山东半岛南部滨浅海区晚第四纪沉积地层结构与沉积环境演化
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摘要
研究区位于山东半岛南部、南黄海西北部陆架区。南黄海是西太平洋典型的半封闭型陆架海,沉积环境十分复杂,黄海陆架在晚第四纪的冰期旋回中反复出没,形成了复杂多变的海陆相交互沉积。沉积地层中包含了丰富的沉积环境特征和沉积演化过程的信息,通过对沉积地层结构的研究,对于我们了解中国东部陆架海的沉积作用发育历史和古地理环境的变迁具有重要意义,而且也可以为研究全球气候变化提供重要的信息;此外,对海岸带-陆架区沉积地层的研究,对于我国陆地上和深海及大洋晚第四纪沉积物的地层研究和对比中,发挥地理位置上的纽带作用。
     本文根据最近在山东半岛南部滨浅海区获得的QDZ03孔、QDZ01孔两口地质浅钻和3046km的高分辨率浅地层剖面资料,对研究区晚第四纪以来的沉积地层结构进行了详细的划分和探讨。
     QDZ03孔是位于浅地层剖面之上的一个全取心钻孔。根据钻孔岩心的岩性相、沉积物的微体古生物组合特征、粒度特征,结合AMS14C和OSL测年数据,并与浅地层剖面对比,将QDZ03孔分为5个沉积单元,从上到下依次命名为DU1、DU3、DU4、DU5和DU6,其沉积环境的变化分别被解译发生于全新世、MIS3至MIS2、MIS4、MIS5的中晚期及MIS6的低海面时期或更早。同样,通过地层对比和OSL测年数据,将QDZ01孔0-40.00m的岩心划分为4个沉积单元,从上往下依次命名为DU2、DU3、DU5和DU6,其沉积环境的变化分别被解译发生于MIS2、MIS3、MIS5和MIS6,其中DU3和DU5被次一级的界面细分为DU3-1、DU3-2和DU5-1、DU5-2四个亚单元层。
     将浅地层剖面资料与QDZ03孔、QDZ01孔进行对比,依据层序划分原则和反射界面的识别标志(上超、下超、削截和顶超等),对研究区内的浅地层剖面进行解译、对比和全区闭合,将基岩面以上的地层划分为6个地震单元,从上往下依次命名为SU1、SU2、SU3、SU4、SU5和SU6,通过分析,认为各地震单元层分别形成于全新世、MIS2、MIS3、MIS4、MIS5和MIS6或更早。
     在划分了沉积地层结构的基础上,本文重点研究了地震单元SU1,即近岸全新世楔形沉积体。研究表明,在崂山头以北的近岸海区存在一个全新世的楔形沉积体,其底界面基本位于现今海平面之下15~40m,并且该界面的等深线大致平行海岸向海变深。近岸处楔形沉积体的厚度最大可达22.5m,等厚线整体上沿海岸线呈带状分布,向海变薄,3m等厚线是一个明显的分界线,该界线大致沿25m水深线分布;在海岸各海湾的湾口,楔形沉积体呈扇状分布,且沉积厚度明显大于周围沉积体。楔形沉积体形成于全新世早期(约11cal kyr BP),可划分为下部和上部两个沉积单元(分别为DU1-2和DU1-1)。DU1-2位于底界面和全新世最大海泛面(MFS)之间,代表了冰后期海侵体系域沉积,其厚度一般<3m,沉积速率较低;DU1-1位于MFS之上,代表了全新世中期(约7-6cal kyrBP)至今的高水位体系域沉积,是楔形沉积体的主体。在QDZ03孔位,DU1-2和DU1-1之间有约4000年的沉积缺失,归因于海岸带地区较强的沉积动力条件导致沉积物的再悬浮而造成沉积地层的不完整。楔形沉积体的物源与典型的黄河沉积物有所差异,而是来自黄河与山东半岛海岸带近源沉积物的联合贡献。研究区楔形沉积体的发育主要受控于全新世海平面变化、物源供给和海岸带沉积动力条件等因素的共同作用。
     孢粉分析表明研究区晚更新世以来经历了温暖湿润-温凉偏干-温暖干燥-干燥寒冷-温暖湿润的气候变化过程,海平面经历了超过120m的大幅度升降,沉积环境经历了浅海-三角洲相-陆相-滨海相-河流相-浅海相多期的沉积演化过程。
The study area locates in the south of Shandong Peninsula and northwest ofSouth Yellow Sea. The South Yellow Sea is a typical semi-enclosed epicontinental seawith complicated depositional history. It had submerged by the sea for many times inthe late Quaternary history as a response to glacial cycles, which formed thecomplicated sea-land interactive deposits. There are plenty of informations ofdepositional environment characterstics and depositional evolution process insedimentary stratigraphy, through the study of which, it has great significance for usto understand the depositonal history of eastern China seas and paleo-envrionmentchanges, as well as provides important information for global climatic changes. Inaddition, through the study of coastal to shelfal sedimentary strata, it can play thelocational link function on the research and contrast to late Quaternary deposits of theland and deep sea as well as the ocean.
     Based on the core QDZ03and QDZ01and3046km high-resolution shallowseismic profiles recently acquired in the coastal and offshore area of southernShandong Peninsula, the article makes a detail division and discussion on thesedimentary structure since the late Quaternary.
     Core QDZ03is a fully coring drill locating in the shallow seismic profile. On theanalyses of lithology, micro-paleontolgy combination characteristic, grain sizecharacteristic as well as AMS14C and OSL dating, with contrast to the shallow seismicprofile, the core QDZ03is divided into5depositonal units, which are named DU1,DU3, DU4, DU5and DU6from up to down, of which environmental changes areto be interpreted happened during Holocene, MIS3to MIS2, MIS4, middle-late period of MIS5and MIS6or earlier. The same as above, the0-40.00m section ofcore QDZ01is divided into4depositional units, which are named DU2, DU3, DU5and DU6in descending order, of which environment changes are to be interpretedhappened during MIS2, MIS3, MIS5and MIS6.
     Based on interpretation of high resolution seismic profiles, using the contrastbetween seismic profiles and core QDZ03and QDZ01and the principle of sequencedivision, the seismic stratigraphy above the bedrock is divided into6seicmic untis,which are named SU1, SU2, SU3, SU4, SU5and SU6from up to down. Theseismic units are interpreted to be formed in Holocene, MIS2, MIS3, MIS4, MIS5and MIS6or earlier.
     On the basis of division of stratigraphic structure, this article focuses on theresearch of seismic unit SU1, which is the Holocene clinoform. The clinoform’sbottom boundary generally lies at15–40m below present sea level with its depthcontours roughly parallel to the coast and deepening seaward. The clinoform reachesits maximum thickness of22.5m near the coast and becomes thinner toward the sea,with its thickness contours generally parallel to the coastline. At the mouths of somebays, the clinoform takes the shape of a fan with its thickness greater than thesurrounding sediments. This clinoform came into being in the early Holocene, about11,200calibrated radiocarbon years before present (11.2cal kyr BP) and can bedivided into lower and upper depositional units (DU1-2and DU1-1, respectively).DU1-2, usually less than3m thick, formed under a low sedimentation rate, liesbeneath a Holocene maximum flooding surface (MFS), and represents the sediment ofa post-glacial transgressive systems tract; DU1-1, the main body of the clinoform,lies above the MFS and represents a highstand systems tract dating from middleHolocene time (about7–6cal kyr BP) to the present. The provenance of the clinoformsediment differs from typical sediments of the Yellow River and is interpreted as amixture of Yellow River and proximal coastal sediments of the Shandong Peninsula,with the Yellow River contribution increasing in the last1–2cal kyr BP. Theclinoform is coeval with clinoforms or subaqueous deltas off the northeastern Shandong Peninsula and in the northern South Yellow Sea, and it shares with them asimilar origin, history, and sediment provenance.
     Pollen analysis shows that the climate change process has undergo warm andwet-cool and dry-warm and dry-cold and dry-warm and wet since the lateQuaternary, and sea level experienced more than120m lift and down,and thesedimentary environment evolution experienced shallow sea to delta facies–terrestrial facies–coastal facies–fluvial facies and shallow sea facies.
引文
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