黄土高原旱作农田水肥效应差异研究
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摘要
以黄土高原旱作区22年的长期定位试验为对照,开展了与长期定位试验相对应的大田对比试验,研究了施肥对土壤肥力以及硝态氮淋溶累积的影响,分析了不同施肥对小麦产量、构成因子和水肥利用率的影响,以及小麦不同生育期养分吸收、运移和累积过程,找出大田对比试验与长期定位试验的异同,为合理施肥提供参考。
研究结果表明:长期定位试验中施用有机肥能够明显增加土壤养分,氮磷有机肥配施效果显著,化肥单施效果不及肥料配施;大田试验地基础肥力较1984年明显增加,表现在有机质、全氮和全磷分别提高了27.1%、84.2%和34.8%,有效氮、有效磷和速效钾增加了46.9%、540.0%和10.2%,养分水平与长期定位试验中氮磷(N120P60)配施处理相近。长期定位试验中氮磷配施或与有机肥配施能够有效地减少土壤中硝酸盐的淋溶和累积,氮肥单施硝态氮淋溶程度增强,且累积量最大,大田对比试验地硝态氮总累积量较长期定位试验中施用氮肥的总累积量少。长期施用有机肥土壤0-3m储水量较对照明显减少,土壤出现了生物利用性干层,大田对比试验地的储水量与长期定位试验中不施肥的储水量差异不明显。当前大田施肥既能培肥土壤,提高养分含量,又能减少硝态氮累积,且储水量较高,因此大田生态系统尚处在一个良性循环状况。
大田对比试验中磷肥有机肥配施能提高成穗数,单施磷肥千粒重增加,长期定位试验中磷肥单施或与有机肥配施有利于穗粒数和千粒重的提高。两试验中氮磷配施的小麦产量较其对照分别增高了21.5%和111.7%,交互作用明显,增产效果显著;但是,大田对比试验各处理的产量均高于长期定位试验,增加幅度为2103.4-3316.5kg/hm2,单施磷肥差异最大,大田对比试验较长期定位试验增加了334.6%。氮磷配施的肥料贡献率最高,同时又是提高氮、磷肥效的最佳途径,长期定位试验的肥料贡献率和平均肥效较大田对比试验均有提高。两试验中氮磷配施的水分利用率分别提高了24.1%和95.2%,大田对比试验各处理的水分利用率较长期定位试验增加了46.5-290.0%。两试验中氮肥单施、磷肥配施的肥料利用率较其它处理的高,大田对比试验中氮、磷肥利用率普遍较低。
两试验中植株的氮、磷累积量变化趋势相似,各器官的氮素和磷素均从茎、叶逐渐向穗、籽粒转移,后期钾素的分配主要集中在茎、叶中,籽粒形成阶段出现亏损;长期定位试验中施用有机肥处理的氮、磷、钾累积量较大,长期单施磷肥和不施肥,植株养分累积量不及大田对比试验。
两试验中小麦干物质累积均随生育期的进程呈增加趋势,拔节期至孕穗期干物质积累量较大,随后有所降低;长期定位试验中有机肥与化肥配施效果明显,成熟期氮磷配施的干物质量较对照增加了27.2%,累积量最高;大田对比试验的干物质累积量较长期定位试验均有增加,氮、磷单施和对照差异较大。
不同施肥的P收获指数最高,N收获指数次之,K收获指数最低;大田对比试验中氮磷配施效果明显,氮磷有机肥配施K收获指数最高,长期定位试验中有机肥和氮肥单施有利于N、P收获指数的提高,氮磷配施的K收获指数最高;大田对比试验的养分收获指数较长期定位试验有不同程度的提高,氮磷有机肥配施差异明显。
Compared with 22 years long-term experiment of applying fertilizers on continuous wheat, This experiment studied the difference between the effect of field comparison experiment and long-term experiment on soil nutrient fertility and Nitrate accumulation, the effects of different fertilizing on yield、water use efficiency、fertilizer use efficiency and nutrient absorption were analyzed, to keep agriculture sustainable developing.
The result showed that long term application of manure could increase soil nutrient, combination applying of NP and manure was significant, combination fertilizer application was better than single applying N or P. The soil nutrient content of field comparison experiment increased obviously, organic matter、total N and total P increased respectively by 27.1%、84.2% and 34.8%,available N、P and K increased respectively by 46.9%、540.0% and 10.2%,the soil fertility level was close to NP treatment. Combination applying of N and P or manure can reduce nitrate accumulation, the nitrate accumulation was highest with single applying N, and the nitrate accumulation in field comparison experiment was fewer than of which long term application of N in long term experiment. The pondage reduced obviously with Long term application of manure, but there was no clear difference when pondage in field comparison experiment compared with Control in long term experiment. On current, field fertilizing not only could increase soil nutrient, but also reduce nitrate accumulation, and the pondage was higher, so ecosystem is still at good situation.
In field comparison experiment, wheat’sear numbers increased with Combination applying of manure and chemical fertilizer, and the weight of thousand-grain improved with single applying P, single applying P.or combination applying M could increase grain and weight of thousand-grain in long term experiment. The yield increased by 21.5% and 111.7% with Combination applying of N and P in two experiments, and the interaction of N and P was good; Comparing with long term experiment, the yield in field comparison experiment increased by 2103.4 kg/hm2 to 3316.5kg/hm2, especially in P treatment, the yield increased by 334.6%. Combination applying of N and P could not only improve the contribution ratio of fertilizer to yield but also improve efficiency of N、P, the contribution ratio of fertilizer to yield in comparison experiment was better than which in long term experiment.The WUE increased respectively by 24.1% and 95.2% in NP treatment in two experiment; Comparing with long term experiment, the WUE in field comparison experiment increased by 46.5% to 290.0%. The FUE increased with single applying N and combination applying of P, but the FUE was generally lower in field comparison experiment.
The change of N,P accumulation in plants was similar to each other ,N、P in each organs transferred from stems and leaves to ears or grains, the K accumulation was higher in stems and leaves, and there was obviously decreased in maturation stage. The N,P accumulation was higher in application of manure treatment, was lower in long term experiment in P and Control.
Wheat’s dry matter accumulation increased with stage’s change in two experiments, and there was a high accumulation at elongation and booting. Combination applying of manure and chemical fertilizer could increase dry matter accumulation sharply, and dry matter accumulation improved by 27.2% in NP treatment at Maturation in long term experiment, comparing with long term experiment, dry matter accumulation in field comparison experiment was higher, the difference of N, P and Control was great.
The P harvest index was higher than N harvest index, K harvest index was lowest with applying fertilizer in dry land. In comparison experiment, combination applying of N and P could improved nutrient harvest index, K harvest index was highest in NPM treatment; In long term experiment, single applying of manure and N was benefit to improve N, P harvest index, K harvest index was highest in NP treatment. At certain extent, nutrient harvest index in comparison experiment was higher than which in long term experiment, the difference of NPM was great.
研究结果表明:长期定位试验中施用有机肥能够明显增加土壤养分,氮磷有机肥配施效果显著,化肥单施效果不及肥料配施;大田试验地基础肥力较1984年明显增加,表现在有机质、全氮和全磷分别提高了27.1%、84.2%和34.8%,有效氮、有效磷和速效钾增加了46.9%、540.0%和10.2%,养分水平与长期定位试验中氮磷(N120P60)配施处理相近。长期定位试验中氮磷配施或与有机肥配施能够有效地减少土壤中硝酸盐的淋溶和累积,氮肥单施硝态氮淋溶程度增强,且累积量最大,大田对比试验地硝态氮总累积量较长期定位试验中施用氮肥的总累积量少。长期施用有机肥土壤0-3m储水量较对照明显减少,土壤出现了生物利用性干层,大田对比试验地的储水量与长期定位试验中不施肥的储水量差异不明显。当前大田施肥既能培肥土壤,提高养分含量,又能减少硝态氮累积,且储水量较高,因此大田生态系统尚处在一个良性循环状况。
大田对比试验中磷肥有机肥配施能提高成穗数,单施磷肥千粒重增加,长期定位试验中磷肥单施或与有机肥配施有利于穗粒数和千粒重的提高。两试验中氮磷配施的小麦产量较其对照分别增高了21.5%和111.7%,交互作用明显,增产效果显著;但是,大田对比试验各处理的产量均高于长期定位试验,增加幅度为2103.4-3316.5kg/hm2,单施磷肥差异最大,大田对比试验较长期定位试验增加了334.6%。氮磷配施的肥料贡献率最高,同时又是提高氮、磷肥效的最佳途径,长期定位试验的肥料贡献率和平均肥效较大田对比试验均有提高。两试验中氮磷配施的水分利用率分别提高了24.1%和95.2%,大田对比试验各处理的水分利用率较长期定位试验增加了46.5-290.0%。两试验中氮肥单施、磷肥配施的肥料利用率较其它处理的高,大田对比试验中氮、磷肥利用率普遍较低。
两试验中植株的氮、磷累积量变化趋势相似,各器官的氮素和磷素均从茎、叶逐渐向穗、籽粒转移,后期钾素的分配主要集中在茎、叶中,籽粒形成阶段出现亏损;长期定位试验中施用有机肥处理的氮、磷、钾累积量较大,长期单施磷肥和不施肥,植株养分累积量不及大田对比试验。
两试验中小麦干物质累积均随生育期的进程呈增加趋势,拔节期至孕穗期干物质积累量较大,随后有所降低;长期定位试验中有机肥与化肥配施效果明显,成熟期氮磷配施的干物质量较对照增加了27.2%,累积量最高;大田对比试验的干物质累积量较长期定位试验均有增加,氮、磷单施和对照差异较大。
不同施肥的P收获指数最高,N收获指数次之,K收获指数最低;大田对比试验中氮磷配施效果明显,氮磷有机肥配施K收获指数最高,长期定位试验中有机肥和氮肥单施有利于N、P收获指数的提高,氮磷配施的K收获指数最高;大田对比试验的养分收获指数较长期定位试验有不同程度的提高,氮磷有机肥配施差异明显。
Compared with 22 years long-term experiment of applying fertilizers on continuous wheat, This experiment studied the difference between the effect of field comparison experiment and long-term experiment on soil nutrient fertility and Nitrate accumulation, the effects of different fertilizing on yield、water use efficiency、fertilizer use efficiency and nutrient absorption were analyzed, to keep agriculture sustainable developing.
The result showed that long term application of manure could increase soil nutrient, combination applying of NP and manure was significant, combination fertilizer application was better than single applying N or P. The soil nutrient content of field comparison experiment increased obviously, organic matter、total N and total P increased respectively by 27.1%、84.2% and 34.8%,available N、P and K increased respectively by 46.9%、540.0% and 10.2%,the soil fertility level was close to NP treatment. Combination applying of N and P or manure can reduce nitrate accumulation, the nitrate accumulation was highest with single applying N, and the nitrate accumulation in field comparison experiment was fewer than of which long term application of N in long term experiment. The pondage reduced obviously with Long term application of manure, but there was no clear difference when pondage in field comparison experiment compared with Control in long term experiment. On current, field fertilizing not only could increase soil nutrient, but also reduce nitrate accumulation, and the pondage was higher, so ecosystem is still at good situation.
In field comparison experiment, wheat’sear numbers increased with Combination applying of manure and chemical fertilizer, and the weight of thousand-grain improved with single applying P, single applying P.or combination applying M could increase grain and weight of thousand-grain in long term experiment. The yield increased by 21.5% and 111.7% with Combination applying of N and P in two experiments, and the interaction of N and P was good; Comparing with long term experiment, the yield in field comparison experiment increased by 2103.4 kg/hm2 to 3316.5kg/hm2, especially in P treatment, the yield increased by 334.6%. Combination applying of N and P could not only improve the contribution ratio of fertilizer to yield but also improve efficiency of N、P, the contribution ratio of fertilizer to yield in comparison experiment was better than which in long term experiment.The WUE increased respectively by 24.1% and 95.2% in NP treatment in two experiment; Comparing with long term experiment, the WUE in field comparison experiment increased by 46.5% to 290.0%. The FUE increased with single applying N and combination applying of P, but the FUE was generally lower in field comparison experiment.
The change of N,P accumulation in plants was similar to each other ,N、P in each organs transferred from stems and leaves to ears or grains, the K accumulation was higher in stems and leaves, and there was obviously decreased in maturation stage. The N,P accumulation was higher in application of manure treatment, was lower in long term experiment in P and Control.
Wheat’s dry matter accumulation increased with stage’s change in two experiments, and there was a high accumulation at elongation and booting. Combination applying of manure and chemical fertilizer could increase dry matter accumulation sharply, and dry matter accumulation improved by 27.2% in NP treatment at Maturation in long term experiment, comparing with long term experiment, dry matter accumulation in field comparison experiment was higher, the difference of N, P and Control was great.
The P harvest index was higher than N harvest index, K harvest index was lowest with applying fertilizer in dry land. In comparison experiment, combination applying of N and P could improved nutrient harvest index, K harvest index was highest in NPM treatment; In long term experiment, single applying of manure and N was benefit to improve N, P harvest index, K harvest index was highest in NP treatment. At certain extent, nutrient harvest index in comparison experiment was higher than which in long term experiment, the difference of NPM was great.
引文
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