松梢螟植物源农药的研制及应用
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摘要
马尾松(Pinus massoniana)是中国南方地区特有的荒山绿化乡土造林树种,也是重要的工业原料树种。松梢螟(Dioryctria splendidella)是马尾松的主要害虫,也是湖南省重要森林虫害之一。松梢螟主要钻蛀马尾松主梢或果实,引起植株侧枝丛生,成果率减少,不仅影响到松木的材质还影响到马尾松林的健康和繁衍,每年因松梢螟而造成的经济损失也难以估计。目前中国针对松梢螟等重大林业虫害的防治使用的基本是化学农药,在化学农药弊端日益凸显的情况下,如何安全、有效的防治此类害虫也成为林业部门亟待解决的问题。
本文从药用植物、农产品废弃物中筛选出具有杀虫作用的植物,用植物的提取物对松梢螟幼虫进行拒食作用、生长抑制作用和触杀作用3方面的生物活性测定。通过植物对松梢螟幼虫生物活性单一毒力和联合毒力的测定,确定最佳的生物作用浓度和最佳的植物组合。最后通过添加不同的农药助剂,初步研制出一种能有效防治松梢螟的植物源农药制剂。主要研究结果如下：
(1)3种植物提取物对松梢螟幼虫单一毒力测定
博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆提取物通过对松梢螟幼虫的非选择拒食作用、生长抑制作用及触杀作用的测定结果表明：3种植物提取物对松梢螟幼虫的生物活性随着浓度的增大而升高,在浓度100g·L-1时各项生物活性效果较好。3种植物提取物对松梢螟幼虫的各项生物活性大小为：柚子皮>博落回>垂序商陆。柚子皮提取物在100g·L-1,处理时间为24h、48h时的非选择拒食率分别为99.28%、94.23%；生长抑制率在处理时间为24h、48h和96h时分别为96.32%、95.44%、93.19%；触杀作用对3龄和5龄幼虫分别为90.00%、80.00%。博落回提取物在100g·L-1,处理时间为24h、48h时对松梢螟幼虫的非选择拒食率分别为92.62%、91.95%；生长抑制率在处理时间为24h、48h和96h时分别为95.20%、92.43%、90.80%；触杀作用用对3龄和5龄幼虫分别为86.67%、76.66%；垂序商陆提取物在在100g·L-1,处理时间为24h、48h时的非选择拒食率分别为90.56%、92.11%；生长抑制率在处理时间为24h、48h和96h时分别为93.19%、92.87%、90.38%；触杀作用对3龄和5龄幼虫分别为80.00%、70.00%。
(2)3种植物提取物对松梢螟幼虫联合毒力测定
博落回与柚子皮提取物复配后的共毒系数最大为87.92,主要以拮抗作用为主；博落回与垂序商陆提取物复配后有一定的相加作用,处理比例为1：3时共毒系数最大为147.52,但处理比例为1：1时最小为19.05,增效效果并不稳定；柚子皮与垂序商陆提取物复配在处理比例为1：5和1：3则表现出了一定的增效效果,共毒系数为120.23和170.02。博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆提取物三者处理比例1：1：l复配时表现出了一定的增效效果,共毒系数为127.67。从博落回、柚子皮、垂序商陆3种提取物复配后联合毒力作用的增效效果来看,最佳植物组合及处理浓度是：柚子皮与垂序商陆提取物,处理比例为1：3,共毒系数为170.02；其次为博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆提取物三者处理比例1：1：1,共毒系数为127.67。
(3)防治松梢螟的植物源药剂制备及应用
通过对各植物复配液的增效剂、溶剂和乳化剂的筛选制备出4种植物源复配乳剂。通过室内防治效果和林间防治效果的测定,最终确定植物源复配乳剂的配方为S2具体为：博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆3种植物提取物体积比1：1：1占总体积的30%;增效剂松节油占总体积的5%；溶剂二甲基亚砜占总体积的55%；乳化剂司班-20占总体积的10%。植物源复配乳剂总体的有效成分含量为30%,浓度为100g·L-1,暂称MCP乳剂。
Pinus massoniana is a characteristic and local species used to afforest barren hills as well as industrial material wood in south China. Dioryctria splendidella, a major pest of Pinus massoniana and an important forest pest in Hunan province, bores into the main branch or fruit of Pinus massoniana, causing lateral branch rosette of plants and reduction of fruit bear percentage, which not only affects the pine material but also influences the health and reproduction of Pinus massoniana. It is difficult to estimate the economic loss caused by Dioryctria splendidella every year. At present chemical pesticide is usually used to control the major forestry pest like Dioryctria splendidella in China, and drawbacks of chemical pesticides has become increasingly prominent. How to prevent and control such pests safely and effectively has become the problem to be solved by forestry sector.
We screened out the plants with insecticidal activity from medicinal plants and agricultural waste. The larvae of D. splendidella were treated with the plant ethanol extracts, and antifeedant activities, body weight gains and contact toxicity were tested. The best concentration and combination of plants were determined by measuring single and combined toxicity of the three plant extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidell. Finally, adding different types of pesticide additives an effective botanical pesticide formula to prevent and control Dioryctria splendidella had been developed. The main findings were as follows:
1. Single toxicity of three plant extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella
Using the M. cordata, C. maxima peels and P. americana L. ethanol extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella the bioactivities of the non-selective antifeedant effect, growth inhibition and contact toxicity were determined. The results showed that the bioactivities of three plant extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella increased with concentration. All indexes were comparatively good when the concentration was100g·L-1. The bioactivities of the three plant extracts against larvae of Dioryctria splendidella were in the order: C. maxima peels> Macleya cordata> P. americana L. When the extract concentration of C. maxima peels was100g·L-1,the non-selective antifeedant rate after24and48hours was99.28%and94.23%, respectively, growth inhibition rate after24,48and96hours was96.32%,95.44%and93.19%, respectively, the lethal rate of the contact toxicity against the3th and5th instar larvae was90.00%and80.00%, respectively. While the extract concentration of Macleya cordata was100g·L-1,the non-selective antifeedant rate after24and48hours was92.62%and91.95%, respectively, growth inhibition rate after24,48and96hours was95.20%,92.43%and90.80%respectively, the lethal rate of the contact toxicity against the3th and5th instar larvae was86.67%and76.66%, respectively. With concentration of P. americana L.100g·L-1, the non-selective antifeedant rate after24and48hours was90.56%and92.11%,respectively,the growth inhibition rate after24,48, and96hours was93.19%,92.87%and90.38%,respectively,the lethal rate of the contact toxicity against the3th and5th instar larvae was80.00%and70.00%,respectively.
2. Combined toxicity of the three plant extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella
The biggest co-toxicity co-efficient(CTC) was87.92in the mixture of M. cordata and C. maxima peels with main function antagonistic; the mixture of M. cordata and P. american L. showed additive effect which was unstable, while the biggest CTC was147.52at ratio of1:3, the smallest CTC was19.05at ratio of1:1. the CTC was120.23and170.02with C. maxima peels and P. american at ratio of1:5and1:3, respectively, which had synergistic effect. The CTC was127.67with M. cordata, C. maxima peels and P. americana L. at ratio of1:1:1, which also had synergistic effect. The overall results indicated that the best mixture combination were C. maxima peels extracts and P. americana L. extracts at ratio of1:3,the CTC was170.02.
3. Development of an effective botanical pesticide formula to prevent and control Dioryctria splendidella.
Screening synergist, solvent and emulsifier of compound liquid of the three plants and measuring the effect of lab control and forest control, the botanical compound emulsion formula S2was finally determined:the three plant extracts was in volume ratio1:1:1, which accounted for30%, the synergist turpentine, the solvent DMSO and the emulsifier Secretary Ban-20accounted for5%,55%and10%, respectively. It was tentatively called MCP emulsion with active ingredient content30%and concentration100g·L-1.
本文从药用植物、农产品废弃物中筛选出具有杀虫作用的植物,用植物的提取物对松梢螟幼虫进行拒食作用、生长抑制作用和触杀作用3方面的生物活性测定。通过植物对松梢螟幼虫生物活性单一毒力和联合毒力的测定,确定最佳的生物作用浓度和最佳的植物组合。最后通过添加不同的农药助剂,初步研制出一种能有效防治松梢螟的植物源农药制剂。主要研究结果如下：
(1)3种植物提取物对松梢螟幼虫单一毒力测定
博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆提取物通过对松梢螟幼虫的非选择拒食作用、生长抑制作用及触杀作用的测定结果表明：3种植物提取物对松梢螟幼虫的生物活性随着浓度的增大而升高,在浓度100g·L-1时各项生物活性效果较好。3种植物提取物对松梢螟幼虫的各项生物活性大小为：柚子皮>博落回>垂序商陆。柚子皮提取物在100g·L-1,处理时间为24h、48h时的非选择拒食率分别为99.28%、94.23%；生长抑制率在处理时间为24h、48h和96h时分别为96.32%、95.44%、93.19%；触杀作用对3龄和5龄幼虫分别为90.00%、80.00%。博落回提取物在100g·L-1,处理时间为24h、48h时对松梢螟幼虫的非选择拒食率分别为92.62%、91.95%；生长抑制率在处理时间为24h、48h和96h时分别为95.20%、92.43%、90.80%；触杀作用用对3龄和5龄幼虫分别为86.67%、76.66%；垂序商陆提取物在在100g·L-1,处理时间为24h、48h时的非选择拒食率分别为90.56%、92.11%；生长抑制率在处理时间为24h、48h和96h时分别为93.19%、92.87%、90.38%；触杀作用对3龄和5龄幼虫分别为80.00%、70.00%。
(2)3种植物提取物对松梢螟幼虫联合毒力测定
博落回与柚子皮提取物复配后的共毒系数最大为87.92,主要以拮抗作用为主；博落回与垂序商陆提取物复配后有一定的相加作用,处理比例为1：3时共毒系数最大为147.52,但处理比例为1：1时最小为19.05,增效效果并不稳定；柚子皮与垂序商陆提取物复配在处理比例为1：5和1：3则表现出了一定的增效效果,共毒系数为120.23和170.02。博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆提取物三者处理比例1：1：l复配时表现出了一定的增效效果,共毒系数为127.67。从博落回、柚子皮、垂序商陆3种提取物复配后联合毒力作用的增效效果来看,最佳植物组合及处理浓度是：柚子皮与垂序商陆提取物,处理比例为1：3,共毒系数为170.02；其次为博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆提取物三者处理比例1：1：1,共毒系数为127.67。
(3)防治松梢螟的植物源药剂制备及应用
通过对各植物复配液的增效剂、溶剂和乳化剂的筛选制备出4种植物源复配乳剂。通过室内防治效果和林间防治效果的测定,最终确定植物源复配乳剂的配方为S2具体为：博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆3种植物提取物体积比1：1：1占总体积的30%;增效剂松节油占总体积的5%；溶剂二甲基亚砜占总体积的55%；乳化剂司班-20占总体积的10%。植物源复配乳剂总体的有效成分含量为30%,浓度为100g·L-1,暂称MCP乳剂。
Pinus massoniana is a characteristic and local species used to afforest barren hills as well as industrial material wood in south China. Dioryctria splendidella, a major pest of Pinus massoniana and an important forest pest in Hunan province, bores into the main branch or fruit of Pinus massoniana, causing lateral branch rosette of plants and reduction of fruit bear percentage, which not only affects the pine material but also influences the health and reproduction of Pinus massoniana. It is difficult to estimate the economic loss caused by Dioryctria splendidella every year. At present chemical pesticide is usually used to control the major forestry pest like Dioryctria splendidella in China, and drawbacks of chemical pesticides has become increasingly prominent. How to prevent and control such pests safely and effectively has become the problem to be solved by forestry sector.
We screened out the plants with insecticidal activity from medicinal plants and agricultural waste. The larvae of D. splendidella were treated with the plant ethanol extracts, and antifeedant activities, body weight gains and contact toxicity were tested. The best concentration and combination of plants were determined by measuring single and combined toxicity of the three plant extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidell. Finally, adding different types of pesticide additives an effective botanical pesticide formula to prevent and control Dioryctria splendidella had been developed. The main findings were as follows:
1. Single toxicity of three plant extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella
Using the M. cordata, C. maxima peels and P. americana L. ethanol extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella the bioactivities of the non-selective antifeedant effect, growth inhibition and contact toxicity were determined. The results showed that the bioactivities of three plant extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella increased with concentration. All indexes were comparatively good when the concentration was100g·L-1. The bioactivities of the three plant extracts against larvae of Dioryctria splendidella were in the order: C. maxima peels> Macleya cordata> P. americana L. When the extract concentration of C. maxima peels was100g·L-1,the non-selective antifeedant rate after24and48hours was99.28%and94.23%, respectively, growth inhibition rate after24,48and96hours was96.32%,95.44%and93.19%, respectively, the lethal rate of the contact toxicity against the3th and5th instar larvae was90.00%and80.00%, respectively. While the extract concentration of Macleya cordata was100g·L-1,the non-selective antifeedant rate after24and48hours was92.62%and91.95%, respectively, growth inhibition rate after24,48and96hours was95.20%,92.43%and90.80%respectively, the lethal rate of the contact toxicity against the3th and5th instar larvae was86.67%and76.66%, respectively. With concentration of P. americana L.100g·L-1, the non-selective antifeedant rate after24and48hours was90.56%and92.11%,respectively,the growth inhibition rate after24,48, and96hours was93.19%,92.87%and90.38%,respectively,the lethal rate of the contact toxicity against the3th and5th instar larvae was80.00%and70.00%,respectively.
2. Combined toxicity of the three plant extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella
The biggest co-toxicity co-efficient(CTC) was87.92in the mixture of M. cordata and C. maxima peels with main function antagonistic; the mixture of M. cordata and P. american L. showed additive effect which was unstable, while the biggest CTC was147.52at ratio of1:3, the smallest CTC was19.05at ratio of1:1. the CTC was120.23and170.02with C. maxima peels and P. american at ratio of1:5and1:3, respectively, which had synergistic effect. The CTC was127.67with M. cordata, C. maxima peels and P. americana L. at ratio of1:1:1, which also had synergistic effect. The overall results indicated that the best mixture combination were C. maxima peels extracts and P. americana L. extracts at ratio of1:3,the CTC was170.02.
3. Development of an effective botanical pesticide formula to prevent and control Dioryctria splendidella.
Screening synergist, solvent and emulsifier of compound liquid of the three plants and measuring the effect of lab control and forest control, the botanical compound emulsion formula S2was finally determined:the three plant extracts was in volume ratio1:1:1, which accounted for30%, the synergist turpentine, the solvent DMSO and the emulsifier Secretary Ban-20accounted for5%,55%and10%, respectively. It was tentatively called MCP emulsion with active ingredient content30%and concentration100g·L-1.
引文
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