清洁生产效益综合评价方法研究
|
摘要
清洁生产是实施循环经济的技术载体,也是持续发展经济同时保护生态环境和合理利用资源的有效途径。对清洁生产效益进行综合评价,有助于了解清洁生产的开展情况,进而了解循环经济和可持续发展战略的执行情况。
然而国内外对于从效益评价角度研究清洁生产还鲜有涉及。因此,选择清洁生产效益综合评价进行课题研究,以合适的数理统计、决策分析等理论作指导,初步建立基于环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的清洁生产效益综合评价体系,确定多方法集成的综合评价模式,并以此作为诊断清洁生产的有效工具,为政府部门提供决策手段,推进清洁生产向可持续清洁生产的方向发展,以期为清洁生产的决策、管理、研究提供新思路。
本研究收集了充足的基础资料,整理了国内外清洁生产评价现有的指标体系；参照了国家颁布实施的清洁生产行业标准或国内外其它类比项目地实测、考察等调研资料,运用数学方法将评价指标体系中的定性指标转化为能反映实际情况、可操作性较强的量化数值；参考了国内外现有的评价方法和数学模型,通过系统分析和评价方法,将定性指标与定量指标统一起来,建立与指标体系相对应的综合评价模型,并考察数学模型的准确性和精确性,完善优化模型；利用建立的综合评价模型进行实证分析,提出清洁生产研究和管理方面的建议。
本研究首先从清洁生产的起源、内涵、理论基础和发展综述出发,阐述了清洁生产是一整套系统而完整的可持续发展战略,强调预防为主、全过程控制,采取污染物源头削减措施。企业通过采用清洁生产方案,可以大幅度地减少污染物的排放总量和排放种类,取得明显的环境效益；可以减少一次性投资和运行费用,降低企业的生产成本,带来可观的经济效益；同时,推行清洁生产可带来巨大的社会效益。
其次,讨论了评价指标体系的特点和功能、选取原则、构建和筛选、种类、研究现状,分析了国内外现有清洁生产评价指标体系和建设项目社会评价指标体系,并结合清洁生产审核经验和行业清洁生产自身特点,根据经济学和社会学原理,增加有关环境管理、经济效益和社会效益等方面的指标,建立符合清洁生产效益综合评价的指标体系,首次涵盖了清洁生产的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益3个方面。
再次,分析了清洁生产与环境影响评价、清洁生产审核、生命周期评价等的相互关系和侧重点,叙述了清洁生产的现状研究、方法比较和权重确定方法,得出清洁生产评价活动顺利开展的必要条件是评价方法与指标体系的相互匹配,明确了影响评价合理性的重要因素是评价指标的权重确定。
第四,从综合评价的基础理论谈起,在现有清洁生产评价方法的基础上,完善和补充了综合评价方法,将先进的主观评价方法和客观评价方法有序地引入综合评价全过程,获取主客观集成化的评价指标综合权重,构建新型的主客观集成化的综合评价系统,并将其首度应用于清洁生产效益评价。
最后,选择石油炼制业内具有代表性的企业,对该企业的清洁生产状况和与效益有关的情况进行了调研和考察,摸清重点环节、关键节点和现状实况。运用清洁生产效益综合评价模式分析判断待评价对象的效益水平等级,找出需改进的薄弱环节,提出持续清洁生产的建议等。该实例研究过程首次进行了清洁生产的社会效益评价。
本研究主要获得以下结论：
(1)现阶段国内外专家学者对于清洁生产评价的研究工作主要考察企业所取得的环境效益,部分考察企业的经济效益,几乎不涉及社会效益；一般采用环境效益与经济效益互相分离且单独进行评价的方法；而从效益评价角度研究清洁生产的案例鲜有涉及。本文根据收集的基础资料,通过合理的数学手段进行清洁生产效益评价,包括环境效益、经济效益和社会效益三个方面的有机结合,其中首次进行清洁生产社会效益评价。
(2)现有评价指标体系在一定程度上不能真正反映出清洁生产所能带来的实际效益。本文建立了符合清洁生产效益综合评价的指标体系。该体系首次涵盖清洁生产环境效益、经济效益、社会效益3个方面,包含4个纵向层次、3个横向子系统,由3个要素层指标、14个准则层指标和58个具体的评价指标组成,其中30项为定量评价指标,其余28项为定性评价指标。通过该体系可以直观、量化地体现实施清洁生产的综合效益。为使效益评价指标体系适用于各行业的清洁生产,各项具体的评价指标内容可根据行业特点适当进行删减或增添,删除某些信息较少的或不重要的评价指标,增加与清洁生产关联度大的或具有特征性的评价指标。
(3)现有清洁生产评价方法中存在着内容不全面、评价指标不规范、方法较粗糙、主观性较强等问题,且并不适用于清洁生产效益评价。本文在现有清洁生产评价方法的基础上,有序地引入粗糙集理论、熵理论、模糊数学方法、层次分析法、统计分析原理等理论方法,构建新型的主客观集成化的综合评价系统,并将其首次应用于清洁生产效益评价。
(4)清洁生产效益综合评价的权重确定是将各效益水平等级所对应的指标值与待评价对象相应的指标值组成一个关系集合,在熵理论和粗糙集理论的基础上,利用指标值数据本身包含的信息进行客观权重的确定,同时结合专家对评价指标相对重要性的主观意见划分,获取专家群组排序权重向量组。运用信息熵和粗糙集理论,比较由各权重确定方法之间的相对重要程度,包括主观赋值向量组(群组排序权重向量组)、客观赋值向量组,对各权重确定方法进行权重确定,最终获取主客观集成化的评价指标综合权重。
(5)清洁生产效益综合评价的新模式流程如下：建立模糊集合,建立相对偏差模糊矩阵,建立综合评价模式,识别判断效益水平。模糊集合的建立运用了粗糙集等理论,实现了定性指标的量化处理；相对偏差模糊矩阵的运用,获得了包括各效益水平等级和待评价对象效益水平在内的数值结果；根据模糊数学的择近原则,实现了待评价对象的清洁生产效益水平所属级别的量化识别判断。本文提出的清洁生产效益综合评价方法首次实现了全过程的量化处理。
(6)实例研究过程中,根据行业和企业的自身特点及可作为参考的现有评价标准和统计信息,建立综合评价的等级集合、指标集合。指标集合共包括48个评价指标,其中定量指标20个,定性指标28个。利用标准和相关统计年鉴的规定和内容,确定清洁生产效益各水平等级相对应的指标值。定量指标值直接获取,定性指标值由粗糙集理论确定离散型量化的数值,并由11人组成的专家组根据规则打分后取平均值进行赋值,最终形成综合评价的关系集合。
通过清洁生产效益综合评价的新模式判断识别,待评价对象在资源能源利用、污染物产生、废物回收利用、产品指标、经济收益性、经济发展性、社会经济影响等方面已经达到清洁生产效益国际先进水平,而其它各方面基本达到国内先进水平。总体而言,该企业的清洁生产效益水平属于国内先进水平。
(7)该企业的持续清洁生产主要针对还未达到国际先进水平的各方面开展,主要是生产工艺与装备、环境管理、环境投资和成本、社会环境影响、可持续发展等方面,应当研究和制定继续实施清洁生产的计划方案,并尽快付诸行动,使企业最终能够完全达到清洁生产效益国际先进水平。
清洁生产效益的综合评价是清洁生产为数不多的研究角度,本课题选择在此方面系统研究了综合评价指标体系构建、综合评价模式确定和案例分析的全过程。课题成果有助于了解清洁生产的开展情况,了解循环经济和可持续发展战略的执行情况；主要适用于政府的决策管理部门,也可用于企业自查和环境管理,还可以用于企业清洁生产审计和建设项目环境影响评价工作。
The conception of constructing a resource-economizing and environment-friendly society to a sustainable development way has impregnated into many fields of natural science and social science. Sustainable development indicates a development that can satisfy the demands of our offspring as well as can meet our present needs. It has evolved as a develop model which is currently accepted and turned into a significant sign of human society civilization and the common target.
In days gone by, the key point of pollution abatement was put on the ending treatment, which means if we want to inhibit the worsen tendency, we have to increase the money invested, develop various pollution treatment technology and sophisticated equipment, set up pollution control measures, and dispose all classes of pollutants during manufacture. Such traditional ending treatment model resulted in wasting of resources, high expense, hard to manage and high risk of contamination. It's difficult to achieve the unification of economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit. Also the sustainable developing strategy is difficult to carry out.
Companies have often introduced processes without considering their environmental impact. They have argued that a tradeoff is required between economic growth and the environment, and that some level of pollution must be accepted if reasonable rates of economic growth are to be achieved. This argument was no longer valid, and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, established new goals for the world community that advocate environmentally sustainable development. Cleaner production can contribute to sustainable development, as endorsed by Agenda 21. Cleaner production can reduce or eliminate the need to trade off environmental protection against economic growth, occupational safety against productivity, and consumer safety against competition in international markets. Setting goals across a range of sustainability issues leads to 'win-win' situations that benefit everyone.
Cleaner production is defined as the continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment. For production processes, Cleaner production involves the conservation of raw materials and energy, the elimination of toxic raw materials, and the reduction in the quantities and toxicity of wastes and emissions. For product development and design, Cleaner production involves the reduction of negative impacts throughout the life cycle of the product:from raw material extraction to ultimate disposal. For service industries, Cleaner Production involves the incorporation of environmental considerations into the design and delivery of services.
Cleaner production can be and has already been applied to raw material extraction, manufacturing, agriculture, fisheries, transportation, tourism, hospitals, energy generation and information systems. It is important to stress that cleaner production is about attitudinal as well as technological change. In many cases, the most significant cleaner production benefits can be gained through lateral thinking, without adopting technological solutions. A change in attitude on the part of company directors, managers and employees is crucial to gaining the most from cleaner production.
When cleaner Production and pollution control options are carefully evaluated and compared, the cleaner production options are often more cost effective overall. The initial investment for Cleaner Production options and for installing pollution control technologies may be similar, but the ongoing costs of pollution control will generally be greater than for Cleaner Production. Furthermore, the Cleaner Production option will generate savings through reduced costs for raw materials, energy, waste treatment and regulatory compliance. The environmental benefits of Cleaner Production can be translated into market opportunities for greener products. Companies that factor environmental considerations into the design stage of a product will be well placed to benefit from the marketing advantages of any future ecolabelling schemes.
Moreover Cleaner Production must be considered to be an integral part of national strategy to establish a circular economy, whose framework conditions will be stipulated in a law that is currently being prepared at the national level. Despite these proactive policies, every country faces significant challenges in effecting extensive and sustainable changes to industrial activities and environmental protection practices. These challenges include the establishment of an adequate institutional framework, which is still being built, a basic lack of awareness capacity and resources among enterprises, and the difficulty in creating a market for Cleaner Production services. Developments in chinese political and economic conditions demand the widespread adoption of Cleaner Production practices and offer opportunities to improve the pursuit of Cleaner Production. Increasing pressure from the general public through the media and citizens'protests on the one hand, and ever tougher implementation and enforcement by provincial and local governments on the other hand, create a situation in China, in which greener production has considerable competitive advantages. Additionally, pressure on Chinese exporters and suppliers from multinational companies as well as on joint-venture partners to comply with the requirements of environmentally conscious customers in industrialized countries, have led to an improvement of the environmental performance of Chinese industries. Thus, external pressures requiring improved environmental performance and product quality are contributing to a growing demand for environmental management services and of complementary tools and approaches, such as life cycle analysis, green design and health and safety measures.
The key of cleaner production is how to assess or predict the economic, environmental and social benefit of cleaner production by using optimal methods. And comprehensive assessment method of cleaner production benefit is not a normal method to put into practice, little experts took time to do it. In the following, based on cleaner production assessment home and abroad, to settle the matter of overfull indicators and subjective assessment and so on, the assessment method and the whole process were discussed. The aim was to propose a methodology to assist in developing and optimizing cleaner production processes, and to promote continuering cleaner production.
The first part of this thesis gave the opinion that cleaner production, a whole set of sustainable development stratage, was accepted by all of the countries and widely applicable. The main idea was prevent first, process control, and source cut.
The second part focused on the indicator system. Cleaner production assessment indicator system, the important ring of cleaner production auditing, was regarded as the impersonal criterion to choose appropriate technique program. Assessment indicator system was the sign of management science and the yardstick of quantitative analysis. When to select the indicator, the following principles should be obeyed:life cycle analysis; pollution prevention; easily quantitative; handy data; space time rule; impersonal veracity; simple and integrative assessment; clear connotation and maneuverability.
It was the first time to assess the economic, environmental and social benefit of cleaner production with only one indicator system, used in this thesis was divided into three classes. The first-class included 3 aspects:environmental benefit, economic benefit and social benefit. The second-class included 14 aspects:technology and equipment, utilization of resource and energy, product, pollutant emission (before treatment), waste reuse demand, environmental management demand, economic scale, economic generator, economic advance, policy consistent, social economy, social environment, sustainable development and other aspect. The third-class includes 58 aspects, and 30 of them were quantificational indicators,28 of them were qualitative indicators. Each indicator was divided into four ranks as international advanced level, domestic advanced level, domestic ordinary level and unknown level of chosen enterprise.
The third part compared cleaner production with environment impact assessment, cleaner production auditing, and life cycle assessment. It came to the result that assessment method matching to indicator system could make cleaner production assessment go on wheels.
The forth part was the most important that the comprehensive assessment method of cleaner production benefit, established with rough set theory, entropy theory, analytic hierarchy process, and fuzzy mathematics, was the first time to have application in cleaner production benefit evaluation. The assessment not only provided a set of systematical methods on cleaner production improving its research methodology, but also provided help for enterprise practice, and it was the first time
The integration of subjective evaluate and impersonal evaluate was significant to conform weight of indicators. Subjective weight of indicator was conformed by analytic hierarchy process, which was widely used in value assignment, and impersonal weight was conformed by rough set theory and entropy theory, which were newly used in value assignment. The integration weight was formed with rough set theory and information entropy theory.
Qualitative indicator might change to be quantized with discretization and rough set theory, and numerical solution of benefit assessment might come true with relative deviation fuzzy matrix. So it was the first time that the whole assessment process was quantized in cleaner production benefit assessment.
A simple system of chinese petroleum processing industry was described as a case study to illustrate the proposed methodology in the fifth part. As the work was done in close co-operation with the local producer, it was possible to obtain a large amount of site-specific inventory data. And it was also the first time to realize the society benefit assessmet of cleaner production.
The proposed method allowed overall evaluation of risk resulting from the process and products, quantitative analysis of environmental loading related to material and energy flows used in the process as well to flows of environmental unfriendly products and wastes, recovery of secondary materials from wastes and recycling to be taken into account, consumption of raw materials and use of energy recovered in the process to be considered, flows of industrial wastes (solid, liquid and gaseous) to be taken into account, flows of manufactured environmentally noxious products to be included in the assessment.
The results showed that comprehensive assessment method coule be easily employed to evaluate cleaner production level, and had a wider applicability and relevance to implement cleaner production as well to perform comparative analyses of other industries.
然而国内外对于从效益评价角度研究清洁生产还鲜有涉及。因此,选择清洁生产效益综合评价进行课题研究,以合适的数理统计、决策分析等理论作指导,初步建立基于环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的清洁生产效益综合评价体系,确定多方法集成的综合评价模式,并以此作为诊断清洁生产的有效工具,为政府部门提供决策手段,推进清洁生产向可持续清洁生产的方向发展,以期为清洁生产的决策、管理、研究提供新思路。
本研究收集了充足的基础资料,整理了国内外清洁生产评价现有的指标体系；参照了国家颁布实施的清洁生产行业标准或国内外其它类比项目地实测、考察等调研资料,运用数学方法将评价指标体系中的定性指标转化为能反映实际情况、可操作性较强的量化数值；参考了国内外现有的评价方法和数学模型,通过系统分析和评价方法,将定性指标与定量指标统一起来,建立与指标体系相对应的综合评价模型,并考察数学模型的准确性和精确性,完善优化模型；利用建立的综合评价模型进行实证分析,提出清洁生产研究和管理方面的建议。
本研究首先从清洁生产的起源、内涵、理论基础和发展综述出发,阐述了清洁生产是一整套系统而完整的可持续发展战略,强调预防为主、全过程控制,采取污染物源头削减措施。企业通过采用清洁生产方案,可以大幅度地减少污染物的排放总量和排放种类,取得明显的环境效益；可以减少一次性投资和运行费用,降低企业的生产成本,带来可观的经济效益；同时,推行清洁生产可带来巨大的社会效益。
其次,讨论了评价指标体系的特点和功能、选取原则、构建和筛选、种类、研究现状,分析了国内外现有清洁生产评价指标体系和建设项目社会评价指标体系,并结合清洁生产审核经验和行业清洁生产自身特点,根据经济学和社会学原理,增加有关环境管理、经济效益和社会效益等方面的指标,建立符合清洁生产效益综合评价的指标体系,首次涵盖了清洁生产的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益3个方面。
再次,分析了清洁生产与环境影响评价、清洁生产审核、生命周期评价等的相互关系和侧重点,叙述了清洁生产的现状研究、方法比较和权重确定方法,得出清洁生产评价活动顺利开展的必要条件是评价方法与指标体系的相互匹配,明确了影响评价合理性的重要因素是评价指标的权重确定。
第四,从综合评价的基础理论谈起,在现有清洁生产评价方法的基础上,完善和补充了综合评价方法,将先进的主观评价方法和客观评价方法有序地引入综合评价全过程,获取主客观集成化的评价指标综合权重,构建新型的主客观集成化的综合评价系统,并将其首度应用于清洁生产效益评价。
最后,选择石油炼制业内具有代表性的企业,对该企业的清洁生产状况和与效益有关的情况进行了调研和考察,摸清重点环节、关键节点和现状实况。运用清洁生产效益综合评价模式分析判断待评价对象的效益水平等级,找出需改进的薄弱环节,提出持续清洁生产的建议等。该实例研究过程首次进行了清洁生产的社会效益评价。
本研究主要获得以下结论：
(1)现阶段国内外专家学者对于清洁生产评价的研究工作主要考察企业所取得的环境效益,部分考察企业的经济效益,几乎不涉及社会效益；一般采用环境效益与经济效益互相分离且单独进行评价的方法；而从效益评价角度研究清洁生产的案例鲜有涉及。本文根据收集的基础资料,通过合理的数学手段进行清洁生产效益评价,包括环境效益、经济效益和社会效益三个方面的有机结合,其中首次进行清洁生产社会效益评价。
(2)现有评价指标体系在一定程度上不能真正反映出清洁生产所能带来的实际效益。本文建立了符合清洁生产效益综合评价的指标体系。该体系首次涵盖清洁生产环境效益、经济效益、社会效益3个方面,包含4个纵向层次、3个横向子系统,由3个要素层指标、14个准则层指标和58个具体的评价指标组成,其中30项为定量评价指标,其余28项为定性评价指标。通过该体系可以直观、量化地体现实施清洁生产的综合效益。为使效益评价指标体系适用于各行业的清洁生产,各项具体的评价指标内容可根据行业特点适当进行删减或增添,删除某些信息较少的或不重要的评价指标,增加与清洁生产关联度大的或具有特征性的评价指标。
(3)现有清洁生产评价方法中存在着内容不全面、评价指标不规范、方法较粗糙、主观性较强等问题,且并不适用于清洁生产效益评价。本文在现有清洁生产评价方法的基础上,有序地引入粗糙集理论、熵理论、模糊数学方法、层次分析法、统计分析原理等理论方法,构建新型的主客观集成化的综合评价系统,并将其首次应用于清洁生产效益评价。
(4)清洁生产效益综合评价的权重确定是将各效益水平等级所对应的指标值与待评价对象相应的指标值组成一个关系集合,在熵理论和粗糙集理论的基础上,利用指标值数据本身包含的信息进行客观权重的确定,同时结合专家对评价指标相对重要性的主观意见划分,获取专家群组排序权重向量组。运用信息熵和粗糙集理论,比较由各权重确定方法之间的相对重要程度,包括主观赋值向量组(群组排序权重向量组)、客观赋值向量组,对各权重确定方法进行权重确定,最终获取主客观集成化的评价指标综合权重。
(5)清洁生产效益综合评价的新模式流程如下：建立模糊集合,建立相对偏差模糊矩阵,建立综合评价模式,识别判断效益水平。模糊集合的建立运用了粗糙集等理论,实现了定性指标的量化处理；相对偏差模糊矩阵的运用,获得了包括各效益水平等级和待评价对象效益水平在内的数值结果；根据模糊数学的择近原则,实现了待评价对象的清洁生产效益水平所属级别的量化识别判断。本文提出的清洁生产效益综合评价方法首次实现了全过程的量化处理。
(6)实例研究过程中,根据行业和企业的自身特点及可作为参考的现有评价标准和统计信息,建立综合评价的等级集合、指标集合。指标集合共包括48个评价指标,其中定量指标20个,定性指标28个。利用标准和相关统计年鉴的规定和内容,确定清洁生产效益各水平等级相对应的指标值。定量指标值直接获取,定性指标值由粗糙集理论确定离散型量化的数值,并由11人组成的专家组根据规则打分后取平均值进行赋值,最终形成综合评价的关系集合。
通过清洁生产效益综合评价的新模式判断识别,待评价对象在资源能源利用、污染物产生、废物回收利用、产品指标、经济收益性、经济发展性、社会经济影响等方面已经达到清洁生产效益国际先进水平,而其它各方面基本达到国内先进水平。总体而言,该企业的清洁生产效益水平属于国内先进水平。
(7)该企业的持续清洁生产主要针对还未达到国际先进水平的各方面开展,主要是生产工艺与装备、环境管理、环境投资和成本、社会环境影响、可持续发展等方面,应当研究和制定继续实施清洁生产的计划方案,并尽快付诸行动,使企业最终能够完全达到清洁生产效益国际先进水平。
清洁生产效益的综合评价是清洁生产为数不多的研究角度,本课题选择在此方面系统研究了综合评价指标体系构建、综合评价模式确定和案例分析的全过程。课题成果有助于了解清洁生产的开展情况,了解循环经济和可持续发展战略的执行情况；主要适用于政府的决策管理部门,也可用于企业自查和环境管理,还可以用于企业清洁生产审计和建设项目环境影响评价工作。
The conception of constructing a resource-economizing and environment-friendly society to a sustainable development way has impregnated into many fields of natural science and social science. Sustainable development indicates a development that can satisfy the demands of our offspring as well as can meet our present needs. It has evolved as a develop model which is currently accepted and turned into a significant sign of human society civilization and the common target.
In days gone by, the key point of pollution abatement was put on the ending treatment, which means if we want to inhibit the worsen tendency, we have to increase the money invested, develop various pollution treatment technology and sophisticated equipment, set up pollution control measures, and dispose all classes of pollutants during manufacture. Such traditional ending treatment model resulted in wasting of resources, high expense, hard to manage and high risk of contamination. It's difficult to achieve the unification of economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit. Also the sustainable developing strategy is difficult to carry out.
Companies have often introduced processes without considering their environmental impact. They have argued that a tradeoff is required between economic growth and the environment, and that some level of pollution must be accepted if reasonable rates of economic growth are to be achieved. This argument was no longer valid, and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, established new goals for the world community that advocate environmentally sustainable development. Cleaner production can contribute to sustainable development, as endorsed by Agenda 21. Cleaner production can reduce or eliminate the need to trade off environmental protection against economic growth, occupational safety against productivity, and consumer safety against competition in international markets. Setting goals across a range of sustainability issues leads to 'win-win' situations that benefit everyone.
Cleaner production is defined as the continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment. For production processes, Cleaner production involves the conservation of raw materials and energy, the elimination of toxic raw materials, and the reduction in the quantities and toxicity of wastes and emissions. For product development and design, Cleaner production involves the reduction of negative impacts throughout the life cycle of the product:from raw material extraction to ultimate disposal. For service industries, Cleaner Production involves the incorporation of environmental considerations into the design and delivery of services.
Cleaner production can be and has already been applied to raw material extraction, manufacturing, agriculture, fisheries, transportation, tourism, hospitals, energy generation and information systems. It is important to stress that cleaner production is about attitudinal as well as technological change. In many cases, the most significant cleaner production benefits can be gained through lateral thinking, without adopting technological solutions. A change in attitude on the part of company directors, managers and employees is crucial to gaining the most from cleaner production.
When cleaner Production and pollution control options are carefully evaluated and compared, the cleaner production options are often more cost effective overall. The initial investment for Cleaner Production options and for installing pollution control technologies may be similar, but the ongoing costs of pollution control will generally be greater than for Cleaner Production. Furthermore, the Cleaner Production option will generate savings through reduced costs for raw materials, energy, waste treatment and regulatory compliance. The environmental benefits of Cleaner Production can be translated into market opportunities for greener products. Companies that factor environmental considerations into the design stage of a product will be well placed to benefit from the marketing advantages of any future ecolabelling schemes.
Moreover Cleaner Production must be considered to be an integral part of national strategy to establish a circular economy, whose framework conditions will be stipulated in a law that is currently being prepared at the national level. Despite these proactive policies, every country faces significant challenges in effecting extensive and sustainable changes to industrial activities and environmental protection practices. These challenges include the establishment of an adequate institutional framework, which is still being built, a basic lack of awareness capacity and resources among enterprises, and the difficulty in creating a market for Cleaner Production services. Developments in chinese political and economic conditions demand the widespread adoption of Cleaner Production practices and offer opportunities to improve the pursuit of Cleaner Production. Increasing pressure from the general public through the media and citizens'protests on the one hand, and ever tougher implementation and enforcement by provincial and local governments on the other hand, create a situation in China, in which greener production has considerable competitive advantages. Additionally, pressure on Chinese exporters and suppliers from multinational companies as well as on joint-venture partners to comply with the requirements of environmentally conscious customers in industrialized countries, have led to an improvement of the environmental performance of Chinese industries. Thus, external pressures requiring improved environmental performance and product quality are contributing to a growing demand for environmental management services and of complementary tools and approaches, such as life cycle analysis, green design and health and safety measures.
The key of cleaner production is how to assess or predict the economic, environmental and social benefit of cleaner production by using optimal methods. And comprehensive assessment method of cleaner production benefit is not a normal method to put into practice, little experts took time to do it. In the following, based on cleaner production assessment home and abroad, to settle the matter of overfull indicators and subjective assessment and so on, the assessment method and the whole process were discussed. The aim was to propose a methodology to assist in developing and optimizing cleaner production processes, and to promote continuering cleaner production.
The first part of this thesis gave the opinion that cleaner production, a whole set of sustainable development stratage, was accepted by all of the countries and widely applicable. The main idea was prevent first, process control, and source cut.
The second part focused on the indicator system. Cleaner production assessment indicator system, the important ring of cleaner production auditing, was regarded as the impersonal criterion to choose appropriate technique program. Assessment indicator system was the sign of management science and the yardstick of quantitative analysis. When to select the indicator, the following principles should be obeyed:life cycle analysis; pollution prevention; easily quantitative; handy data; space time rule; impersonal veracity; simple and integrative assessment; clear connotation and maneuverability.
It was the first time to assess the economic, environmental and social benefit of cleaner production with only one indicator system, used in this thesis was divided into three classes. The first-class included 3 aspects:environmental benefit, economic benefit and social benefit. The second-class included 14 aspects:technology and equipment, utilization of resource and energy, product, pollutant emission (before treatment), waste reuse demand, environmental management demand, economic scale, economic generator, economic advance, policy consistent, social economy, social environment, sustainable development and other aspect. The third-class includes 58 aspects, and 30 of them were quantificational indicators,28 of them were qualitative indicators. Each indicator was divided into four ranks as international advanced level, domestic advanced level, domestic ordinary level and unknown level of chosen enterprise.
The third part compared cleaner production with environment impact assessment, cleaner production auditing, and life cycle assessment. It came to the result that assessment method matching to indicator system could make cleaner production assessment go on wheels.
The forth part was the most important that the comprehensive assessment method of cleaner production benefit, established with rough set theory, entropy theory, analytic hierarchy process, and fuzzy mathematics, was the first time to have application in cleaner production benefit evaluation. The assessment not only provided a set of systematical methods on cleaner production improving its research methodology, but also provided help for enterprise practice, and it was the first time
The integration of subjective evaluate and impersonal evaluate was significant to conform weight of indicators. Subjective weight of indicator was conformed by analytic hierarchy process, which was widely used in value assignment, and impersonal weight was conformed by rough set theory and entropy theory, which were newly used in value assignment. The integration weight was formed with rough set theory and information entropy theory.
Qualitative indicator might change to be quantized with discretization and rough set theory, and numerical solution of benefit assessment might come true with relative deviation fuzzy matrix. So it was the first time that the whole assessment process was quantized in cleaner production benefit assessment.
A simple system of chinese petroleum processing industry was described as a case study to illustrate the proposed methodology in the fifth part. As the work was done in close co-operation with the local producer, it was possible to obtain a large amount of site-specific inventory data. And it was also the first time to realize the society benefit assessmet of cleaner production.
The proposed method allowed overall evaluation of risk resulting from the process and products, quantitative analysis of environmental loading related to material and energy flows used in the process as well to flows of environmental unfriendly products and wastes, recovery of secondary materials from wastes and recycling to be taken into account, consumption of raw materials and use of energy recovered in the process to be considered, flows of industrial wastes (solid, liquid and gaseous) to be taken into account, flows of manufactured environmentally noxious products to be included in the assessment.
The results showed that comprehensive assessment method coule be easily employed to evaluate cleaner production level, and had a wider applicability and relevance to implement cleaner production as well to perform comparative analyses of other industries.
引文
[1]张坤主编.循环经济理论与实践[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2003.5,28
[2]国家环境保护总局环境工程评估中心.环境影响评价相关法律法规[M].2008年版.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2008.2,1
[3]张泽勇.从可持续发展战略角度认识清洁生产技术[J].环境保护科学,2004(3)：41-45
[4]伍京华.清洁生产管理模式有效实施的经济学分析[D].硕士学位论文.北京：北京工业大学,2003.5,1-2
[5]陆知宙.JL纺织厂清洁生产的审核与实施[D].硕士学位论文.南京：南京理工大学,2008.6,1-2
[6]彭海昀,李劢.清洁生产模糊数学评价方法[J].山东环境,1999,92(4)：37-38
[7]宋世伟,薛纪渝.清洁生产技术方案综合评价方法初探[J].环境保护科学,1999,25(1)：16-2l
[8]Geldermann J, Spengler T, Rentz O. Fuzzy Outranking for Environmental Assessment Case Study:iron and steel making industry[J]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2000,115:45-65
[9]奚旦立主编.清洁生产与循环经济[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.4,158,224-233
[10]钱易,唐孝炎.环境保护与可持续发展[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000,324-334,337-342
[11]G. Hilson. Barriers to Implementing Cleaner Technologies and Cleaner Production Practices in the Mining Industry:a Case Study of the Americas[J]. Minerals Engineering,2000,13(7): 699-717
[12]张凯,崔兆杰.清洁生产理论与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.3,14-17
[13]Hongyan He. Implementation of Cleaner Production at Industries in Jiangsu, China[D]. P. H. Doctor Dissertation. Stanford University, September 2005,24-26
[14]朱慎林等编.清洁生产导论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001.5,9,20-130
[15]中华人民共和国第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议.中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法[S].北京：化学工业出版社,2003,l
[16]熊文强,郭孝菊,洪卫.绿色环保与清洁生产概论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.4,4
[17]石芝玲.清洁生产理论与实践研究[D].硕士学位论文.石家庄：河北工业大学,2005.3,11
[18]赵家荣,张德森.清洁生产促进法问答[M].北京：学苑出版社,2003,15-20
[19]Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Applying Cleaner Production to Multilateral Environmental Agreements[M]. United Nations Environment Programme,2006, 56-60
[20]顾国维.绿色技术及其应用[M].上海：同济大学出版社,1999.5
[21]熊如贵.运用生命周期评价方法实现印刷线路板清洁生产[D].硕士学位论文.广州：广东工业大学,2008.5,36-37
[22]刘青,吕航.末端治理与清洁生产的比较评述[J].环境污染与防治,2000,22(4)：34-36
[23]刘颖辉.末端治理与清洁生产[J].中国环保产业,2002,6：14-15
[24]Jurg M. Grutter, Hans-Peter Egler. From Cleaner Production to Sustainable Industrial, Production Modes[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12:249-256
[25]王守兰,武少华,万融等.清洁生产理论与实务[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2002.11,48-61
[26]卢云涛.清洁生产战略与清洁生产审计[J].云南环境科学,2000,(4)：1-4
[27]何炳光,王学军等译.国外清洁生产实施与启迪[M].北京：学苑出版社,2002.3,63-155
[28]国家经贸委资源节约与综合利用司.清洁生产概论[M].北京：中国检察出版社,2000.8
[29]N. N. B Salvador, J. Glasson, J. M. Piper. Cleaner Production and Environmental Impact Assessment:UK Perspective[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2000,8:127-132
[30]C. P. Li, LK. Hui. Environmental Impact Assessment Model for Industrial Processes[J]. Environmental Management,2001,27(5):729-737
[31]何劲.关于企业清洁生产研究的文献综述[J].科技进步与对策,2006,6：178-180
[32]周律.清洁生产[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001.1,49-84
[33]赵新燕,胡颇.清洁生产与环境保护[J].河南科技,2002,9：23-24
[34]廖健,刘剑平,单洪青.我国对清洁生产的鼓励政策[J].当代石油石化,2005,(2)：27-30
[35]赵玉明等.清洁生产[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2005,116-125
[36]陈文晖,马胜杰,姚晓艳.中国循环经济综合评价研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2009,83-96,120-123
[37]李立峰,张数深.清洁生产定量评价方法的研究与应用[J].化工装备技术,2003,24(1)：49-53
[38]魏宗华.工业企业清洁生产评估指标的研究[J].环境保护,2000,5：22-24
[39]M. Peneda, R. Frazao. Cleaner Production in Portugal-a General Approach[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,1995,3(1):25-28
[40]Jos Frijns, Bas Van Vliet. Small-Scale Industry and Cleaner Production Strategies [J]. World Development,1999,27(6):967-983
[41]Gavin Hilson. Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production in the Mining Industry:an Analysis of Current Issues[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2000,8(2):119-126
[42]Boyle Carol. Cleaner Production in New Zealand[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,1999, 7(1):59-67
[43]Katherine Kao Cushing, Peter L. Wise, Janet Hawes-Davis. Evaluating the Implementation of Cleaner Production Audit Demonstration Projects[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review,1999,19(5):569-586
[44]中国21世纪议程管理中心,清华大学等.清洁能源发展机制[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2005,131-134
[45]张平.清洁生产指标体系构建和案例数据库网站开发[D].硕士学位论文.上海：东华大学,2004.1,10-15
[46]T. Ekvall. Cleaner Production Tools:LCA and byond[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2002, 10(5):403-406
[47]Kasru Susilo, Achmad Djani. Cleaner Production Assessment at an Indonesian Plywood Facility - a Case Study[J]. Forum KMB Indonesia (Indonesian Pollution Prevention Roundtable),1997,581-588
[48]Rene van Berkel. Introduction to Cleaner Production Assessments with Applications in the Food Processing Industry[J]. UNEP Industry and Environment,1995,3:8-15
[49]International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14043:Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Interpretation[S]. Swiss,2000
[50]Allan A. J., et al. Life Cycle Assessment-a Guide to Approaches, Experiences and Information Sources[R]. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency,1998
[51]T. Van Gerven, et al. Environmental Response Indicators for the Industrial and Energy Sector in Flanders[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2007,15(10):886-894
[52]Eric V. Novotny, Heinz G. Stefan. Stream Flow in Minnesota:Indicator of Climate Change[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,334(3):319-333
[53]Lisa Segnestam. Environmental Performance Indicators in Industry[R]. Norway:European Green Table,1999
[54]Tomas B. Ramos, et al. Environmental Performance Policy Indicators for the Public Sector: the Case of the Defense Sector[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2007,82(4): 410-432
[55]A. M. Papadopoulos, E. Giama. Environmental Performance Evaluation of Thermal Insulation Materials and its Impact on the Building[J]. Building and Environment,2007, 42(5):2178-2187
[56]Sohair I. Abou-Elela, et al. Pollution Prevention Pays off in a Board Paper Mill[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(3):330-334
[57]Richard S. Stevenson, J. Warren Evans. Editorial to:Cutting across Interests:Cleaner Production, the Unified Force of Sustainable Development[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2004,12(3):185-187
[58]Luciano Basto Oliveira, Luiz Pinguelli Rosa. Brazilian Waste Potential:Energy, Environmental, Social and Economic Benefits[J]. Energy Policy,2003,31(14):1481-1491
[59]Gregor P. Henze. Economic analysis of Thermal Energy Storage Systems[J]. ASCE:Journal of Architectural Engineering,2002,8(4):133-141
[60]Rogers Peter, Christopher Hurst, Nagar ja Hanshadeep. Water Resources Planning in a Strategic Context:Linking the Water Sector to the National Economy[J]. Water Resource Research,1993,29(7):1895-1906
[61]靳敏,贾爱娟.清洁生产的定量考核与评价规范研究[J].清洁生产,2001,7：37-39
[62]李中和,王岳虹.煤炭工业清洁生产评价指标体系的编制[J].中国煤炭,2005,31(12)：14-15
[63]刘丽莉.评价指标选取方法研究[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2004,22(1)：134-136
[64]ForbersR. McDougall. Life Cycle Inventory Tools:Supporting the Development of Sustainable Solid Waste Management Systems[J]. Corporate Environmental Strategy,2001, 8(2):142-147
[65]乔琦等.生态工业评价指标体系[M].北京：新华出版社,2006.11,70-78
[66]李立峰,张树深.清洁生产定量评价方法的研究与应用[J].化工装备技术,2003,24(1)：49-53
[67]中华人民共和国环境保护部.HJ/T425-2008清洁生产标准制订技术导则[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2008,4-5
[68]向夕品,郑旭照.化工行业清洁生产指标体系及应用研究[J].渝州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,19(3)：22-26
[69]施国庆,董铭.投资项目社会评价研究[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003,5(2)：49-53
[70]史本山等.建设项目社会评价理论体系新论[J].软科学,1998,3：13-15
[71]朱丽.广州市环境、经济和社会可持续发展综合评价[D].博士学位论文.北京：中国科学院研究生院,2006.5,18-27
[72]花拥军.项目社会评价指标体系及其方法研究[D].硕士学位论文.重庆：重庆大学,2004.6,12-21
[73]陈伟华.基于可持续发展观的工程项目全过程社会评价研究[D].硕士学位论文.石家庄：河北工业大学,2006.12,21-32
[74]李文玉等.不同等级清洁生产评价指标的选择及在具体项目中应用[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(11)：183-187
[75]关晓初,杨本杰.铸造生产企业环评重点及清洁生产分析[J].环境保护科学,2007,33(5)：68-70
[76]宋新山,夏永云,吴应玲.我国纺织工业建设项目清洁生产评价要点探析[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(4)：72-74
[77]彭聃等.铬盐行业清洁生产审核探讨[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2)：128-131
[78]Lidia Lombardi. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment (ELCA) of a semi-closed Gas Turbine Cycle with CO2 Chemical Absorption[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2001,42(1):101-114
[79]A. Azapagic, R. Clift. Life Cycle Assessment and Multiobjective Optimization[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,1999,7(2):135-143
[80]James A. Fava, et al. Sustainable Strategies Using Life Cycle Approaches[J]. Environmental Progress,2000,19(2):61-64
[81]A. Azapagic, R. Clift. Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for Improving Process Performance:a Case Study on Boron Products[J]. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,1999,4(3): 133-142
[82]Johanna Berlin. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Swedish Semi-hard Cheese[J]. International Dairy Journal,2002,12(11):939-953
[83]F. Consoli, et al. Guidelines for Life-cycle Assessment:a Code of Practice (1st ed.)[M]. USA: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1993
[84]International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14040:Environmental Management Life-cycle Assessment Principles and Framework[S]. Switzerland,2006
[85]贾洪明,徐萍.浅谈生命周期评价与应用[J].新疆环境保护,2000,22(4)：240-242
[86]张键.生命周期评价(LCA)—环境管理和监察的新概念[J].环境保护,1995,10：8-10
[87]李蓓蓓.生命周期评价—清单分析方法探讨[J].上海环境科学,2002,21(5)：308-310
[88]席德立,彭小燕.LCA环境影响分析新探[J].环境科学,1997,18(6)：77-8l
[89]邓南圣,王小兵.生命周期评价[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003：125-127
[90]Mary Ann Curran. Life Cycle Assessment:an International Experience[J]. Environmental Progress,2000,19(2):65-71
[91]钱易.清洁生产与循环经济—概念、方法和案例[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.8
[92]国家环境保护总局科技标准司.清洁生产审计培训教材[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001.7
[93]陆长清,曾辉.判断清洁生产定量评价体系初探[J].环境保护,1999,10：24-26
[94]杨宝玉.首钢中厚板轧钢生产工艺清洁生产评价方法的研究[J].冶金环境保护,2003,3：46-50
[95]舒型武.清洁生产定量评价方法的实例研究[J].钢铁技术,2005,3：42-44
[96]辛晓牧,韩泽治.腈纶生产差别化工程清洁生产分析与评价[J].辽宁城乡环境科技, 2000,20(6)：9-10
[97]张秋根,王桃云等.清洁生产评价方法[J].中华纸业,2003,24(5)：21-22
[98]刘舸,许冠英.清洁生产评价方法实证研究[J].中山大学学报论丛,2003,23(1)：110-113
[99]国家环境保护总局监督管理司.中国环境影响评价培训教材[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2000.1
[100]UNEP. Cleaner Production Assessment in Dairy Processing (First Edition 2000)[R]. Danish: UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION,2000.
[101]UNEP. Cleaner Production Assessment in Fish Processing (First Edition 2000)[R]. Danish: UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION,2000.
[102]UNEP. Cleaner Production Assessment in Meat Processing (First Edition 2000)[R]. Danish: UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION,2000.
[103]Y. Wang. The Application of Multi-level Fuzzy Judgement in the Appraisement of Green Products[J]. International Journal of Plant Engineering and Management,2002,7(3): 152-156
[104]张平,陈东辉.清洁生产指标体系的评价模式探讨[J].污染防治技术,2004,17(1)：107-108
[105]曹刚.矿山清洁生产模糊数学评价方法探讨[J].矿山环保,2001,33(2)：10-13
[106]张俊福等编.应用模糊数学[M].北京：地质出版社,1998.11
[107]庄锁法.基于层次分析法的综合评价模型[J].合肥工业大学学报,2000,23(4)：582-585
[108]杨志山等.水泥行业清洁生产评价模型的研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2002,34(4)：76-79
[109]James S. Dyer. Remarks on the Analytic Hierarchy Process[J]. Management Science,1990, 36(3):249-258
[110]Raymond R. Tan, Alvin B. Culaba and Michael R. I. Purvis. POLCAGE 1.0a Possibilistic Life-cycle Assessment Model for Evaluating Alternative Transportation Fuels[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software,2004,19(10):907-918
[111]李贵奇,周和敏,刘艳霞.清洁生产的非线性和线性多目标模糊评价模型[J].武汉理工大学学报,2002,24(3)：81-83
[112]周和敏等.钢铁工业清洁生产的多目标模糊评价[J].钢铁研究学报,200l,13(6)：23-26
[113]宋光兴,钱鑫刘怀.基于熵技术的矿产资源综合开发利用评价方法研究[J].中国矿业,1998,9(3)：26-29
[114]R. Montanari. Environmental Efficiency Analysis for Enel Thermo-power Plants[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12(4):403-414
[115]Maurizio Bevilacqua, Marcello Braglia. Environmental Efficiency Analysis for ENI Oil Refineries[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2002,10(1):85-92
[116]宋新山,汪永辉.数据包络分析(DEA)模型在清洁生产评价中的应用[J].四川环境,2003,22(5)：58-62
[117]Kingsley E. Haynes, et al. Environmental Decision Models:U.S. Experience and a New Approach to Pollution Management[J]. Environment International,1993,19(3):261-275
[118]G. Barbiroli, A. Raggi. A Method for Evaluating the Overall Technical and Economic Performance of Environmental Innovations in Production Cycles[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(4):365-374
[119]熊文强.清洁生产效益评价[J].重庆大学学报(社会科学版),1999,5(2)：21-24
[120]M.N.R. Cooray. Walk Through Cleaner Production Assessment in SME's-a Case Study From Sri Lanka[R]. www.sdsap.org/data/CoorayW05.pdf,2002
[121]Harry W. Edwards, Michael F. Kostrzewa, Jason M. Jonkman. Cleaner Production Through Conservation[R]. www.engr.colostate.edu/IAC/pdfs/2000A&WMA.pdf,2000
[122]S. Gurbuz, N. Kiran-Ciliz, O. Yenigun. Cleaner Production Implementation Through Process Modifications for Selected SME's in Turkish Olive Oil Production[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12(6):613-621
[123]Jutta Geldermann, Kejing Zhang, Otto Rentz. Multi-criteria Group Decision Support for Integrated Technique Assessment[G]. Proceedings of the 57th Meeting of the European Working Group Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding,2003
[124]Kit-Fai Pun, et al. A Multiple-criteria Environmental Impact Assessment for the Plastic Injection Molding Process:a Methodology[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(1): 41-49
[125]Bertrand Mareschal. Weight Stability Intervals in Multicriteria Decision Aid[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,1998,33(1):54-64
[126]Thomas L. Saaty. A Scaling Method for Priorities in Hierarchical Structures [J]. Journal of Mathematical Psychology,1977,15(3):234-281
[127]Ching Lai Hwang, Ming Jeng Lin. Group Decision Making under Multiple Criteria: Methods and Applications[M]. Heidelberg:Springer Berlin,1986.12
[128]Johanna M. Harte, et al. Estimation of Attribute Weights in a Multiattribute Choice Situation[J]. Acta Psychological,1996,93(1-3):37-55
[129]Samir Abdou, Jacques Savoy.Statistical and Comparative Evaluation of Various Indexing and Search Models[J]. Asia Information Retrieval Symposium(AIRS 2006), Lecture Notes in Computer Science(LNCS 4182),2006:362-373
[130]F. Herrera, et al. Managing Non-homogeneous Information in Group Decision Making[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2005,166(1):115-132
[131]Zeshui Xu. A Method for Multiple Attribute Decision Making with Incomplete Weight Information in Linguistic Setting[J]. Knowledge-Based Systems,2007,20(8):719-725
[132]Z. S. Xu. A Method Based on Linguistic Aggregation Operators for Group Decision Making with Linguistic Preference Relations[J]. Information Sciences,2004,166:19-30
[133]尤天慧,樊治平.区间数多指标决策中确定指标权重的一种客观赋权法[J].中国管理科学,2003,11(2)：92-95
[134]Ying-Ming Wang, Celik Parkan, Ying Luo. A Linear Programming Method for Generating the most Favorable Weights from a Pairwise Comparison Matrix[J]. Computers & Operations Research,2008,35(12):3918-3930
[135]樊治平,张全,马建.多属性决策中权重确定的一种集成方法[J].管理科学学报,1998,1(3)：50-53
[136]吴坚,梁昌勇,李文年.基于主观与客观集成的属性权重求解方法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2007,29(3)：383-387
[137]曹秀英,梁静国.基于粗集理论的属性权重确定方法[J].中国管理科学,2002,(5)：98-100
[138]周宇峰,魏法杰.基于模糊判断矩阵信息确定专家权重的方法[J].中国管理科学,2006,14(3)：71-75
[139]徐泽水,达庆利.多属性决策的组合赋权方法研究[J].中国管理科学,2002,10(2)： 84-87
[140]黄岩,张国春等.一种新的计算组合预测权重的方法[J].管理工程学报,200,15(2)：44-46
[141]李远远.基于粗糙集的指标体系构建及综合评价方法研究[D].博士学位论文.武汉：武汉理工大学,2009.4,17-25,78-87
[142]王宗军.综合评价的方法、问题及其研究趋势[J].管理科学学报,1998,(1)：73-79
[143]金菊良,王文圣,洪天求等.流域水安全智能评价方法的理论基础探讨[J].水利学报,2006,37(8)：918-925
[144]郭亚军.综合评价理论、方法及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2007,6-8
[145]胡永宏,贺思辉.综合评价方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2000,75-99
[146]R. D. Banker, A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper. Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis[J]. Management Science,1984,30(9): 1078-1092
[147]Thomas L. Saaty. The Analytic Hierarchy Process[M]. New York:McGraw-Hill,1980, 75-109
[148]Zdzislaw Pawlak. Rough Sets[J]. International Journal of Information and Computer Science,1982,11:341-356
[149]Vira Chankong, Yacov Y Haimes. Multiple Objective Decision Making:Theory and Methodology[M]. New York:Elsevier,1983,98-102
[150]水本雅晴.模糊数学及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1986,76-96
[151]张尧庭 张璋.几种选取部分代表性指标的统计方法[J].统计研究,1990,(1)：52-58
[152]王庆石.统计指标间信息重迭的消减方法[J].财经问题研究,1994,(1)：57-61
[153]L. B. Booker, D. E. Goldberg, J. H. Holland. Classifier System and Genetic Algorithms[J]. Artificial Intelligence,1989,40(1-3):235-282
[154]张文泉,张世英.基于熵的决策评价模型及应用[J].系统工程学报,1995,10(3)：69-74
[155]邓聚龙.灰色控制系统(第二版)[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,1993,46-217
[156]Fusun Ulengin, Y. Ilker Topcu, Sule Onsel Sahin. An Intergrated Decision Aid System for Bosphrus Water-crossing Problem[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2001,134: 179-192
[157]Sebastian Frit, Detlef Hosemann. Restructuring the Credit Process:Behaviour Scoring for German Corporates[J]. International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance & Management,2000,9(1):9-21
[158]Robert D. Sorkin, Ryan West, Donald E. Robinson. Group Performance Depends on the Majority Rule[J]. Psychological Science,1998,9(6):456-463
[159]陈洪涛,周德群,黄国良.基于粗糙集理论的企业效绩评价指标属性约简[J].计算机应用研究,2007,24(12)：109-111
[160]陈国宏,李美娟,陈衍泰.组合评价及其计算机集成系统研究[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007,75-99
[161]Zdzislaw Pawlak, et al. Rough Sets[J]. Communication of the ACM,1995,38(11):88-95
[162]李美娟等.基于粗糙集的组合评价方法研究[J].中国管理科学,2005,13(z1)：128-131
[163]苗守谦,李道国.粗糙集理论、算法与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008,21-22
[164]韩祯祥,张琦,文福拴.粗糙集理论及其应用综述[J].控制理论与应用,1999,16(2)：153-157
[165]胡方,黄建国,褚福照.基于粗糙集的武器系统灰色关联评估模型[J].兵工学报,2008,29(2)：253-256
[166]Aijun An, et al. Discovering Rules for Water Demand Prediction:an Enhanced Rough Set Approach[J]. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,1996,9(6):645-653
[167]Xin-Yu Shao, et al. An Expert System Using Rough Sets Theory for Aided Conceptual Design of Ship's Engine Room Automation[J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2009, 36(2):3223-3233
[168]Raymond R. Tan. Rule-based Life Cycle Impact Assessment Using Modified Rough Set Induction Methodology[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software,2005,20(5):509-513
[169]GE Yong, et al. Application of Rough Set-based Analysis to Extract Spatial Relationship Indicator Rules:an Example of Land Use in Pearl River Delta[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2011,21(1):101-117
[170]Jhieh-Yu Shyng, et al. Using FSBT Technique with Rough Set Theory for Personal Investment Portfolio Analysis[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2010,201(2): 601-607
[171]薛锋,柯孔林.粗糙集—神经网络系统在商业银行贷款五级分类中的应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,2008,(1)：40-45
[172]钱利军,李书全.基于粗糙集—人工神经网络的航空安全文化评价模型研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2009,19(10)：132-138
[173]Hsu-Hao Yang, Chang-Lun Wu. Rough Sets to Help Medical Diagnosis-Evidence from a Taiwan's Clinic[J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2009,36(5):9293-9298
[174]Vladimir Brtka, Edith Stokic, Biljana Srdic. Automated Extraction of Decision Rules for Leptin Dynamics - a Rough Sets Approach[J]. Journal of Biomedical Informatics,2008, 41(4):667-674
[175]Chiun-Sin Lin, Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, Yang-Chieh Chin. Combined Rough Set Theory and Flow Network Graph to Predict Customer Chum in Credit Card Accounts [J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2011,38(1):8-15
[176]郭梅,朱金福.基于模糊粗糙集的物流服务供应链绩效评价[J].系统工程,2007,25(7)：48-52
[177]Nathalie Chevre, et al. Application of Rough Sets Analysis to Identify Polluted Aquatic Sites Based on a Battery of Biomarkers:a Comparison with Classical Methods[J]. Chemosphere, 2003,51(1):13-23
[178]Feng Xie, Yi Lin, Wenwei Ren. Optimizing Model for Land Use/Land Cover Retrieval from Remote Sensing Imagery Based on Variable Precision Rough Sets[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2011,222(2):232-240
[179]Piotr Sawicki, Jacek Zak. Technical Diagnostic of a Fleet of Vehicles Using Rough Set Theory[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2009,193(3):891-903
[180]陈婷,罗景青.基于粗糙集定权法的雷达信号模糊模式识别[J].计算机应用与软件,2009,26(1)：25-27
[181]杨海龙,孙健国.粒子群优化的粗糙集—神经网络在航空发动机故障诊断中的应用[J].航空动力学报,2009,24(2)：458-464
[182]潘景余,王礼沅.基于粗糙集的飞机空地作战效能多指标综合评价模型[J].火力与指挥控制,2009,34(10)：142-144
[183]施亚明,何建敏.基于粗糙集方法在信用评估中的应用探析[J].现代管理科学,2005,(4)：13-15
[184]钟波,肖智,周家启.组合预测中基于粗糙集理论的权值确定方法[J].重庆大学学报,2002,25(7)：127-130
[185]尚仰震.热力学体系统计熵[M].成都：四川科学技术出版社,1988
[186]李元年.基于熵理论的指标体系区分度测算与权重设计[D].硕士学位论文.南京：南京航天航空大学,2008.3,3-5,18-19
[187]Aladdin Shamilov. A Development of Entropy Optimization Methods [J]. WSEAS Transactions on Mathematics,2006,5(5):568-575
[188]周霖仪,刘志成,何佳洲.层次—熵值组合赋权法在雷达辐射源识别中的应用[J].指挥控制与仿真,2009,31(6)：27-29
[189]H. N. Randriamahazaka. Imformation Entropy Production for Steady-state Electrochemical Systems[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2010,647(2):222-229
[190]Silvia Y. Kawashita, et al. Homology, Paralogy and Function of DGF-1, a Highly Dispersed Trypanosoma Cruzi Specific Gene Family and its Implications for Information Entrogy of its Encoded Proteins[J]. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology,2009,165(1):19-31
[191]Yoshiaki Yasuno, et al. Wavefront Flatness Evaluation by Wavefront Correlation Information Entropy Method and its Application for Adaptive Confocal Microscope[J]. Optics Communications,2004,232(1-6):91-97
[192]A.-S. F. Obada, Mahmoud Abdel-Aty. An Analytical Description of the Atomic Information Entrogy in a Multi-Level System[J]. Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2008,387(12):3065-3071
[193]Martin Jenssen. Ecological Potentials of Biodiversity Modelled from Information Entropies: Plant Species Diversity of North-Central European Forests as an Example[J]. Ecological Informatics,2007,2(4):328-336
[194]Stephanie Culler, et al. Cluster and Information Entropy Patterns in Immunoglobulin Complementarity Determining Regions[J]. Biosystems,2004,77(1-3):195-212
[195]R. Englman. Information Entrogy Distribution for Sequential Fragmentation in Single Fibres[J]. Composites Science and Technology,1993,48(1-4):11-14
[196]L. A. Zadeh. Fuzzy Sets[J]. Information and Control,1965,8:338-353
[197]C. L. Karr, B. Weck Computer Modelling of Mineral Processing Equipment Using Fuzzy Mathematics[J]. Minerals Engineering,1996,9(2):183-194
[198]P. Vaija, et al. Prediction of the Flux through an Ultrafiltration Membrane Using Fuzzy Mathematics[J]. Journal of Membrane Science,1993,83(2):173-179
[199]Wei Fengsi, et al. A Prediction Method of Geomagnetic Disturbances Based on IPS Observation Dynamics Fuzzy Mathematics[J]. Advances in Space Research,2003,31(4): 1069-1073
[200]Guodong Gong, Shih-Chuan Cheng, John N. Mordeson. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism Affects Bone Mineral Density:an Analysis by Fuzzy Mathematics [J]. Information Sciences,1999,113(1-2):113-129
[201]Weiguo Jiang, et al. Risk Assessment and Validation of Flood Disaster Based on Fuzzy Mathematics[J]. Progress in Natural Science,2009,19(10):1419-1425
[202]李柏年.模糊数学及其应用[M].合肥：合肥工业大学出版社,2007,99-101
[203]王治祯,柏景方.灰色系统及模糊数学在环境保护中的应用[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业 大学出版社,2007,134-150
[204]李鸿吉.模糊数学基础及实用算法[M].北京：科学出版社,2005,6-10,15-19,273-282
[205]邓振源,曾国雄.层级分析法(AHP)的内涵特性与应用(上)[J].中国统计学报,1989,27(6)：13707-13724
[206]Xitlali Delgado-Galvan, et al. An Analytic Hierarchy Process for Assessing Externalities in Water Leakage Managemen[J]. Mathematical and Computer Modelling,2010,52(7-8): 1194-1202
[207]Deok Joo Lee, Jooho Hwang. Decision Support for Selecting Exportable Muclear Technology Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process:a Korean Case[J]. Energy Policy,2010, 38(1):161-167
[208]Metin Dagdeviren, ihsan Yuksel. Developing a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Model for Behavior-based Safety Management[J]. Information Sciences,2008,178(6):1717-1733
[209]Ibrahim Korkmaz, Hadi Gokcen, Tahsin Cetinyokus. An Analytic Hierarchy Process and Two-sided Matching Based Decision Support System for Military Personnel Assignmen[J]. Information Sciences,2008,178(14):2915-2927
[210]Maria Berrittella, Luigi La Franca, Pietro Zito. An Analytic Hierarchy Process for Ranking Operating Costs of Low Cost and Full Service Airlines[J]. Journal of Air Transport Management,2009,15(5):249-255
[211]Nianfeng Wan, et al. Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process-based Model of Radio of Comprehensive Cost to Comprehensive Profit (RCCCP) in Pest Management[J]. Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):888-895
[212]Ying-Chyi Chou, Ying-Ying Hsu, Hsin-Yi Yen. Human Resources for Science and Technology:Analyzing Competitiveness Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process[J]. Technology in Society,2008,30(2):141-153
[213]Matthew J. Liberatore, Robert L. Nydick. The Analytic Hierarchy Process in Medical and Health Care Decision Making:a Literature Review[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2008,189(1):194-207
[214]Chun-hsu Lin, Lihchyi Wen, Yue-mi Tsai. Applying Decision Making Tools to National E-waste Recycling Policy:an Example of Analytic Hierarchy Process[J]. Waste Management,2010,30(5):863-869
[215]杜栋,庞庆华,吴炎.现代综合评价方法与案例精选[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008,12-19
[216]蔡敏琦.模糊综合评判在清洁生产评价中的应用研究[D].硕士学位论文.兰州：兰州大学,2008.5,15-16,29-32
[217]Zhang Zhizong, Qin Yan, Lu Shuyu. Cleaner Production Technologies Assessment and Energy Audit Study in Textile Industry. Progress in Environmental Science and Technology (Vol. II), Part B.2009,2310-2316
[218]ZHANG Zhi-zong, LU Shu-yu. Cleaner Production Assessment in Textile Industry. Journal of Donghua Universiry (Eng. Ed.).2007,24(3):381-385
[219]《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》编制组.《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》编制说明(征求意见稿)[S].2010.11,1-7,26-56
[220]中华人民共和国环境保护总局.HJ/T125-2003清洁生产标准石油炼制业[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2003,2-5
[221]《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》编制组.石油炼制工业污染物排放标准(征求意见稿)[S].2010.1l,4-9
[222]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2010[S].北京：中国统计出版社,2010
[223]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国工业经济统计年鉴2008[S].北京：中国统计出版社,2008
[224]中华人民共和国国家统计局,环境保护部.中国环境统计年鉴2010[S].北京：中国统计出版社,2010
[225]奚旦立,陈季华.纺织工业节能减排与清洁生产审核[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2008,142-143
[2]国家环境保护总局环境工程评估中心.环境影响评价相关法律法规[M].2008年版.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2008.2,1
[3]张泽勇.从可持续发展战略角度认识清洁生产技术[J].环境保护科学,2004(3)：41-45
[4]伍京华.清洁生产管理模式有效实施的经济学分析[D].硕士学位论文.北京：北京工业大学,2003.5,1-2
[5]陆知宙.JL纺织厂清洁生产的审核与实施[D].硕士学位论文.南京：南京理工大学,2008.6,1-2
[6]彭海昀,李劢.清洁生产模糊数学评价方法[J].山东环境,1999,92(4)：37-38
[7]宋世伟,薛纪渝.清洁生产技术方案综合评价方法初探[J].环境保护科学,1999,25(1)：16-2l
[8]Geldermann J, Spengler T, Rentz O. Fuzzy Outranking for Environmental Assessment Case Study:iron and steel making industry[J]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2000,115:45-65
[9]奚旦立主编.清洁生产与循环经济[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.4,158,224-233
[10]钱易,唐孝炎.环境保护与可持续发展[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000,324-334,337-342
[11]G. Hilson. Barriers to Implementing Cleaner Technologies and Cleaner Production Practices in the Mining Industry:a Case Study of the Americas[J]. Minerals Engineering,2000,13(7): 699-717
[12]张凯,崔兆杰.清洁生产理论与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.3,14-17
[13]Hongyan He. Implementation of Cleaner Production at Industries in Jiangsu, China[D]. P. H. Doctor Dissertation. Stanford University, September 2005,24-26
[14]朱慎林等编.清洁生产导论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001.5,9,20-130
[15]中华人民共和国第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议.中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法[S].北京：化学工业出版社,2003,l
[16]熊文强,郭孝菊,洪卫.绿色环保与清洁生产概论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.4,4
[17]石芝玲.清洁生产理论与实践研究[D].硕士学位论文.石家庄：河北工业大学,2005.3,11
[18]赵家荣,张德森.清洁生产促进法问答[M].北京：学苑出版社,2003,15-20
[19]Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Applying Cleaner Production to Multilateral Environmental Agreements[M]. United Nations Environment Programme,2006, 56-60
[20]顾国维.绿色技术及其应用[M].上海：同济大学出版社,1999.5
[21]熊如贵.运用生命周期评价方法实现印刷线路板清洁生产[D].硕士学位论文.广州：广东工业大学,2008.5,36-37
[22]刘青,吕航.末端治理与清洁生产的比较评述[J].环境污染与防治,2000,22(4)：34-36
[23]刘颖辉.末端治理与清洁生产[J].中国环保产业,2002,6：14-15
[24]Jurg M. Grutter, Hans-Peter Egler. From Cleaner Production to Sustainable Industrial, Production Modes[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12:249-256
[25]王守兰,武少华,万融等.清洁生产理论与实务[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2002.11,48-61
[26]卢云涛.清洁生产战略与清洁生产审计[J].云南环境科学,2000,(4)：1-4
[27]何炳光,王学军等译.国外清洁生产实施与启迪[M].北京：学苑出版社,2002.3,63-155
[28]国家经贸委资源节约与综合利用司.清洁生产概论[M].北京：中国检察出版社,2000.8
[29]N. N. B Salvador, J. Glasson, J. M. Piper. Cleaner Production and Environmental Impact Assessment:UK Perspective[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2000,8:127-132
[30]C. P. Li, LK. Hui. Environmental Impact Assessment Model for Industrial Processes[J]. Environmental Management,2001,27(5):729-737
[31]何劲.关于企业清洁生产研究的文献综述[J].科技进步与对策,2006,6：178-180
[32]周律.清洁生产[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001.1,49-84
[33]赵新燕,胡颇.清洁生产与环境保护[J].河南科技,2002,9：23-24
[34]廖健,刘剑平,单洪青.我国对清洁生产的鼓励政策[J].当代石油石化,2005,(2)：27-30
[35]赵玉明等.清洁生产[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2005,116-125
[36]陈文晖,马胜杰,姚晓艳.中国循环经济综合评价研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2009,83-96,120-123
[37]李立峰,张数深.清洁生产定量评价方法的研究与应用[J].化工装备技术,2003,24(1)：49-53
[38]魏宗华.工业企业清洁生产评估指标的研究[J].环境保护,2000,5：22-24
[39]M. Peneda, R. Frazao. Cleaner Production in Portugal-a General Approach[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,1995,3(1):25-28
[40]Jos Frijns, Bas Van Vliet. Small-Scale Industry and Cleaner Production Strategies [J]. World Development,1999,27(6):967-983
[41]Gavin Hilson. Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production in the Mining Industry:an Analysis of Current Issues[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2000,8(2):119-126
[42]Boyle Carol. Cleaner Production in New Zealand[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,1999, 7(1):59-67
[43]Katherine Kao Cushing, Peter L. Wise, Janet Hawes-Davis. Evaluating the Implementation of Cleaner Production Audit Demonstration Projects[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review,1999,19(5):569-586
[44]中国21世纪议程管理中心,清华大学等.清洁能源发展机制[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2005,131-134
[45]张平.清洁生产指标体系构建和案例数据库网站开发[D].硕士学位论文.上海：东华大学,2004.1,10-15
[46]T. Ekvall. Cleaner Production Tools:LCA and byond[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2002, 10(5):403-406
[47]Kasru Susilo, Achmad Djani. Cleaner Production Assessment at an Indonesian Plywood Facility - a Case Study[J]. Forum KMB Indonesia (Indonesian Pollution Prevention Roundtable),1997,581-588
[48]Rene van Berkel. Introduction to Cleaner Production Assessments with Applications in the Food Processing Industry[J]. UNEP Industry and Environment,1995,3:8-15
[49]International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14043:Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Interpretation[S]. Swiss,2000
[50]Allan A. J., et al. Life Cycle Assessment-a Guide to Approaches, Experiences and Information Sources[R]. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency,1998
[51]T. Van Gerven, et al. Environmental Response Indicators for the Industrial and Energy Sector in Flanders[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2007,15(10):886-894
[52]Eric V. Novotny, Heinz G. Stefan. Stream Flow in Minnesota:Indicator of Climate Change[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,334(3):319-333
[53]Lisa Segnestam. Environmental Performance Indicators in Industry[R]. Norway:European Green Table,1999
[54]Tomas B. Ramos, et al. Environmental Performance Policy Indicators for the Public Sector: the Case of the Defense Sector[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2007,82(4): 410-432
[55]A. M. Papadopoulos, E. Giama. Environmental Performance Evaluation of Thermal Insulation Materials and its Impact on the Building[J]. Building and Environment,2007, 42(5):2178-2187
[56]Sohair I. Abou-Elela, et al. Pollution Prevention Pays off in a Board Paper Mill[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(3):330-334
[57]Richard S. Stevenson, J. Warren Evans. Editorial to:Cutting across Interests:Cleaner Production, the Unified Force of Sustainable Development[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2004,12(3):185-187
[58]Luciano Basto Oliveira, Luiz Pinguelli Rosa. Brazilian Waste Potential:Energy, Environmental, Social and Economic Benefits[J]. Energy Policy,2003,31(14):1481-1491
[59]Gregor P. Henze. Economic analysis of Thermal Energy Storage Systems[J]. ASCE:Journal of Architectural Engineering,2002,8(4):133-141
[60]Rogers Peter, Christopher Hurst, Nagar ja Hanshadeep. Water Resources Planning in a Strategic Context:Linking the Water Sector to the National Economy[J]. Water Resource Research,1993,29(7):1895-1906
[61]靳敏,贾爱娟.清洁生产的定量考核与评价规范研究[J].清洁生产,2001,7：37-39
[62]李中和,王岳虹.煤炭工业清洁生产评价指标体系的编制[J].中国煤炭,2005,31(12)：14-15
[63]刘丽莉.评价指标选取方法研究[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2004,22(1)：134-136
[64]ForbersR. McDougall. Life Cycle Inventory Tools:Supporting the Development of Sustainable Solid Waste Management Systems[J]. Corporate Environmental Strategy,2001, 8(2):142-147
[65]乔琦等.生态工业评价指标体系[M].北京：新华出版社,2006.11,70-78
[66]李立峰,张树深.清洁生产定量评价方法的研究与应用[J].化工装备技术,2003,24(1)：49-53
[67]中华人民共和国环境保护部.HJ/T425-2008清洁生产标准制订技术导则[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2008,4-5
[68]向夕品,郑旭照.化工行业清洁生产指标体系及应用研究[J].渝州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,19(3)：22-26
[69]施国庆,董铭.投资项目社会评价研究[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003,5(2)：49-53
[70]史本山等.建设项目社会评价理论体系新论[J].软科学,1998,3：13-15
[71]朱丽.广州市环境、经济和社会可持续发展综合评价[D].博士学位论文.北京：中国科学院研究生院,2006.5,18-27
[72]花拥军.项目社会评价指标体系及其方法研究[D].硕士学位论文.重庆：重庆大学,2004.6,12-21
[73]陈伟华.基于可持续发展观的工程项目全过程社会评价研究[D].硕士学位论文.石家庄：河北工业大学,2006.12,21-32
[74]李文玉等.不同等级清洁生产评价指标的选择及在具体项目中应用[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(11)：183-187
[75]关晓初,杨本杰.铸造生产企业环评重点及清洁生产分析[J].环境保护科学,2007,33(5)：68-70
[76]宋新山,夏永云,吴应玲.我国纺织工业建设项目清洁生产评价要点探析[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(4)：72-74
[77]彭聃等.铬盐行业清洁生产审核探讨[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2)：128-131
[78]Lidia Lombardi. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment (ELCA) of a semi-closed Gas Turbine Cycle with CO2 Chemical Absorption[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2001,42(1):101-114
[79]A. Azapagic, R. Clift. Life Cycle Assessment and Multiobjective Optimization[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,1999,7(2):135-143
[80]James A. Fava, et al. Sustainable Strategies Using Life Cycle Approaches[J]. Environmental Progress,2000,19(2):61-64
[81]A. Azapagic, R. Clift. Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for Improving Process Performance:a Case Study on Boron Products[J]. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,1999,4(3): 133-142
[82]Johanna Berlin. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Swedish Semi-hard Cheese[J]. International Dairy Journal,2002,12(11):939-953
[83]F. Consoli, et al. Guidelines for Life-cycle Assessment:a Code of Practice (1st ed.)[M]. USA: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1993
[84]International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14040:Environmental Management Life-cycle Assessment Principles and Framework[S]. Switzerland,2006
[85]贾洪明,徐萍.浅谈生命周期评价与应用[J].新疆环境保护,2000,22(4)：240-242
[86]张键.生命周期评价(LCA)—环境管理和监察的新概念[J].环境保护,1995,10：8-10
[87]李蓓蓓.生命周期评价—清单分析方法探讨[J].上海环境科学,2002,21(5)：308-310
[88]席德立,彭小燕.LCA环境影响分析新探[J].环境科学,1997,18(6)：77-8l
[89]邓南圣,王小兵.生命周期评价[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003：125-127
[90]Mary Ann Curran. Life Cycle Assessment:an International Experience[J]. Environmental Progress,2000,19(2):65-71
[91]钱易.清洁生产与循环经济—概念、方法和案例[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.8
[92]国家环境保护总局科技标准司.清洁生产审计培训教材[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001.7
[93]陆长清,曾辉.判断清洁生产定量评价体系初探[J].环境保护,1999,10：24-26
[94]杨宝玉.首钢中厚板轧钢生产工艺清洁生产评价方法的研究[J].冶金环境保护,2003,3：46-50
[95]舒型武.清洁生产定量评价方法的实例研究[J].钢铁技术,2005,3：42-44
[96]辛晓牧,韩泽治.腈纶生产差别化工程清洁生产分析与评价[J].辽宁城乡环境科技, 2000,20(6)：9-10
[97]张秋根,王桃云等.清洁生产评价方法[J].中华纸业,2003,24(5)：21-22
[98]刘舸,许冠英.清洁生产评价方法实证研究[J].中山大学学报论丛,2003,23(1)：110-113
[99]国家环境保护总局监督管理司.中国环境影响评价培训教材[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2000.1
[100]UNEP. Cleaner Production Assessment in Dairy Processing (First Edition 2000)[R]. Danish: UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION,2000.
[101]UNEP. Cleaner Production Assessment in Fish Processing (First Edition 2000)[R]. Danish: UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION,2000.
[102]UNEP. Cleaner Production Assessment in Meat Processing (First Edition 2000)[R]. Danish: UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION,2000.
[103]Y. Wang. The Application of Multi-level Fuzzy Judgement in the Appraisement of Green Products[J]. International Journal of Plant Engineering and Management,2002,7(3): 152-156
[104]张平,陈东辉.清洁生产指标体系的评价模式探讨[J].污染防治技术,2004,17(1)：107-108
[105]曹刚.矿山清洁生产模糊数学评价方法探讨[J].矿山环保,2001,33(2)：10-13
[106]张俊福等编.应用模糊数学[M].北京：地质出版社,1998.11
[107]庄锁法.基于层次分析法的综合评价模型[J].合肥工业大学学报,2000,23(4)：582-585
[108]杨志山等.水泥行业清洁生产评价模型的研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2002,34(4)：76-79
[109]James S. Dyer. Remarks on the Analytic Hierarchy Process[J]. Management Science,1990, 36(3):249-258
[110]Raymond R. Tan, Alvin B. Culaba and Michael R. I. Purvis. POLCAGE 1.0a Possibilistic Life-cycle Assessment Model for Evaluating Alternative Transportation Fuels[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software,2004,19(10):907-918
[111]李贵奇,周和敏,刘艳霞.清洁生产的非线性和线性多目标模糊评价模型[J].武汉理工大学学报,2002,24(3)：81-83
[112]周和敏等.钢铁工业清洁生产的多目标模糊评价[J].钢铁研究学报,200l,13(6)：23-26
[113]宋光兴,钱鑫刘怀.基于熵技术的矿产资源综合开发利用评价方法研究[J].中国矿业,1998,9(3)：26-29
[114]R. Montanari. Environmental Efficiency Analysis for Enel Thermo-power Plants[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12(4):403-414
[115]Maurizio Bevilacqua, Marcello Braglia. Environmental Efficiency Analysis for ENI Oil Refineries[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2002,10(1):85-92
[116]宋新山,汪永辉.数据包络分析(DEA)模型在清洁生产评价中的应用[J].四川环境,2003,22(5)：58-62
[117]Kingsley E. Haynes, et al. Environmental Decision Models:U.S. Experience and a New Approach to Pollution Management[J]. Environment International,1993,19(3):261-275
[118]G. Barbiroli, A. Raggi. A Method for Evaluating the Overall Technical and Economic Performance of Environmental Innovations in Production Cycles[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(4):365-374
[119]熊文强.清洁生产效益评价[J].重庆大学学报(社会科学版),1999,5(2)：21-24
[120]M.N.R. Cooray. Walk Through Cleaner Production Assessment in SME's-a Case Study From Sri Lanka[R]. www.sdsap.org/data/CoorayW05.pdf,2002
[121]Harry W. Edwards, Michael F. Kostrzewa, Jason M. Jonkman. Cleaner Production Through Conservation[R]. www.engr.colostate.edu/IAC/pdfs/2000A&WMA.pdf,2000
[122]S. Gurbuz, N. Kiran-Ciliz, O. Yenigun. Cleaner Production Implementation Through Process Modifications for Selected SME's in Turkish Olive Oil Production[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12(6):613-621
[123]Jutta Geldermann, Kejing Zhang, Otto Rentz. Multi-criteria Group Decision Support for Integrated Technique Assessment[G]. Proceedings of the 57th Meeting of the European Working Group Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding,2003
[124]Kit-Fai Pun, et al. A Multiple-criteria Environmental Impact Assessment for the Plastic Injection Molding Process:a Methodology[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(1): 41-49
[125]Bertrand Mareschal. Weight Stability Intervals in Multicriteria Decision Aid[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,1998,33(1):54-64
[126]Thomas L. Saaty. A Scaling Method for Priorities in Hierarchical Structures [J]. Journal of Mathematical Psychology,1977,15(3):234-281
[127]Ching Lai Hwang, Ming Jeng Lin. Group Decision Making under Multiple Criteria: Methods and Applications[M]. Heidelberg:Springer Berlin,1986.12
[128]Johanna M. Harte, et al. Estimation of Attribute Weights in a Multiattribute Choice Situation[J]. Acta Psychological,1996,93(1-3):37-55
[129]Samir Abdou, Jacques Savoy.Statistical and Comparative Evaluation of Various Indexing and Search Models[J]. Asia Information Retrieval Symposium(AIRS 2006), Lecture Notes in Computer Science(LNCS 4182),2006:362-373
[130]F. Herrera, et al. Managing Non-homogeneous Information in Group Decision Making[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2005,166(1):115-132
[131]Zeshui Xu. A Method for Multiple Attribute Decision Making with Incomplete Weight Information in Linguistic Setting[J]. Knowledge-Based Systems,2007,20(8):719-725
[132]Z. S. Xu. A Method Based on Linguistic Aggregation Operators for Group Decision Making with Linguistic Preference Relations[J]. Information Sciences,2004,166:19-30
[133]尤天慧,樊治平.区间数多指标决策中确定指标权重的一种客观赋权法[J].中国管理科学,2003,11(2)：92-95
[134]Ying-Ming Wang, Celik Parkan, Ying Luo. A Linear Programming Method for Generating the most Favorable Weights from a Pairwise Comparison Matrix[J]. Computers & Operations Research,2008,35(12):3918-3930
[135]樊治平,张全,马建.多属性决策中权重确定的一种集成方法[J].管理科学学报,1998,1(3)：50-53
[136]吴坚,梁昌勇,李文年.基于主观与客观集成的属性权重求解方法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2007,29(3)：383-387
[137]曹秀英,梁静国.基于粗集理论的属性权重确定方法[J].中国管理科学,2002,(5)：98-100
[138]周宇峰,魏法杰.基于模糊判断矩阵信息确定专家权重的方法[J].中国管理科学,2006,14(3)：71-75
[139]徐泽水,达庆利.多属性决策的组合赋权方法研究[J].中国管理科学,2002,10(2)： 84-87
[140]黄岩,张国春等.一种新的计算组合预测权重的方法[J].管理工程学报,200,15(2)：44-46
[141]李远远.基于粗糙集的指标体系构建及综合评价方法研究[D].博士学位论文.武汉：武汉理工大学,2009.4,17-25,78-87
[142]王宗军.综合评价的方法、问题及其研究趋势[J].管理科学学报,1998,(1)：73-79
[143]金菊良,王文圣,洪天求等.流域水安全智能评价方法的理论基础探讨[J].水利学报,2006,37(8)：918-925
[144]郭亚军.综合评价理论、方法及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2007,6-8
[145]胡永宏,贺思辉.综合评价方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2000,75-99
[146]R. D. Banker, A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper. Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis[J]. Management Science,1984,30(9): 1078-1092
[147]Thomas L. Saaty. The Analytic Hierarchy Process[M]. New York:McGraw-Hill,1980, 75-109
[148]Zdzislaw Pawlak. Rough Sets[J]. International Journal of Information and Computer Science,1982,11:341-356
[149]Vira Chankong, Yacov Y Haimes. Multiple Objective Decision Making:Theory and Methodology[M]. New York:Elsevier,1983,98-102
[150]水本雅晴.模糊数学及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1986,76-96
[151]张尧庭 张璋.几种选取部分代表性指标的统计方法[J].统计研究,1990,(1)：52-58
[152]王庆石.统计指标间信息重迭的消减方法[J].财经问题研究,1994,(1)：57-61
[153]L. B. Booker, D. E. Goldberg, J. H. Holland. Classifier System and Genetic Algorithms[J]. Artificial Intelligence,1989,40(1-3):235-282
[154]张文泉,张世英.基于熵的决策评价模型及应用[J].系统工程学报,1995,10(3)：69-74
[155]邓聚龙.灰色控制系统(第二版)[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,1993,46-217
[156]Fusun Ulengin, Y. Ilker Topcu, Sule Onsel Sahin. An Intergrated Decision Aid System for Bosphrus Water-crossing Problem[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2001,134: 179-192
[157]Sebastian Frit, Detlef Hosemann. Restructuring the Credit Process:Behaviour Scoring for German Corporates[J]. International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance & Management,2000,9(1):9-21
[158]Robert D. Sorkin, Ryan West, Donald E. Robinson. Group Performance Depends on the Majority Rule[J]. Psychological Science,1998,9(6):456-463
[159]陈洪涛,周德群,黄国良.基于粗糙集理论的企业效绩评价指标属性约简[J].计算机应用研究,2007,24(12)：109-111
[160]陈国宏,李美娟,陈衍泰.组合评价及其计算机集成系统研究[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007,75-99
[161]Zdzislaw Pawlak, et al. Rough Sets[J]. Communication of the ACM,1995,38(11):88-95
[162]李美娟等.基于粗糙集的组合评价方法研究[J].中国管理科学,2005,13(z1)：128-131
[163]苗守谦,李道国.粗糙集理论、算法与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008,21-22
[164]韩祯祥,张琦,文福拴.粗糙集理论及其应用综述[J].控制理论与应用,1999,16(2)：153-157
[165]胡方,黄建国,褚福照.基于粗糙集的武器系统灰色关联评估模型[J].兵工学报,2008,29(2)：253-256
[166]Aijun An, et al. Discovering Rules for Water Demand Prediction:an Enhanced Rough Set Approach[J]. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,1996,9(6):645-653
[167]Xin-Yu Shao, et al. An Expert System Using Rough Sets Theory for Aided Conceptual Design of Ship's Engine Room Automation[J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2009, 36(2):3223-3233
[168]Raymond R. Tan. Rule-based Life Cycle Impact Assessment Using Modified Rough Set Induction Methodology[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software,2005,20(5):509-513
[169]GE Yong, et al. Application of Rough Set-based Analysis to Extract Spatial Relationship Indicator Rules:an Example of Land Use in Pearl River Delta[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2011,21(1):101-117
[170]Jhieh-Yu Shyng, et al. Using FSBT Technique with Rough Set Theory for Personal Investment Portfolio Analysis[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2010,201(2): 601-607
[171]薛锋,柯孔林.粗糙集—神经网络系统在商业银行贷款五级分类中的应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,2008,(1)：40-45
[172]钱利军,李书全.基于粗糙集—人工神经网络的航空安全文化评价模型研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2009,19(10)：132-138
[173]Hsu-Hao Yang, Chang-Lun Wu. Rough Sets to Help Medical Diagnosis-Evidence from a Taiwan's Clinic[J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2009,36(5):9293-9298
[174]Vladimir Brtka, Edith Stokic, Biljana Srdic. Automated Extraction of Decision Rules for Leptin Dynamics - a Rough Sets Approach[J]. Journal of Biomedical Informatics,2008, 41(4):667-674
[175]Chiun-Sin Lin, Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, Yang-Chieh Chin. Combined Rough Set Theory and Flow Network Graph to Predict Customer Chum in Credit Card Accounts [J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2011,38(1):8-15
[176]郭梅,朱金福.基于模糊粗糙集的物流服务供应链绩效评价[J].系统工程,2007,25(7)：48-52
[177]Nathalie Chevre, et al. Application of Rough Sets Analysis to Identify Polluted Aquatic Sites Based on a Battery of Biomarkers:a Comparison with Classical Methods[J]. Chemosphere, 2003,51(1):13-23
[178]Feng Xie, Yi Lin, Wenwei Ren. Optimizing Model for Land Use/Land Cover Retrieval from Remote Sensing Imagery Based on Variable Precision Rough Sets[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2011,222(2):232-240
[179]Piotr Sawicki, Jacek Zak. Technical Diagnostic of a Fleet of Vehicles Using Rough Set Theory[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2009,193(3):891-903
[180]陈婷,罗景青.基于粗糙集定权法的雷达信号模糊模式识别[J].计算机应用与软件,2009,26(1)：25-27
[181]杨海龙,孙健国.粒子群优化的粗糙集—神经网络在航空发动机故障诊断中的应用[J].航空动力学报,2009,24(2)：458-464
[182]潘景余,王礼沅.基于粗糙集的飞机空地作战效能多指标综合评价模型[J].火力与指挥控制,2009,34(10)：142-144
[183]施亚明,何建敏.基于粗糙集方法在信用评估中的应用探析[J].现代管理科学,2005,(4)：13-15
[184]钟波,肖智,周家启.组合预测中基于粗糙集理论的权值确定方法[J].重庆大学学报,2002,25(7)：127-130
[185]尚仰震.热力学体系统计熵[M].成都：四川科学技术出版社,1988
[186]李元年.基于熵理论的指标体系区分度测算与权重设计[D].硕士学位论文.南京：南京航天航空大学,2008.3,3-5,18-19
[187]Aladdin Shamilov. A Development of Entropy Optimization Methods [J]. WSEAS Transactions on Mathematics,2006,5(5):568-575
[188]周霖仪,刘志成,何佳洲.层次—熵值组合赋权法在雷达辐射源识别中的应用[J].指挥控制与仿真,2009,31(6)：27-29
[189]H. N. Randriamahazaka. Imformation Entropy Production for Steady-state Electrochemical Systems[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2010,647(2):222-229
[190]Silvia Y. Kawashita, et al. Homology, Paralogy and Function of DGF-1, a Highly Dispersed Trypanosoma Cruzi Specific Gene Family and its Implications for Information Entrogy of its Encoded Proteins[J]. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology,2009,165(1):19-31
[191]Yoshiaki Yasuno, et al. Wavefront Flatness Evaluation by Wavefront Correlation Information Entropy Method and its Application for Adaptive Confocal Microscope[J]. Optics Communications,2004,232(1-6):91-97
[192]A.-S. F. Obada, Mahmoud Abdel-Aty. An Analytical Description of the Atomic Information Entrogy in a Multi-Level System[J]. Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2008,387(12):3065-3071
[193]Martin Jenssen. Ecological Potentials of Biodiversity Modelled from Information Entropies: Plant Species Diversity of North-Central European Forests as an Example[J]. Ecological Informatics,2007,2(4):328-336
[194]Stephanie Culler, et al. Cluster and Information Entropy Patterns in Immunoglobulin Complementarity Determining Regions[J]. Biosystems,2004,77(1-3):195-212
[195]R. Englman. Information Entrogy Distribution for Sequential Fragmentation in Single Fibres[J]. Composites Science and Technology,1993,48(1-4):11-14
[196]L. A. Zadeh. Fuzzy Sets[J]. Information and Control,1965,8:338-353
[197]C. L. Karr, B. Weck Computer Modelling of Mineral Processing Equipment Using Fuzzy Mathematics[J]. Minerals Engineering,1996,9(2):183-194
[198]P. Vaija, et al. Prediction of the Flux through an Ultrafiltration Membrane Using Fuzzy Mathematics[J]. Journal of Membrane Science,1993,83(2):173-179
[199]Wei Fengsi, et al. A Prediction Method of Geomagnetic Disturbances Based on IPS Observation Dynamics Fuzzy Mathematics[J]. Advances in Space Research,2003,31(4): 1069-1073
[200]Guodong Gong, Shih-Chuan Cheng, John N. Mordeson. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism Affects Bone Mineral Density:an Analysis by Fuzzy Mathematics [J]. Information Sciences,1999,113(1-2):113-129
[201]Weiguo Jiang, et al. Risk Assessment and Validation of Flood Disaster Based on Fuzzy Mathematics[J]. Progress in Natural Science,2009,19(10):1419-1425
[202]李柏年.模糊数学及其应用[M].合肥：合肥工业大学出版社,2007,99-101
[203]王治祯,柏景方.灰色系统及模糊数学在环境保护中的应用[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业 大学出版社,2007,134-150
[204]李鸿吉.模糊数学基础及实用算法[M].北京：科学出版社,2005,6-10,15-19,273-282
[205]邓振源,曾国雄.层级分析法(AHP)的内涵特性与应用(上)[J].中国统计学报,1989,27(6)：13707-13724
[206]Xitlali Delgado-Galvan, et al. An Analytic Hierarchy Process for Assessing Externalities in Water Leakage Managemen[J]. Mathematical and Computer Modelling,2010,52(7-8): 1194-1202
[207]Deok Joo Lee, Jooho Hwang. Decision Support for Selecting Exportable Muclear Technology Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process:a Korean Case[J]. Energy Policy,2010, 38(1):161-167
[208]Metin Dagdeviren, ihsan Yuksel. Developing a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Model for Behavior-based Safety Management[J]. Information Sciences,2008,178(6):1717-1733
[209]Ibrahim Korkmaz, Hadi Gokcen, Tahsin Cetinyokus. An Analytic Hierarchy Process and Two-sided Matching Based Decision Support System for Military Personnel Assignmen[J]. Information Sciences,2008,178(14):2915-2927
[210]Maria Berrittella, Luigi La Franca, Pietro Zito. An Analytic Hierarchy Process for Ranking Operating Costs of Low Cost and Full Service Airlines[J]. Journal of Air Transport Management,2009,15(5):249-255
[211]Nianfeng Wan, et al. Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process-based Model of Radio of Comprehensive Cost to Comprehensive Profit (RCCCP) in Pest Management[J]. Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):888-895
[212]Ying-Chyi Chou, Ying-Ying Hsu, Hsin-Yi Yen. Human Resources for Science and Technology:Analyzing Competitiveness Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process[J]. Technology in Society,2008,30(2):141-153
[213]Matthew J. Liberatore, Robert L. Nydick. The Analytic Hierarchy Process in Medical and Health Care Decision Making:a Literature Review[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2008,189(1):194-207
[214]Chun-hsu Lin, Lihchyi Wen, Yue-mi Tsai. Applying Decision Making Tools to National E-waste Recycling Policy:an Example of Analytic Hierarchy Process[J]. Waste Management,2010,30(5):863-869
[215]杜栋,庞庆华,吴炎.现代综合评价方法与案例精选[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008,12-19
[216]蔡敏琦.模糊综合评判在清洁生产评价中的应用研究[D].硕士学位论文.兰州：兰州大学,2008.5,15-16,29-32
[217]Zhang Zhizong, Qin Yan, Lu Shuyu. Cleaner Production Technologies Assessment and Energy Audit Study in Textile Industry. Progress in Environmental Science and Technology (Vol. II), Part B.2009,2310-2316
[218]ZHANG Zhi-zong, LU Shu-yu. Cleaner Production Assessment in Textile Industry. Journal of Donghua Universiry (Eng. Ed.).2007,24(3):381-385
[219]《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》编制组.《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》编制说明(征求意见稿)[S].2010.11,1-7,26-56
[220]中华人民共和国环境保护总局.HJ/T125-2003清洁生产标准石油炼制业[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2003,2-5
[221]《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》编制组.石油炼制工业污染物排放标准(征求意见稿)[S].2010.1l,4-9
[222]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2010[S].北京：中国统计出版社,2010
[223]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国工业经济统计年鉴2008[S].北京：中国统计出版社,2008
[224]中华人民共和国国家统计局,环境保护部.中国环境统计年鉴2010[S].北京：中国统计出版社,2010
[225]奚旦立,陈季华.纺织工业节能减排与清洁生产审核[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2008,142-143