纳米流体强化动量与热量传递机理的分子动力学模拟研究
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摘要
纳米流体是指在液体(水、油、醇类等)中添加一定比例的纳米颗粒,制备成的均匀、稳定、高热导率的新型换热工质。纳米流体这一类新型工质的优点是：导热系数高,流动换热性能好,且在低浓度时的阻力增大不明显。以纳米流体作为换热工质,研究推广新一代强化传热技术具有重要的实际意义。纳米流体所表现出的宏观强化传热效果,其本质是由于内部无数纳米颗粒的微观共同作用。而对这些微观的作用机制,很难用宏观的实验、数值模拟等研究方法进行揭示,因而限制了纳米流体强化传热理论的发展。为此,本课题通过分子动力学这一微观数值模拟方法对纳米流体开展研究,揭示纳米流体强化传热的微观机理,因此本课题具有重要的理论研究价值。
纳米流体强化传热的原因,一方面是由于增大的导热系数,另一方面则是由于改变的流动特性,为此本文从导热和流动两方面开展研究工作。在导热方面,通过分子动力学模拟研究,证实了纳米颗粒表面吸附层、纳米颗粒微运动是纳米流体导热强化的微观机制;同时,根据径向分布函数对纳米流体微观结构的分析结果,提出纳米流体总体呈现出类似固体的微观结构特征,也是纳米流体导热强化的微观机理。依据模拟得到的导热强化静态机制和动态机制建立了纳米流体导热系数预测模型,模型的预测结果得到实验数据的验证。根据统计分析纳米颗粒的原子势能分布,提出以纳米颗粒中所含高能原子比例的高低作为判据,来判断纳米颗粒强化纳米流体导热系数能力的强弱。在流动方面,根据分子动力学模拟结果,提出以单个纳米颗粒为核心,由液体吸附层、旋转液体层、有限存在空间构成的旋转流体微元结构,并进一步分析了由无数旋转流体微元构成的纳米流体动态微观结构。综合导热强化机理的研究结果,揭示了导热强化、流体内部掺混加强、以及传热方式发生根本改变是纳米流体流动换热强化的机理。模拟得到纳米流体的近壁面附近速度梯度和温度梯度均增大。同时,本文还对纳米流体的导热与流动特性的影响规律进行了探讨。
本文从导热和流动两个方面揭示纳米流体强化传热的微观机理,通过分子动力学模拟研究,分别分析了纳米流体导热强化机理和流动换热强化机理,建立导热系数的预测模型,给出表观导热系数强化的判据,探讨纳米流体的导热和流动特性的影响规律,并得到纳米流体在近壁面附近速度梯度和温度梯度均增大的模拟结果。
Nanofluids, by adding a certain proportion of nanoparticles into conventional working fluids, present significantly increased thermal conductivity, enhanced heat transfer performance, and meanwhile the flow resistance does not show significantly increases. By applying nanofluids, developing a new generation of enhanced heat transfer technology has an important practical significance. The macroscopic enhanced heat transfer performance of nanofluids is based on the microscopic strengthening mechanisms by nanoparticles, while macroscopic experimental and numerical simulation methods could not effectively reveal these microscopic mechanisms, which makes the heat transfer theory of nanofluids still needs to be determined. Therefore, by using Molecular Dynamics method, this dissertation is intended to reveal the microscopic strengthening mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluids. Thus, this research subject has an important theoretical research value.
This dissertation attempts to reveal the strengthening mechanisms of heat transfer in nanofluids from two aspects, including:heat conduction and flow. Through Molecular Dynamics simulations, it is confirmed the absorption layer and micro-motions of nanoparticles are to be responsible for the heat conduction enhancement. By analyzing microscopic structure of nanofluids with radial distribution function, nanofluids are found to have a special microscopic structure similar to that of solid. Thus, the changed microscopic structure of nanofluids is suggested to be a strengthening mechanism in heat conduction as well. With consideration of these static and dynamic strengthening mechanisms, a renovated Jeffrey model for predicting thermal conductivity of nanofluids has been proposed, and the prediction results have been validated by experiments. Through statistical analysis for atomic potential energy distributions in nanoparticles, the ratio of energetic atoms in nanoparticles has been suggested to be a criterion for examining the ability of nanoparticles for the thermal conductivity enhancement. The rotating fluid element has been introduced, which is composed of one nanoparticle as the core, absorption layer, rotating fluid, and limited existence volume. Furthermore, the dynamics microscopic structure of nanofluids is analyzed. Enhanced heat conduction, strengthened internal blending, and changed heat transfer mode are proposed to be the mechanisms of convective heat transfer enhancement. Both the velocity gradient and temperature gradient are found to be increased. Meanwhile, the influencing laws for heat conduction and flow characteristics of nanofluids are summarized.
This dissertation has investigated the mechanisms for enhanced thermal transport in nanofluids. By means of Molecular Dynamics simulation, the microscopic strengthening mechanisms in heat conduction and flow are investigated. Based on the mechanisms, a revised prediction model for thermal conductivity has been proposed. And the ratio of energetic atoms in nanoparticles has been suggested to be the criterion for examining the ability of nanoparticles for the thermal conductivity enhancement. The influencing laws for heat conduction and flow characteristics of nanofluids have been summarized. Both velocity gradient and temperature gradient of nanofluids near wall have been found to be increased.
纳米流体强化传热的原因,一方面是由于增大的导热系数,另一方面则是由于改变的流动特性,为此本文从导热和流动两方面开展研究工作。在导热方面,通过分子动力学模拟研究,证实了纳米颗粒表面吸附层、纳米颗粒微运动是纳米流体导热强化的微观机制;同时,根据径向分布函数对纳米流体微观结构的分析结果,提出纳米流体总体呈现出类似固体的微观结构特征,也是纳米流体导热强化的微观机理。依据模拟得到的导热强化静态机制和动态机制建立了纳米流体导热系数预测模型,模型的预测结果得到实验数据的验证。根据统计分析纳米颗粒的原子势能分布,提出以纳米颗粒中所含高能原子比例的高低作为判据,来判断纳米颗粒强化纳米流体导热系数能力的强弱。在流动方面,根据分子动力学模拟结果,提出以单个纳米颗粒为核心,由液体吸附层、旋转液体层、有限存在空间构成的旋转流体微元结构,并进一步分析了由无数旋转流体微元构成的纳米流体动态微观结构。综合导热强化机理的研究结果,揭示了导热强化、流体内部掺混加强、以及传热方式发生根本改变是纳米流体流动换热强化的机理。模拟得到纳米流体的近壁面附近速度梯度和温度梯度均增大。同时,本文还对纳米流体的导热与流动特性的影响规律进行了探讨。
本文从导热和流动两个方面揭示纳米流体强化传热的微观机理,通过分子动力学模拟研究,分别分析了纳米流体导热强化机理和流动换热强化机理,建立导热系数的预测模型,给出表观导热系数强化的判据,探讨纳米流体的导热和流动特性的影响规律,并得到纳米流体在近壁面附近速度梯度和温度梯度均增大的模拟结果。
Nanofluids, by adding a certain proportion of nanoparticles into conventional working fluids, present significantly increased thermal conductivity, enhanced heat transfer performance, and meanwhile the flow resistance does not show significantly increases. By applying nanofluids, developing a new generation of enhanced heat transfer technology has an important practical significance. The macroscopic enhanced heat transfer performance of nanofluids is based on the microscopic strengthening mechanisms by nanoparticles, while macroscopic experimental and numerical simulation methods could not effectively reveal these microscopic mechanisms, which makes the heat transfer theory of nanofluids still needs to be determined. Therefore, by using Molecular Dynamics method, this dissertation is intended to reveal the microscopic strengthening mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluids. Thus, this research subject has an important theoretical research value.
This dissertation attempts to reveal the strengthening mechanisms of heat transfer in nanofluids from two aspects, including:heat conduction and flow. Through Molecular Dynamics simulations, it is confirmed the absorption layer and micro-motions of nanoparticles are to be responsible for the heat conduction enhancement. By analyzing microscopic structure of nanofluids with radial distribution function, nanofluids are found to have a special microscopic structure similar to that of solid. Thus, the changed microscopic structure of nanofluids is suggested to be a strengthening mechanism in heat conduction as well. With consideration of these static and dynamic strengthening mechanisms, a renovated Jeffrey model for predicting thermal conductivity of nanofluids has been proposed, and the prediction results have been validated by experiments. Through statistical analysis for atomic potential energy distributions in nanoparticles, the ratio of energetic atoms in nanoparticles has been suggested to be a criterion for examining the ability of nanoparticles for the thermal conductivity enhancement. The rotating fluid element has been introduced, which is composed of one nanoparticle as the core, absorption layer, rotating fluid, and limited existence volume. Furthermore, the dynamics microscopic structure of nanofluids is analyzed. Enhanced heat conduction, strengthened internal blending, and changed heat transfer mode are proposed to be the mechanisms of convective heat transfer enhancement. Both the velocity gradient and temperature gradient are found to be increased. Meanwhile, the influencing laws for heat conduction and flow characteristics of nanofluids are summarized.
This dissertation has investigated the mechanisms for enhanced thermal transport in nanofluids. By means of Molecular Dynamics simulation, the microscopic strengthening mechanisms in heat conduction and flow are investigated. Based on the mechanisms, a revised prediction model for thermal conductivity has been proposed. And the ratio of energetic atoms in nanoparticles has been suggested to be the criterion for examining the ability of nanoparticles for the thermal conductivity enhancement. The influencing laws for heat conduction and flow characteristics of nanofluids have been summarized. Both velocity gradient and temperature gradient of nanofluids near wall have been found to be increased.
引文
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