the quality of tea would reach its best comparatively.
(2)Effect of applying silicon on tea quality
It had been demonstrated that the application of silicon has a significant effect on contents of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea. Applying silicon has a significant simulative effect on contents of amino acid, soluble sugar in tea. By comparison, the soil application made the content of amino acid increased by 38.66%, the soluble sugar by 16.98%. While it had a negative effect on content of tea polyphenol and caffeine, the content of tea polyphenol and caffeine decreased by 15.28% and by 20.24%.
It has a significant effect on contents of amino acid and caffeine by spraying silicon to foliage. By comparison, the leaf surface spraying application made the content of amino acid increased by 12.39%, the caffeine by 13.29%.
Applying silicon of the right quantity will improve the tea quality, but excessive applying has a negative effect on tea quality. The experiment showed when the soil applying silicon fertilizer was about 0.20g/kg or leaf surface spray was about 500mg/l, the average quantities of the amino acid, the caffeine, the tea polyphone and the soluble sugar were higher respectively and their integrated proportion was proper, and then the quality of tea would reach its best comparatively.
(3) Effect under combined treatment of silicon and aluminum on tea quality
Amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea increased according to increasingly applying aluminum. The trends of amino acid and soluble sugar increased according to increasingly applying silicon, but tea polyphenol and caffeine decreased.
The results showed that, when aluminum concentration of treating was 1.34g/kg and silicon concentration was 0.10g/kg, the interactive effects of the tea polyphenol and caffeine were highest, and the average contents were 25.50% and 3.18%. When aluminum concentration of treating was 1.34g/kg and silicon concentration was 0.41g/kg, the interactive effect of the amino acid and the soluble sugar were highest and reached the theoretical maximum, and the average contents were 2.46% and 2.79%.
It may be because the aluminum and silicon have the special biological effects on tea tree's growth and development that makes the application of aluminum and silicon fertilizer has a significant effect on contents of amino acid, tea polyphenol, caffeine, soluble sugar in tea.
The paper analyses and compares several treatments that have effect on tea's qualities, witch will provide theoretical basis for the improvement of fertilization ways of tea product, tea qualities, and the execution of planting; At the same time, it will provide theoretical reference for keeping and upgrading biological environment and agrarian quality of MengShan tea product basis.
引文
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