《黄帝内经》刺络放血应用研究
摘要
一.研究的目的和方法
刺血疗法历史悠久,在《内经》中已经有了相对完善的描述,本着“溯本求源”的精神,本文将重点总结《内经》中有关刺络放血的文献,以《内经》中的络脉理论和刺络放血适应症为主要研究对象,探析古人对于络脉的认识及刺络放血疗法的使用,观察古人运用刺络放血疗法时是否按照六经气血强弱实施,探讨刺络放血的穴位在人体部位的分布特点,分析刺络放血穴位的安全性及与畸络分布的一致性。
《内经》一书,主要梳理络脉理论及刺络放血的病症。络脉理论部分将从以下几个方面分析：络脉的含义、络脉的体表循行及分布特点、络脉的生理功能和病理变化、络脉的诊断方法及意义、刺络放血的原则、病理性血络的表现、刺络放血的取穴方法；刺络放血病症部分,主要先收集整理《内经》中运用刺络放血治疗疾病的条文,统计所有条文中涉及刺络放血的经脉频数,明确指出的穴位数目及经脉分布及穴位在人体的分布频数。
本次研究的目的是探讨《黄帝内经》中刺络放血疗法的应用规律,具体方法如下：1.收集条文和与条文相关的材料,首先运用计算机检索《中华医典》升级版和配合手工查阅的方式收集研究资料,计算机检索的方式是运用《中华医典》升级版,先在检索框中输入“内经”,再以“络”、“血”分别作为检索词检索。在左侧书籍目录框将显示该书中包含检索词的篇章目录,作为手工检索时的重点阅读篇目。手工检索方式以南京中医学院医经教研组编著的《黄帝内经素问译释》和中医古籍出版社出版的《黄帝内经素问》进行“素问”部分的手工检索,以河北医学院校释人民卫生出版社出版的《灵枢经校释》进行“灵枢”部分的手工检索书籍。其次,把收集到的含有“络”或“血”字的条文进行分类整理剔除。查阅和收集与条文有关的文献,理清楚条文含义,然后分为两大类条文,一种是与络脉系统理论相关条文,比如络脉定义,辨络色,络脉的生理功能、病理性络脉表现等；一种是运用刺络放血治病的条文,通常条文中包含疾病名称和刺络放血部位。2.分析《内经》刺络放血疗法的运用特点,频数分析：统计刺络放血穴位在经脉、人体部位、五输穴的分布频数。对比研究：通过对后世三位医家(王秀珍,喻喜春,贺普仁)刺络放血特点的分析,完善对《内经》的研究,探索《内经》在刺络放血规律。
二.研究的内容与结论
本论文分为四个部分：(一)《内经》中刺络放血文献整理；(二)《内经》中刺络放血的功能与适应病症；(三)《内经》与当代医家在刺络放血运用上的差异；(四)《内经》中有关络脉的若干问题探析。研究结论：《内经》中刺络放血的部位以刺病理性血络和刺穴位相结合。其病理性血络可以分为盛络和结络两种,盛络是邪气聚集的表现,刺破脉泻邪气；结络是由于瘀血或郁血内留的表现,刺破络脉以除瘀通络。
出血量以“邪尽”为标准,古人观察到刺络放血若邪气或瘀血没有清除干净,容易变生它病,这符合其“宛陈则除之”、“血实则决之”的刺络放血原则。《内经》中采取的刺络出血量和刺络放血的次数都相对较多,但是亦有出血量很少,如“血出如大豆”,说明古人在刺络放血的出血量上,根据病情病位而定,提倡“邪尽”,并不主张出血量大,对出血量没有明确的量化指标。
《内经》中可用的刺络放血工具有砭石、锋针、铍针、镌针,但经过分析可知,《内经》在刺络放血时以采用锋针为主为最佳。三棱针属于《内经》九针中的短针,针头为三棱状可以保证针孔不会迅速闭合,保证出血流畅。针身短便于控制针刺的放血与深度,这些优点都是《内经》中其他针具不可比拟的。
《内经》的刺络放血的对象,经统计发现主要分布在足阴阳经上,共明确指出的22个可刺络放血的穴位。对22穴予以频数分析,结果显示刺络放血对象依旧是以足阴阳经为主。22穴有15穴位于膝关节以下,15穴中五输穴有11穴,其中合穴4穴。我们需要在今后的临床总结五输穴刺络放血的疗效,观察是否在五输穴处更容易出现病理性血络。探索病理性血络与疾病的关系,尤其是注重“审切循按”在合穴处寻找病理性血络,合穴主治脏腑病,脏腑有病可否在合穴处出现病理性血络,这些都有待于今后临床进一步研究。
廉泉、委中、冲阳三个穴位,在《内经》中既属于禁刺穴又属于刺络放血穴。《内经》中用于刺络放血的“廉泉”,经考证为足少阴经的“舌下两脉”即金津和玉液二穴。金津、玉液目前属于经外奇穴,而在《内经》中是属于足少阴经。针刺金津、玉液需要避开刺舌动脉,注意针刺深度,距舌体表面2cm以内刺血是相对安全,不会刺伤舌动脉。委中穴是《内经》中刺络放血运用最多的穴位,委中穴刺血不宜刺浅表的小隐静脉主干更不可以刺伤深层的胭动脉。冲阳穴处可以触摸到足背动脉搏动,该处位置相对固定,周围组织少一般是临床穿刺置管的部位,刺络放血以浅表静脉为对象,对于冲阳穴若放血应斜刺,浅刺破血管出血即止。从以上三个穴位可知,古人在最初运用刺络放血疗法时,对于针刺工具、针刺深度、皮下血管的分布等不清楚,在医学最初的摸索阶段会误伤动脉,严重时导致出血不止危及生命。人类医学发展的过程中的曲折与艰辛在《内经》刺络放血条文中可以窥见一斑。
Objective and method
Blood-pricking therapy has a long history as early as the period of Huangdi Neijing (Huangdi's Classic of Internal Medicine), Neijing has summarized this therapeutic experiences. This paper studies on blood-pricking therapy in Neijing, mainly on the theory of collaterals and the indications of blood-pricking therapy to observe whether the ancients decided blood-pricking points or pathological collaterals following the amount of qi and blood in the six meridians, whether the safety of the blood-pricking points keep pace with distribution of pathological collaterals. Neijing, this study is on the theory of collaterals and the indications of blood-pricking therapy. Theoretical research on collaterals divided into eight parts, collateral concept, and distribution of collaterals, physiological function of collaterals, pathological changes of collaterals, diagnostic methods and significance of collaterals, principle of blood-pricking therapy, pathological manifestation and methods to get blood-pricking areas. The study on indications of blood-pricking therapy, first step is to collect all the lists about indications of blood-pricking therapy in Neijing, second step is to frequency analysis on blood-pricking points and pathological collaterals. Research purpose is to analyze the application rule of blood-pricking therapy. Computer retrieval use software of Chinese Medicine, searching for the book of Neijing and make the Chinese words luo or xue as search term. The software of Chinese Medicine showed all the chapters in Neijing, which include the Chinese words collateral or blood. Annual retrieval use books of Explanation of Huangdi Neijing Suwen, Proofread and Translation on Lingshu. All lists with the Chinese words luo or xue are classified and sorted. Review the literature to understand the meanings of the lists. Divided the lists into two kinds, one kind refers to the theory of collaterals, the other kind refers to indications of blood-pricking therapy. At last, by the method of frequency analysis analyze the application rule of blood-pricking therapy.
Content and conclusion
The content of this paper divided into four parts. Part one is blood-pricking literature research, part two is therapeutic effect and indications of blood-pricking therapy, part three is character of blood-pricking therapy in Neijing, and part four is some problems analysis about collaterals. The applying rules of blood-pricking therapy in neijing are cleaning out the blood stasis and removing the pathogenic qi. Appeared under the skin are collaterals especially superficial collaterals rather than meridians. The visible collaterals are divided into two kinds, sheng collateral caused by pathogenic qi and jie collateral caused by blood stasis. Blood-pricking therapy is effective to clear out blood stasis in sheng collateral and to remove pathogenic qi from jie collateral. The amount of bleeding is decided by the blood stasis and pathogenic qi. All the visible collaterals which attacked by blood stasis and pathogenic qi should apply the blood-pricking therapy to clear away the blood stasis and pathogenic qi. In Neijing, blood-pricking therapy is not stop until color of. the blood change into normal red, because the ancients think the changes of blood colors show the blood stasis and pathogenic qi which has been clear out. The ancients view if the blood stasis and pathogenic qi keep in the collaterals should lead great troubles to physical body, such as bi symptom. In Neijing, the amount of bleeding could be small, such as the blood drop as big as a grain of soybean. Blood-pricking therapy adopt blood-pricking on the points and pathogenic collaterals. There are22points pointed the name, the most in bladder meridian of foot-Taiyang, then in foot-Shaoyin and foot-Yangming. The amounts of points in the hand meridians are hand-Taiyin and hand-Yangming. Most points are under the knee and elbow joint,11points belong to five-shu point. The manipulation in blood-pricking pathogenic collaterals, in Neijing, the ancients would search the pathogenic collaterals by inspection, press-collaterals and pulse-taking.
刺血疗法历史悠久,在《内经》中已经有了相对完善的描述,本着“溯本求源”的精神,本文将重点总结《内经》中有关刺络放血的文献,以《内经》中的络脉理论和刺络放血适应症为主要研究对象,探析古人对于络脉的认识及刺络放血疗法的使用,观察古人运用刺络放血疗法时是否按照六经气血强弱实施,探讨刺络放血的穴位在人体部位的分布特点,分析刺络放血穴位的安全性及与畸络分布的一致性。
《内经》一书,主要梳理络脉理论及刺络放血的病症。络脉理论部分将从以下几个方面分析：络脉的含义、络脉的体表循行及分布特点、络脉的生理功能和病理变化、络脉的诊断方法及意义、刺络放血的原则、病理性血络的表现、刺络放血的取穴方法；刺络放血病症部分,主要先收集整理《内经》中运用刺络放血治疗疾病的条文,统计所有条文中涉及刺络放血的经脉频数,明确指出的穴位数目及经脉分布及穴位在人体的分布频数。
本次研究的目的是探讨《黄帝内经》中刺络放血疗法的应用规律,具体方法如下：1.收集条文和与条文相关的材料,首先运用计算机检索《中华医典》升级版和配合手工查阅的方式收集研究资料,计算机检索的方式是运用《中华医典》升级版,先在检索框中输入“内经”,再以“络”、“血”分别作为检索词检索。在左侧书籍目录框将显示该书中包含检索词的篇章目录,作为手工检索时的重点阅读篇目。手工检索方式以南京中医学院医经教研组编著的《黄帝内经素问译释》和中医古籍出版社出版的《黄帝内经素问》进行“素问”部分的手工检索,以河北医学院校释人民卫生出版社出版的《灵枢经校释》进行“灵枢”部分的手工检索书籍。其次,把收集到的含有“络”或“血”字的条文进行分类整理剔除。查阅和收集与条文有关的文献,理清楚条文含义,然后分为两大类条文,一种是与络脉系统理论相关条文,比如络脉定义,辨络色,络脉的生理功能、病理性络脉表现等；一种是运用刺络放血治病的条文,通常条文中包含疾病名称和刺络放血部位。2.分析《内经》刺络放血疗法的运用特点,频数分析：统计刺络放血穴位在经脉、人体部位、五输穴的分布频数。对比研究：通过对后世三位医家(王秀珍,喻喜春,贺普仁)刺络放血特点的分析,完善对《内经》的研究,探索《内经》在刺络放血规律。
二.研究的内容与结论
本论文分为四个部分：(一)《内经》中刺络放血文献整理；(二)《内经》中刺络放血的功能与适应病症；(三)《内经》与当代医家在刺络放血运用上的差异；(四)《内经》中有关络脉的若干问题探析。研究结论：《内经》中刺络放血的部位以刺病理性血络和刺穴位相结合。其病理性血络可以分为盛络和结络两种,盛络是邪气聚集的表现,刺破脉泻邪气；结络是由于瘀血或郁血内留的表现,刺破络脉以除瘀通络。
出血量以“邪尽”为标准,古人观察到刺络放血若邪气或瘀血没有清除干净,容易变生它病,这符合其“宛陈则除之”、“血实则决之”的刺络放血原则。《内经》中采取的刺络出血量和刺络放血的次数都相对较多,但是亦有出血量很少,如“血出如大豆”,说明古人在刺络放血的出血量上,根据病情病位而定,提倡“邪尽”,并不主张出血量大,对出血量没有明确的量化指标。
《内经》中可用的刺络放血工具有砭石、锋针、铍针、镌针,但经过分析可知,《内经》在刺络放血时以采用锋针为主为最佳。三棱针属于《内经》九针中的短针,针头为三棱状可以保证针孔不会迅速闭合,保证出血流畅。针身短便于控制针刺的放血与深度,这些优点都是《内经》中其他针具不可比拟的。
《内经》的刺络放血的对象,经统计发现主要分布在足阴阳经上,共明确指出的22个可刺络放血的穴位。对22穴予以频数分析,结果显示刺络放血对象依旧是以足阴阳经为主。22穴有15穴位于膝关节以下,15穴中五输穴有11穴,其中合穴4穴。我们需要在今后的临床总结五输穴刺络放血的疗效,观察是否在五输穴处更容易出现病理性血络。探索病理性血络与疾病的关系,尤其是注重“审切循按”在合穴处寻找病理性血络,合穴主治脏腑病,脏腑有病可否在合穴处出现病理性血络,这些都有待于今后临床进一步研究。
廉泉、委中、冲阳三个穴位,在《内经》中既属于禁刺穴又属于刺络放血穴。《内经》中用于刺络放血的“廉泉”,经考证为足少阴经的“舌下两脉”即金津和玉液二穴。金津、玉液目前属于经外奇穴,而在《内经》中是属于足少阴经。针刺金津、玉液需要避开刺舌动脉,注意针刺深度,距舌体表面2cm以内刺血是相对安全,不会刺伤舌动脉。委中穴是《内经》中刺络放血运用最多的穴位,委中穴刺血不宜刺浅表的小隐静脉主干更不可以刺伤深层的胭动脉。冲阳穴处可以触摸到足背动脉搏动,该处位置相对固定,周围组织少一般是临床穿刺置管的部位,刺络放血以浅表静脉为对象,对于冲阳穴若放血应斜刺,浅刺破血管出血即止。从以上三个穴位可知,古人在最初运用刺络放血疗法时,对于针刺工具、针刺深度、皮下血管的分布等不清楚,在医学最初的摸索阶段会误伤动脉,严重时导致出血不止危及生命。人类医学发展的过程中的曲折与艰辛在《内经》刺络放血条文中可以窥见一斑。
Objective and method
Blood-pricking therapy has a long history as early as the period of Huangdi Neijing (Huangdi's Classic of Internal Medicine), Neijing has summarized this therapeutic experiences. This paper studies on blood-pricking therapy in Neijing, mainly on the theory of collaterals and the indications of blood-pricking therapy to observe whether the ancients decided blood-pricking points or pathological collaterals following the amount of qi and blood in the six meridians, whether the safety of the blood-pricking points keep pace with distribution of pathological collaterals. Neijing, this study is on the theory of collaterals and the indications of blood-pricking therapy. Theoretical research on collaterals divided into eight parts, collateral concept, and distribution of collaterals, physiological function of collaterals, pathological changes of collaterals, diagnostic methods and significance of collaterals, principle of blood-pricking therapy, pathological manifestation and methods to get blood-pricking areas. The study on indications of blood-pricking therapy, first step is to collect all the lists about indications of blood-pricking therapy in Neijing, second step is to frequency analysis on blood-pricking points and pathological collaterals. Research purpose is to analyze the application rule of blood-pricking therapy. Computer retrieval use software of Chinese Medicine, searching for the book of Neijing and make the Chinese words luo or xue as search term. The software of Chinese Medicine showed all the chapters in Neijing, which include the Chinese words collateral or blood. Annual retrieval use books of Explanation of Huangdi Neijing Suwen, Proofread and Translation on Lingshu. All lists with the Chinese words luo or xue are classified and sorted. Review the literature to understand the meanings of the lists. Divided the lists into two kinds, one kind refers to the theory of collaterals, the other kind refers to indications of blood-pricking therapy. At last, by the method of frequency analysis analyze the application rule of blood-pricking therapy.
Content and conclusion
The content of this paper divided into four parts. Part one is blood-pricking literature research, part two is therapeutic effect and indications of blood-pricking therapy, part three is character of blood-pricking therapy in Neijing, and part four is some problems analysis about collaterals. The applying rules of blood-pricking therapy in neijing are cleaning out the blood stasis and removing the pathogenic qi. Appeared under the skin are collaterals especially superficial collaterals rather than meridians. The visible collaterals are divided into two kinds, sheng collateral caused by pathogenic qi and jie collateral caused by blood stasis. Blood-pricking therapy is effective to clear out blood stasis in sheng collateral and to remove pathogenic qi from jie collateral. The amount of bleeding is decided by the blood stasis and pathogenic qi. All the visible collaterals which attacked by blood stasis and pathogenic qi should apply the blood-pricking therapy to clear away the blood stasis and pathogenic qi. In Neijing, blood-pricking therapy is not stop until color of. the blood change into normal red, because the ancients think the changes of blood colors show the blood stasis and pathogenic qi which has been clear out. The ancients view if the blood stasis and pathogenic qi keep in the collaterals should lead great troubles to physical body, such as bi symptom. In Neijing, the amount of bleeding could be small, such as the blood drop as big as a grain of soybean. Blood-pricking therapy adopt blood-pricking on the points and pathogenic collaterals. There are22points pointed the name, the most in bladder meridian of foot-Taiyang, then in foot-Shaoyin and foot-Yangming. The amounts of points in the hand meridians are hand-Taiyin and hand-Yangming. Most points are under the knee and elbow joint,11points belong to five-shu point. The manipulation in blood-pricking pathogenic collaterals, in Neijing, the ancients would search the pathogenic collaterals by inspection, press-collaterals and pulse-taking.
引文
[1]王秀珍,郑佩,孟真.刺血疗法[M].安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,1985.
[2]南京中医学院医经教研组编著.黄帝内经素问译释[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1983.
[3]傅景华,陈心智点较.黄帝内经素问[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2009.
[4]河北医学院校释.灵枢经教释上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1982.
[5]河北医学院校释.灵枢经教释下册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006.
[6]杨上善撰注,萧延平校正,王洪图,李云重校.黄帝内经太素[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2005.
[7]陈群益.灵枢商注[M].广州：广州市卫生局中华全国中医学会广州分会,1985：178.
[8]柏树令主编.系统解剖学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2010：243-245.
[9]邱幸凡.络脉理论与I临床[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1988：8.
[10]李鼎主编.经络学[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2011：15.
[11]郭义主编.中医刺络放血疗法[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2013.
[12]喻喜春编著,蔡圣朝,杨毅助编.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：98.
[13]喻喜春,杨秀娟编著.实用中华刺络疗法[M].北京：北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合
[14]邱幸凡.络脉理论与临床[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1988：53.
[15]王琦主编.黄帝内经专题研究[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1985：413-416.
[16]奚永江主编,司徒铃副主编.针法灸法学[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1985：4.
[17]张介宾.类经上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1964：225-226
[18]喻喜春编著,蔡圣朝,杨毅助编.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：112.
[19]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：365-369.
[20]杨上善撰注,萧延平校正,王洪图,李云重校.黄帝内经太素[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2005.
[21]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：389.
[22]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：390.
[23]黄龙祥,黄幼民编著.针灸腧穴通考上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：703.
[24]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：130.
[25]王洪图主编.黄帝内经研究大成[M].北京：北京出版社,1997：1611.
[26]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：272.
[27]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：278.
[28]王洪图主编.黄帝内经研究大成[M].北京：北京出版社,1997：1790
[29]王燕臣.点刺出血治疗小儿重舌[J].山西中医,1988,4(1)：21.
[30]刘光忠.针刺廉泉、通里治疗暴喑100例[J],针灸临床杂志,2010,26(5)：27.
[31]朱文峰.中医诊断学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2002：119.
[32]黄龙祥,黄幼民编著.针灸腧穴通考下册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011.
[33]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：371.
[34]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：373.
[35]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：224.
[36]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：142.
[37]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：147.
[38]王洪图主编.黄帝内经研究大成[M].北京：北京出版社,1997：1230.
[39]刘耀岽,《黄帝内经》与《针灸大成》针灸禁忌研究[D].广州：广州中医药大学,2010.
[40]黄龙祥,黄幼民编著.针灸腧穴通考下册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：1361
[41]黄龙祥,黄幼民编著.针灸腧穴通考下册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：1383.
[42]龚明杰,邹嘉平,王均干.生理状态下舌动脉的解剖特点及其与舌根的关系[J].临床耳鼻喉头颈外科杂志,2012,26(16)：736-738
[43]李凯丽,王建社,林卡莉等.国人足背动脉的解剖学测量及临床意义[J].解剖学杂志,2008,31(3)：404-405
[44]王峥,马雯.中国刺血疗法大全[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2008：92.
[45]柏树令主编.系统解剖学[M].北京：人民卫生,
[46]徐建民,26例胭动脉损伤的诊疗体会[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2007,18(2)：301-302.
[47]沈学勇主编.经络腧穴学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2008.
[48]王峥,马雯.中国刺血疗法大全[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2008：94.
[49]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：74.
[50]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：83.
[51]贺普仁主编.针灸三通法操作图解[M].北京：科学技术出版社,2006：343.
[52]喻喜春编著,蔡圣朝,杨毅助编.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：1.
[53]王秀珍,郑佩,孟真.刺血疗法[M].安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,1985：43.
[54]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：85.
[55]马莳.黄帝内经素问注证发挥[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1988：188.
[56]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：9.
[57]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：85.
[58]喻喜春编著.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：104-105.
[59]王峥,马雯.中国刺血疗法大全[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2008：97.
[60]喻喜春编著.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：05.
[61]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：91.
[62]粱运通主编.黄帝内经类析[M].呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社出版,19
[63]粱运通主编.黄帝内经类析[M].呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社出版,1986：137-138.
[64]粱运通主编.黄帝内经类析[M].呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社出版,1986：242.
[65]王峥,马雯.中国刺血疗法大全[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2008：74-76.
[66]喻喜春,杨秀娟编著.实用中华刺络疗法[M].北京：北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1995：73
[2]南京中医学院医经教研组编著.黄帝内经素问译释[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1983.
[3]傅景华,陈心智点较.黄帝内经素问[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2009.
[4]河北医学院校释.灵枢经教释上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1982.
[5]河北医学院校释.灵枢经教释下册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006.
[6]杨上善撰注,萧延平校正,王洪图,李云重校.黄帝内经太素[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2005.
[7]陈群益.灵枢商注[M].广州：广州市卫生局中华全国中医学会广州分会,1985：178.
[8]柏树令主编.系统解剖学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2010：243-245.
[9]邱幸凡.络脉理论与I临床[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1988：8.
[10]李鼎主编.经络学[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2011：15.
[11]郭义主编.中医刺络放血疗法[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2013.
[12]喻喜春编著,蔡圣朝,杨毅助编.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：98.
[13]喻喜春,杨秀娟编著.实用中华刺络疗法[M].北京：北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合
[14]邱幸凡.络脉理论与临床[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1988：53.
[15]王琦主编.黄帝内经专题研究[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1985：413-416.
[16]奚永江主编,司徒铃副主编.针法灸法学[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1985：4.
[17]张介宾.类经上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1964：225-226
[18]喻喜春编著,蔡圣朝,杨毅助编.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：112.
[19]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：365-369.
[20]杨上善撰注,萧延平校正,王洪图,李云重校.黄帝内经太素[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2005.
[21]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：389.
[22]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：390.
[23]黄龙祥,黄幼民编著.针灸腧穴通考上册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：703.
[24]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：130.
[25]王洪图主编.黄帝内经研究大成[M].北京：北京出版社,1997：1611.
[26]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：272.
[27]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：278.
[28]王洪图主编.黄帝内经研究大成[M].北京：北京出版社,1997：1790
[29]王燕臣.点刺出血治疗小儿重舌[J].山西中医,1988,4(1)：21.
[30]刘光忠.针刺廉泉、通里治疗暴喑100例[J],针灸临床杂志,2010,26(5)：27.
[31]朱文峰.中医诊断学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2002：119.
[32]黄龙祥,黄幼民编著.针灸腧穴通考下册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011.
[33]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：371.
[34]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：373.
[35]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：224.
[36]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：142.
[37]张善忱主编,内经针灸类方语释[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1980：147.
[38]王洪图主编.黄帝内经研究大成[M].北京：北京出版社,1997：1230.
[39]刘耀岽,《黄帝内经》与《针灸大成》针灸禁忌研究[D].广州：广州中医药大学,2010.
[40]黄龙祥,黄幼民编著.针灸腧穴通考下册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：1361
[41]黄龙祥,黄幼民编著.针灸腧穴通考下册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：1383.
[42]龚明杰,邹嘉平,王均干.生理状态下舌动脉的解剖特点及其与舌根的关系[J].临床耳鼻喉头颈外科杂志,2012,26(16)：736-738
[43]李凯丽,王建社,林卡莉等.国人足背动脉的解剖学测量及临床意义[J].解剖学杂志,2008,31(3)：404-405
[44]王峥,马雯.中国刺血疗法大全[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2008：92.
[45]柏树令主编.系统解剖学[M].北京：人民卫生,
[46]徐建民,26例胭动脉损伤的诊疗体会[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2007,18(2)：301-302.
[47]沈学勇主编.经络腧穴学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2008.
[48]王峥,马雯.中国刺血疗法大全[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2008：94.
[49]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：74.
[50]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：83.
[51]贺普仁主编.针灸三通法操作图解[M].北京：科学技术出版社,2006：343.
[52]喻喜春编著,蔡圣朝,杨毅助编.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：1.
[53]王秀珍,郑佩,孟真.刺血疗法[M].安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,1985：43.
[54]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：85.
[55]马莳.黄帝内经素问注证发挥[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1988：188.
[56]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：9.
[57]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：85.
[58]喻喜春编著.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：104-105.
[59]王峥,马雯.中国刺血疗法大全[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2008：97.
[60]喻喜春编著.中医络脉放血[M].北京：中医古籍出版社,2003：05.
[61]贺普仁主编.贺普仁针灸传心录[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2013：91.
[62]粱运通主编.黄帝内经类析[M].呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社出版,19
[63]粱运通主编.黄帝内经类析[M].呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社出版,1986：137-138.
[64]粱运通主编.黄帝内经类析[M].呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社出版,1986：242.
[65]王峥,马雯.中国刺血疗法大全[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2008：74-76.
[66]喻喜春,杨秀娟编著.实用中华刺络疗法[M].北京：北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1995：73