嗜尸性丽蝇分子标记的检测及发育规律的研究
|
摘要
背景
法医昆虫学在实践中主要应用于死亡时间(postmortem inteval, PMI)推断。法医昆虫学推断PMI的原理主要有两种：一是研究尸体上主要嗜尸性昆虫的生长发育规律来推断PMI；二是研究尸体上昆虫的种类及演替规律来推断PMI。即依据蝇类的生活史、群落组成随季节和时间的变动规律来推断PMI。中国幅员辽阔,不同地域昆虫的种类及生活习性均不相同,不能简单地照搬其它地方的研究资料来进行法医实践,但有必要借鉴前人的研究方法来对各地区嗜尸性昆虫群落演替展开调查研究,发现当地的优势物种,并加以饲养,进一步研究其生长发育规律,逐步建立适合于当地的嗜尸性昆虫种类的数据库和推测系统,为法医实践提供依据。对嗜尸性昆虫,尤其是嗜尸性丽蝇进行快速、准确的种类鉴定,是PMI推断的关键环节,有着特别重要的作用。丽蝇往往是第一批到达尸体并产卵的嗜尸性昆虫,具有重要的法医学意义,但一些近缘丽蝇物种和丽蝇幼虫之间的鉴别尚缺乏明显的形态学特征。分子生物学物种鉴定技术,是形态学鉴定的有力补充,此类方法快捷、简便、有效。中国地理环境多样,丽蝇种类繁多,还需要积累更多的基因资源来进行鉴定研究。因此有必要在全国范围收集大量丽蝇样本,并开发新的嗜尸性丽蝇的分子标记,完善嗜尸性丽蝇的鉴定系统。同时完善各种嗜尸性蝇类的发育历期、生长曲线、及嗜尸性昆虫的演替等资料。但目前,国内这些方面的资料还很缺乏。
目的
1.在全国多个地区收集丽蝇样本,对我国常见嗜尸性丽蝇的种类、分布及嗜尸特性展开调查,并在长沙地区夏季猪尸体上对常见嗜尸性昆虫群落种类和演替规律进行调查研究。
2.利用278bp COI线粒体基因片段和272bp COI片段对来自全国28个地区的130个丽蝇样本进行种类鉴定,检测这两个基因片段对不同丽蝇物种的鉴别效力,构建并完善我国嗜尸性丽蝇的分子标记系统。
3.饲养优势嗜尸性蝇种,并研究其生长发育规律,为本地区法医昆虫学实践奠定理论基础和提供科学依据。
方法
1.在全国不同经纬度的28个地区,用动物尸体诱捕丽蝇并收集样本。夏季在长沙地区连续三年用猪尸体进行演替实验。
2.用Primer5.0设计引物,用匀浆法、蛋白酶K+酚／氯仿／异戊醇法提取足够的基因组DNA,用Promega试剂盒扩增PCR,用常规琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA和PCR产物。扩增产物用胶回收试剂盒纯化,产物批量送测序。测序结果用Chromas及ClustalW等软件阅读、比对,截取等长度片段。用Mega4.0进行序列分析及系统发育树的构建。将所获得嗜尸性丽蝇基因片段的数据上传GenBank数据库。
3.夏季在室内自然条件下饲养丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇和棕尾别麻蝇,测量它们的幼虫的体长和体重,还测量蝇蛹的长、宽、重,并绘制它们随时间变化的生长曲线图、构建相关方程。
结果
1.三年以来在全国范围17个省28个地区收集了大量丽蝇样本,初步形态学鉴定并选出13种130个丽蝇样本。
2.连续三年夏季在长沙地区野外及室内用猪尸体进行演替实验,发现嗜尸性昆虫29种,分属3目15科。
3.用278bp COI和272bp COI基因片段对来自全国多个地区的丽蝇进行物种鉴定,发现这两个片段均适合于嗜尸性丽蝇的物种鉴定,尤其是一些近缘种类的鉴别。
4.用278bp COI片段进行鉴定时,发现丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata (Meigen,1826)和叉叶绿蝇Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus,1758)存在种内基因地域差异。而272bp COI片段进行鉴定时,发现大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius,1794)和新陆原伏蝇Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy,1830)存在种内基因地域差异。
5.成功地饲养了丝光绿蝇L. sericata、大头金蝇C. megacephala和棕尾别麻蝇Boerttcherisca peregrine (Robineau-Desvordy,1830)。绘制了幼虫体长、体重,蝇蛹长、宽、重随时间变化的生长曲线图。发现幼虫体长和时间的关系吻合三次方程L=aT3+bT2蝇蛹体重则符合一次方程W=aT+b。相关性显著(R2>0.9,P<0.05)其中,L代表蛆长,W代表蛹重,T代表时间,a、b、c、d为常数。
结论
1.在我国多个地区进行嗜尸性丽蝇样本的采集,补充了嗜尸性丽蝇种类及分布资料。
2.三年来在长沙地区进行了嗜尸性昆虫演替实验,对推断PMI等法医实践具有一定的实用价值。
3.短片段COI(278bp COI和272bp COI基因片段),具有快速、简便、经济、有效鉴别物种等优点,适合基层法医工作者应用。
4.向GenBank数据库上传了13种丽蝇物种的145条COI基因片段,完善了数据库并初步构建了我国嗜尸性丽蝇分子标记系统。
5.饲养一些有法医学重要意义的嗜尸性苍蝇并进行生长发育规律研究,获得了一些基础性科学数据,为法医实践工作提供了理论依据,也为今后研究多种嗜尸性蝇类的生长发育规律提供了方法。
Background
In practical applications, forensic entomology is mainly used for the determination of the postmortem interval (PMI). There are two main ways to infer the PMI:Firstly, to study the growth and development laws of the sarcosaphagous insects on the corpses with the PMI. Secondly, to study the insects that are on the corpses and their corresponding succession to provide important clues for inferring the PMI. In different regions, the insect species and their living habits are not the same. China has a vast territory, and the entomological evidence from one region can not be used for the forensic practice in other regions directly. Therefore, creating local databases with related ecological data for the identification of sarcosaphagous insects is strongly recommended. Additionally, it is important to expand the investigations of various regions based on the previous research experience, to investigate the sarcosaphagous insect community succession, to find the dominant species of local regions and to study their growth and development laws. At that point we can establish local database and estimation system suitable for sarcosaphagous insects collected from different sites of Changsha. The rapid and accurate identification of sarcosaphagous insect species, especially the sarcosaphagous calliphorids, is a crucial step for estimation of the PMI. Calliphorids have important forensic significance, because they are usually the first colonizers, and then spawn and breed the next generations on the corpses. The obvious morphological characteristics to differentiate some closely related blowfly species or blowfly larvaes are still lacking. As a strong complement to the morphological identification method, molecular identification technique is a fast, easy, and effective method. Due to the diverse geographical environment in China, Calliphorids have a wide range of species, so more genetic resources still need to be collected for identification studies. It is necessary to collect calliphorid samples nationwide, and find some new molecular markers for calliphorid identification. Meanwhile, it is important to perfect the developmental duration tables and the growth curves of the sarcosaphagous flies as well as the succession data of the sarcosaphagous insects. However, such data are still scarce in China.
Objectives
1. To collect the calliphorid samples in multiple regions of China, and to investigate the species and distribution of some common calliphorids. To study the insect communities and their succession laws on the pig's corpses in the region of Changsha in summer,.
2. To identify the species of130calliphorids collected from28regions in China by278bp COI gene fragment and272bp COI fragment. To detect the ability of two gene fragments to identify some types of blowfly species. To set up and perfect the molecular marker system for Calliphoridae in China.
3. To raise three dominant fly species and study their growth and development laws. To lay the foundation for local practice of forensic entomology.
Methods
1. Animal corpses are used to trap calliphorids in28regions of China in different latitudes and longitudes. Putting pig corpses at selected outdoor and indoor sites for succession experiment in Changsha in summer for three years.
2. The primers for amplification of short COI fragment are designed by Primer5program, mtDNA of all samples are extracted by improved DNA extraction method for grinding tissues or Proteinase K+phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol method, and mtDNA is amplified by the Promega PCR Kit. Conventional agarose gel electrophoresis is used for the detection of DNA and PCR products. Amplification products are purified by gel extraction kit and the purified products are analyzed by dideoxy-chain termination method of Sanger. Sequencing results are aligned by Chromas and clustering analysis is performed by ClustalW software. Finally, the sequences are analyzed by Mega4.0and phylogenetic tree is constructed. Gene data of sarcosaphagous calliphorids collected from different geographic regions and climate conditions are uploaded to GenBank database for accumulating Chinese calliphorid genetic data.
3. L. sericata, C. Megacephala and B. peregrine are raised under the room-temperature in Changsha in summer. The body length and weight of the larvae, the length, width and weight of the pupae are measured, and the growth curves over the time are established.
Results
1. Calliphorids were trapped from28regions across17provinces in the country within three years, samples were obtained and preliminary morphological identification was executed.130samples of13calliphorid species were selected.
2. Succession experiments were carried out at selected outdoor and indoor sites in Changsha in summer for three years.29sarcosaphagous species were found on the pig corpses belonging to three orders and15families respectively.
3.278bp COI fragment and272bp COI fragment were used for the identification of all kinds of calliphoridae species collected all over the country. These results show that the fragments are suitable for identification of the sarcosaphagous calliphoridae species, especially some closely related calliphorid species.
4. When the278bp COI fragments were used for identification, the intraspecific geographical differences were discovered in species L. sericata (Meigen,1826) and L. Caesar (Linnaeus,1758). And when272bp COI fragments were used for identification, the intraspecific geographical differences were discovered in species Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius,1794) and Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy,1830).
5. Three sarcosaphagous fly species were successfully raised, i.e. L. sericata, C. megacephala and Boerttcherisca peregrine (Robineau-Desvordy,1830), and the growth charts of the larval body length and weight, fly pupae length, width and weight changes over the time were drawn. The results indicate that the larval body length and time relations coincide with cubic equation L=aT+bT2+cT+d and fly pupa weight is in line with the simple equation W=aT+b. The correlation was a significant difference (R2>0.9>,P<0.05).(L represents the length of the maggots, W represents the weight of the pupal, T represents the time, a, b, c and d represent constants).
Conclusion
1. A number of calliphorid samples are obtained in various districts around the country. The data concerning species and distribution of calliphorid flies are enriched.
2. The sucession experiments have been carried out in Changsha region for three years, which will have practical forensic significance for the PMI estimation.
3. Short fragments of COI (278bp and272bp) have the advantage of being fast, simple, economic and effective in identification of species. They are suitable for grassroot forensic workers.
4. A large number of COI fragments have been uploaded into the GenBank database. The molecular maker system of calliphorid flies has been preliminarily set up in China.
5. Some forensically important sarcosaphagous fly species have been raised, and a preliminary study has been done into the growth and development laws about them. Some basic and scientific data have been obtained. They will serve as theoretical basis for the forensic work. They will also provide methods for the future research of the growth and development laws of the sarcosaphagous flies.
法医昆虫学在实践中主要应用于死亡时间(postmortem inteval, PMI)推断。法医昆虫学推断PMI的原理主要有两种：一是研究尸体上主要嗜尸性昆虫的生长发育规律来推断PMI；二是研究尸体上昆虫的种类及演替规律来推断PMI。即依据蝇类的生活史、群落组成随季节和时间的变动规律来推断PMI。中国幅员辽阔,不同地域昆虫的种类及生活习性均不相同,不能简单地照搬其它地方的研究资料来进行法医实践,但有必要借鉴前人的研究方法来对各地区嗜尸性昆虫群落演替展开调查研究,发现当地的优势物种,并加以饲养,进一步研究其生长发育规律,逐步建立适合于当地的嗜尸性昆虫种类的数据库和推测系统,为法医实践提供依据。对嗜尸性昆虫,尤其是嗜尸性丽蝇进行快速、准确的种类鉴定,是PMI推断的关键环节,有着特别重要的作用。丽蝇往往是第一批到达尸体并产卵的嗜尸性昆虫,具有重要的法医学意义,但一些近缘丽蝇物种和丽蝇幼虫之间的鉴别尚缺乏明显的形态学特征。分子生物学物种鉴定技术,是形态学鉴定的有力补充,此类方法快捷、简便、有效。中国地理环境多样,丽蝇种类繁多,还需要积累更多的基因资源来进行鉴定研究。因此有必要在全国范围收集大量丽蝇样本,并开发新的嗜尸性丽蝇的分子标记,完善嗜尸性丽蝇的鉴定系统。同时完善各种嗜尸性蝇类的发育历期、生长曲线、及嗜尸性昆虫的演替等资料。但目前,国内这些方面的资料还很缺乏。
目的
1.在全国多个地区收集丽蝇样本,对我国常见嗜尸性丽蝇的种类、分布及嗜尸特性展开调查,并在长沙地区夏季猪尸体上对常见嗜尸性昆虫群落种类和演替规律进行调查研究。
2.利用278bp COI线粒体基因片段和272bp COI片段对来自全国28个地区的130个丽蝇样本进行种类鉴定,检测这两个基因片段对不同丽蝇物种的鉴别效力,构建并完善我国嗜尸性丽蝇的分子标记系统。
3.饲养优势嗜尸性蝇种,并研究其生长发育规律,为本地区法医昆虫学实践奠定理论基础和提供科学依据。
方法
1.在全国不同经纬度的28个地区,用动物尸体诱捕丽蝇并收集样本。夏季在长沙地区连续三年用猪尸体进行演替实验。
2.用Primer5.0设计引物,用匀浆法、蛋白酶K+酚／氯仿／异戊醇法提取足够的基因组DNA,用Promega试剂盒扩增PCR,用常规琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA和PCR产物。扩增产物用胶回收试剂盒纯化,产物批量送测序。测序结果用Chromas及ClustalW等软件阅读、比对,截取等长度片段。用Mega4.0进行序列分析及系统发育树的构建。将所获得嗜尸性丽蝇基因片段的数据上传GenBank数据库。
3.夏季在室内自然条件下饲养丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇和棕尾别麻蝇,测量它们的幼虫的体长和体重,还测量蝇蛹的长、宽、重,并绘制它们随时间变化的生长曲线图、构建相关方程。
结果
1.三年以来在全国范围17个省28个地区收集了大量丽蝇样本,初步形态学鉴定并选出13种130个丽蝇样本。
2.连续三年夏季在长沙地区野外及室内用猪尸体进行演替实验,发现嗜尸性昆虫29种,分属3目15科。
3.用278bp COI和272bp COI基因片段对来自全国多个地区的丽蝇进行物种鉴定,发现这两个片段均适合于嗜尸性丽蝇的物种鉴定,尤其是一些近缘种类的鉴别。
4.用278bp COI片段进行鉴定时,发现丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata (Meigen,1826)和叉叶绿蝇Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus,1758)存在种内基因地域差异。而272bp COI片段进行鉴定时,发现大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius,1794)和新陆原伏蝇Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy,1830)存在种内基因地域差异。
5.成功地饲养了丝光绿蝇L. sericata、大头金蝇C. megacephala和棕尾别麻蝇Boerttcherisca peregrine (Robineau-Desvordy,1830)。绘制了幼虫体长、体重,蝇蛹长、宽、重随时间变化的生长曲线图。发现幼虫体长和时间的关系吻合三次方程L=aT3+bT2蝇蛹体重则符合一次方程W=aT+b。相关性显著(R2>0.9,P<0.05)其中,L代表蛆长,W代表蛹重,T代表时间,a、b、c、d为常数。
结论
1.在我国多个地区进行嗜尸性丽蝇样本的采集,补充了嗜尸性丽蝇种类及分布资料。
2.三年来在长沙地区进行了嗜尸性昆虫演替实验,对推断PMI等法医实践具有一定的实用价值。
3.短片段COI(278bp COI和272bp COI基因片段),具有快速、简便、经济、有效鉴别物种等优点,适合基层法医工作者应用。
4.向GenBank数据库上传了13种丽蝇物种的145条COI基因片段,完善了数据库并初步构建了我国嗜尸性丽蝇分子标记系统。
5.饲养一些有法医学重要意义的嗜尸性苍蝇并进行生长发育规律研究,获得了一些基础性科学数据,为法医实践工作提供了理论依据,也为今后研究多种嗜尸性蝇类的生长发育规律提供了方法。
Background
In practical applications, forensic entomology is mainly used for the determination of the postmortem interval (PMI). There are two main ways to infer the PMI:Firstly, to study the growth and development laws of the sarcosaphagous insects on the corpses with the PMI. Secondly, to study the insects that are on the corpses and their corresponding succession to provide important clues for inferring the PMI. In different regions, the insect species and their living habits are not the same. China has a vast territory, and the entomological evidence from one region can not be used for the forensic practice in other regions directly. Therefore, creating local databases with related ecological data for the identification of sarcosaphagous insects is strongly recommended. Additionally, it is important to expand the investigations of various regions based on the previous research experience, to investigate the sarcosaphagous insect community succession, to find the dominant species of local regions and to study their growth and development laws. At that point we can establish local database and estimation system suitable for sarcosaphagous insects collected from different sites of Changsha. The rapid and accurate identification of sarcosaphagous insect species, especially the sarcosaphagous calliphorids, is a crucial step for estimation of the PMI. Calliphorids have important forensic significance, because they are usually the first colonizers, and then spawn and breed the next generations on the corpses. The obvious morphological characteristics to differentiate some closely related blowfly species or blowfly larvaes are still lacking. As a strong complement to the morphological identification method, molecular identification technique is a fast, easy, and effective method. Due to the diverse geographical environment in China, Calliphorids have a wide range of species, so more genetic resources still need to be collected for identification studies. It is necessary to collect calliphorid samples nationwide, and find some new molecular markers for calliphorid identification. Meanwhile, it is important to perfect the developmental duration tables and the growth curves of the sarcosaphagous flies as well as the succession data of the sarcosaphagous insects. However, such data are still scarce in China.
Objectives
1. To collect the calliphorid samples in multiple regions of China, and to investigate the species and distribution of some common calliphorids. To study the insect communities and their succession laws on the pig's corpses in the region of Changsha in summer,.
2. To identify the species of130calliphorids collected from28regions in China by278bp COI gene fragment and272bp COI fragment. To detect the ability of two gene fragments to identify some types of blowfly species. To set up and perfect the molecular marker system for Calliphoridae in China.
3. To raise three dominant fly species and study their growth and development laws. To lay the foundation for local practice of forensic entomology.
Methods
1. Animal corpses are used to trap calliphorids in28regions of China in different latitudes and longitudes. Putting pig corpses at selected outdoor and indoor sites for succession experiment in Changsha in summer for three years.
2. The primers for amplification of short COI fragment are designed by Primer5program, mtDNA of all samples are extracted by improved DNA extraction method for grinding tissues or Proteinase K+phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol method, and mtDNA is amplified by the Promega PCR Kit. Conventional agarose gel electrophoresis is used for the detection of DNA and PCR products. Amplification products are purified by gel extraction kit and the purified products are analyzed by dideoxy-chain termination method of Sanger. Sequencing results are aligned by Chromas and clustering analysis is performed by ClustalW software. Finally, the sequences are analyzed by Mega4.0and phylogenetic tree is constructed. Gene data of sarcosaphagous calliphorids collected from different geographic regions and climate conditions are uploaded to GenBank database for accumulating Chinese calliphorid genetic data.
3. L. sericata, C. Megacephala and B. peregrine are raised under the room-temperature in Changsha in summer. The body length and weight of the larvae, the length, width and weight of the pupae are measured, and the growth curves over the time are established.
Results
1. Calliphorids were trapped from28regions across17provinces in the country within three years, samples were obtained and preliminary morphological identification was executed.130samples of13calliphorid species were selected.
2. Succession experiments were carried out at selected outdoor and indoor sites in Changsha in summer for three years.29sarcosaphagous species were found on the pig corpses belonging to three orders and15families respectively.
3.278bp COI fragment and272bp COI fragment were used for the identification of all kinds of calliphoridae species collected all over the country. These results show that the fragments are suitable for identification of the sarcosaphagous calliphoridae species, especially some closely related calliphorid species.
4. When the278bp COI fragments were used for identification, the intraspecific geographical differences were discovered in species L. sericata (Meigen,1826) and L. Caesar (Linnaeus,1758). And when272bp COI fragments were used for identification, the intraspecific geographical differences were discovered in species Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius,1794) and Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy,1830).
5. Three sarcosaphagous fly species were successfully raised, i.e. L. sericata, C. megacephala and Boerttcherisca peregrine (Robineau-Desvordy,1830), and the growth charts of the larval body length and weight, fly pupae length, width and weight changes over the time were drawn. The results indicate that the larval body length and time relations coincide with cubic equation L=aT+bT2+cT+d and fly pupa weight is in line with the simple equation W=aT+b. The correlation was a significant difference (R2>0.9>,P<0.05).(L represents the length of the maggots, W represents the weight of the pupal, T represents the time, a, b, c and d represent constants).
Conclusion
1. A number of calliphorid samples are obtained in various districts around the country. The data concerning species and distribution of calliphorid flies are enriched.
2. The sucession experiments have been carried out in Changsha region for three years, which will have practical forensic significance for the PMI estimation.
3. Short fragments of COI (278bp and272bp) have the advantage of being fast, simple, economic and effective in identification of species. They are suitable for grassroot forensic workers.
4. A large number of COI fragments have been uploaded into the GenBank database. The molecular maker system of calliphorid flies has been preliminarily set up in China.
5. Some forensically important sarcosaphagous fly species have been raised, and a preliminary study has been done into the growth and development laws about them. Some basic and scientific data have been obtained. They will serve as theoretical basis for the forensic work. They will also provide methods for the future research of the growth and development laws of the sarcosaphagous flies.
引文
[1]Cans E P, Haskell N H. Entomology and Death:A Procedural Guide[M]. Ciemson SC:Joyce'Print Shop,1991:80.
[2]Linville J G, Hayes J, Wells J D. Mitochondrial DNA and STR analyses of maggot crop contents:effect of specimen preservation technique[J]. J Forensic Sci,2004,49(2):341-344.
[3]Schoenly K, Goff M L, Early M. A BASIC algorithm for calculating the postmortem interval from arthropod successional data[J]. J Forensic Sci,1992, 37(3):808-823.
[4]Grassberger M, Frank C. Initial study of arthropod succession on pig carrion in a central European urban habitat[J]. J Med Entomol,2004,41(3):511-523.
[5]汤治洲.根据蛆长推断死亡时间的回归方程[J].法医学杂志,1994(3)：113-121.
[6]Wells J D, Lamotte L R. Estiamating maggot age from weight using inverse prediction[J]. J Forensic sic,1995,40(4):585-590.
[7]蔡继峰.现代法医昆虫学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：1-100.
[8]Smith K G V. A Manual of Forensic Entomology [M]. Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1986:1-205.
[9]胡萃.法医昆虫学[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2000：1-366.
[10]Ames C, Turner B, Daniel B. The use of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) to differentiate two UK blowfly species--Calliphora vicina and Calliphora vomitoria[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2006,164(2-3):179-182.
[11]Nelson L A, Wallman J F, Dowton M. Using COI barcodes to identify forensically and medically important blowflies[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2007, 21(1):44-52.
[12]Caterino M S, Cho S, Sperling F A. The current state of insect molecular systematics:a thriving Tower of Babel[J]. Annu Rev Entomol,2000,45:1-54.
[13]时燕薇,刘小山,汪海洋,等.大头金蝇的生物学及其在法医昆虫学上的应用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2008：70-76.
[14]李响,蔡继峰.mtDNA多态性在嗜尸性昆虫种类鉴定中的应用[J].法医学杂志,2011,27(2)：133-138.
[15]陈圣宾,欧阳志云,郑华,等.美洲森林群落beta多样性的纬度梯度性[J]. 生态学报,2011(5)：1334-1340.
[16]张爱兵,张真,王鸿斌.中国枯叶蛾科昆虫地理分布及其与环境的相关性[J].北京林业大学学报,2004,26(4)：54-60.
[17]Goff M L. Comparison of insect species associated with decomposing remains recovered inside dwellings and outdoors on the island of Oahu, Hawaii[J]. J Forensic Sci,1991,36(3):748-753.
[18]杨玉璞,任嘉诚,刘力,等.北京地区尸生性蝇类研究及其在法医鉴定中的应用[J].中国法医学杂志,1998(3)：159-162.
[19]马玉堃,胡萃,闵建雄.杭州地区猪尸体上昆虫群落的组成与演替的初步观察[J].昆虫学报,2000,43(4)：388-393.
[20]李玲,张幼芳,马玉堃.哈尔滨地区常见尸食性昆虫及在猪尸上出现的规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5)：93-96.
[21]王晔,刘敏,孙大宏,等.成都市嗜尸昆虫种类季节变化研究[J].法医学杂志,2003(2)：86-87.
[22]蔡继峰,陶涛,董建国,等.呼和浩特地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性蝇类的研究[J].法医学杂志,2004(3)：133-135.
[23]王江峰,李志钢,余里聪,等.珠江三角洲猪尸体上昆虫群落的演替及其对法医学中死亡时间推断的指示意义[J].昆虫学报,2008(4)：402-410.
[24]蒋莹,蔡继峰,杨玲,等.湖南省永州地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫的研究[J].应用昆虫学报,2011(1)：191-196.
[25]薛万祺,赵建铭.中国蝇类(上)[M].辽宁：辽宁科学技术出版社,1996：1-1365.
[26]薛万祺,赵建铭.中国蝇类(下)[M].辽宁：辽宁科学技术出版社,1996：1366-1657.
[27]周红章,杨玉璞,任嘉诚,等.北京地区法医昆虫学研究—Ⅱ.尸体分解过程中的昆虫种类演替与死亡时间推断[J].中国法医学杂志,1997(2)：79-83.
[28]费旭东.中国丽蝇科分类学研究及在法医昆虫学中应用的探讨[D].沈阳：沈阳师范大学,2011.
[29]陈禄仕.嗜尸昆虫侵袭不同环境中尸体与死后经过时间的实验研究[J].中国法医学杂志,2000(3)：157-160.
[30]周红章,杨玉璞,任嘉诚,等.北京地区法医昆虫学研究Ⅰ.嗜尸性甲虫物种多样性及其地区分异[J].昆虫学报,1997(1)：62-70.
[31]杨玲,蔡继峰,兰玲梅,等.石家庄地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律[J].法医学杂志,2010(4)：253-256.
[32]Amendt J, Krettek R, Zehner R. Forensic entomology[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 2004,91(2):51-65.
[33]Anderson G S. Determining time of death using blow fly eggs in the early postmortem interval[J]. International Journal of Legal Medicine,2004,118(4): 240.
[34]Saigusa K, Matsumasa M, Yashima Y, et al. Practical applications of molecular biological species identification of forensically important flies[J]. Leg Med (Tokyo),2009,11 Suppl 1:S344-S347.
[35]Stevens J, Wall R. Genetic relationships between blowflies (Calliphoridae) of forensic importance[J], Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):116-123.
[36]Wallman J F, Donnellan S C. The utility of mitochondrial DNA sequences for the identification of forensically important blowflies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) in southeastern Australia[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):60-67.
[37]郭亚东,蔡继峰,苏日娜,等.常见嗜尸性甲虫及蝇类虫体不同部位mtDNA的提取效果[J].法医学杂志,2010(5)：336-339.
[38]Brown W M, Prager E M, Wang A, et al. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates:tempo and mode of evolution[J]. J Mol Evol,1982,18(4):225-239.
[39]Wennemann L. Kulturelle Entomologie II[J]. Gesunde Pflanzen,2004,56(2): 61-62.
[40]Harvey M L, Gaudieri S, Villet M H, et al. A global study of forensically significant calliphorids:implications for identification[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008, 177(1):66-76.
[41]Malgorn Y, Coquoz R. DNA typing for identification of some species of Calliphoridae. An interest in forensic entomology [J]. Forensic Sci Int,1999, 102(2-3):111-119.
[42]Hwang C C, Turner B D. Small-scaled geographical variation in life-history traits of the blowfly Calliphora vicina between rural and urban populations[J]. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2009,132(3):218-224.
[43]Mohanty A, Swain S, Kar S K, et al. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationship of Anopheles species, subgenus Cellia (Diptera:Culicidae) and using it to define the relationship of morphologically similar species[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2009,9(6):1204-1224.
[44]Forgie S A, Kryger U, Bloomer P, et al. Evolutionary relationships among the Scarabaeini (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae) based on combined molecular and morphological data[J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2006,40(3): 662-678.
[45]Martinez-Navarro E M, Galian J, Serrano J. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the tribe Harpalini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome-oxidase I[J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol,2005,35(1): 127-146.
[46]Maus C, Peschke K, Dobler S. Phylogeny of the genus Aleochara inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase sequences (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae)[J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol,2001,18(2):202-216.
[47]Lunt D H, Zhang D X, Szymura J M, et al. The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene:evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies[J]. Insect Mol Biol,1996,5(3):153-165.
[48]Caine L M, Real F C, Salona-Bordas M I, et al. DNA typing of Diptera collected from human corpses in Portugal[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2009,184(1-3): e21-e23.
[49]Desmyter S, Gosselin M. COI sequence variability between Chrysomyinae of forensic interest[J]. Forensic Sci Int Genet,2009,3(2):89-95.
[50]Reibe S, Schmitz J, Madea B. Molecular identification of forensically important blowfly species (Diptera:Calliphoridae) from Germany [J]. Parasitol Res,2009,106(1):257-261.
[51]Saigusa K, Takamiya M, Aoki Y. Species identification of the forensically important flies in Iwate prefecture, Japan based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene subunit I (COI) sequences[J]. Leg Med (Tokyo),2005,7(3):175-178.
[52]Wallman J F, Leys R, Hogendoorn K. Molecular systematics of Australian carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) based on mitochondrial DNA[J]. Invertebrate Systematics,2005,19(1):1-15.
[53]Harvey M L, Dadour I R, Gaudieri S. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene:potential for distinction between immature stages of some forensically important fly species (Diptera) in western Australia[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2003, 131(2-3):134-139.
[54]Harvey M L, Mansell M W, Villet M H, et al. Molecular identification of some forensically important blowflies of southern Africa and Australia[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2003,17(4):363-369.
[55]杨立,蔡继峰,文继舫,等.中国14省不同地区常见嗜尸性苍蝇mtDNA中COI基因序列检测[J].中南大学学报(医学版),2010(8)：819-825.
[56]Wells J D, Wall R, Stevens J R. Phylogenetic analysis of forensically important Lucilia flies based on cytochrome oxidase I sequence:a cautionary tale for forensic species determination[J]. Int J Legal Med,2007,121(3):229-233.
[57]Cai J F, Liu M, Ying B W, et al. The availability of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene for the distinction of forensically important flies in China[J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica,2005,48:380-385.
[58]Wells J D, Sperling F A. Molecular phylogeny of Chrysomya albiceps and C. rufifacies (Diptera:Calliphoridae)[J]. J Med Entomol,1999,36(3):222-226.
[59]陈庆,白洁,刘力,等.北京地区7种常见嗜尸性蝇类的COI基因序列分析及DNA条形码的建立[J].昆虫学报,2009(2)：202-209.
[60]Christensen A M. The impact of Daubert:implications for testimony and research in forensic anthropology (and the use of frontal sinuses in personal identification)[J]. J Forensic Sci,2004,49(3):427-430.
[61]Alessandrini F, Mazzanti M, Onofri V, et al. MtDNA analysis for genetic identification of forensically important insects[J]. Forensic Science International:Genetics Supplement Series,2008,1(1):584-585.
[62]朴美花,陈学新,何俊华.膜翅目昆虫干标本的基因组的提取方法[J].动物分类学报,2002,27(4)：672-676.
[63]安瑞生,谭声江,陈晓峰.小型昆虫DNA提取时匀浆方法的改进[J].昆虫知识,2002(4)：311-312.
[64]Sperling F A, Anderson G S, Hickey D A. A DNA-based approach to the identification of insect species used for postmortem interval estimation[J]. J Forensic Sci,1994,39(2):418-427.
[65]王勇,陈克平,姚勤.系统发生分析软件PAUP和TreePuzzle使用方法介绍[J].安徽农业科学,2008(2)：818-821.
[66]Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, et al. MEGA4:Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0[J]. Mol Biol Evol,2007,24(8): 1596-1599.
[67]Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2004,101(30): 11030-11035.
[68]Sneath P H A, Sokal R R. Numerical taxonomy[M]. San Francisco:W. H. Freeman,1973:1937-1941.
[69]Tourle R, Downie D A, Villet M H. Flies in the ointment:a morphological and molecular comparison of Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in South Africa[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2009,23(1):6-14.
[70]Ying B W, Liu T T, Fan H, et al. The application of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II gene for the identification of forensically important blowflies in Western China[J]. Am J Forensic Med Pathol,2007,28(4): 308-313.
[71]Stevens J R, Wall R, Wells J D. Paraphyly in Hawaiian hybrid blowfly populations and the evolutionary history of anthropophilic species [J]. Insect Mol Biol,2002,11(2):141-148.
[72]Stevens J, Wall R. Classification of the genus Lucilia (Diptera:Calliphoridae): a preliminary parsimony analysis[J]. Journal of Natural History,1996,30(7): 1087-1094.
[73]Park S H, Zhang Y, Piao H, et al. Use of Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) Nucleotide Sequences for Identification of the Korean Luciliinae Fly Species (Diptera:Calliphoridae) in Forensic Investigations [J]. J Korean Med Sci,2009, 24(6):1058-1063.
[74]Wells J D, Sperling F A. DNA-based identification of forensically important Chrysomyinae (Diptera:Calliphoridae)[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2): 110-115.
[75]Wells J D, Pape T, Sperling F A. DNA-based identification and molecular systematics of forensically important Sarcophagidae (Diptera)[J]. J Forensic Sci, 2001,46(5):1098-1102.
[76]蒙世杰,李笑松.我国大陆部分地区黑腹果蝇群体线粒体DNA多态性研究[J].动物学研究,1998(4)：45-50.
[77]Cai J F, Lan L M, Chen Y Q, et al. Relationship between COII Gene of mtDNA of Lucilia Sericata and Latitude Interval.[J]. Jounal Of Forensic Medicine,2006(22):401-403.
[78]Picard C J, Wells J D. The population genetic structure of North American Lucilia sericata (Diptera:Calliphoridae), and the utility of genetic assignment methods for reconstruction of postmortem corpse relocation[JJ. Forensic Sci Int,2010,195(1-3):63-67.
[79]Frezal L, Leblois R. Four years of DNA barcoding:current advances and prospects[J]. Infect Genet Evol,2008,8(5):727-736.
[80]Vincent S, Vian J, Carlotti M P. Partial sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase b subunit gene I:a tool for the identification of European species of blow flies for postmortem interval estimation[J]. J. Forensic Sci.,2000,45:820-823.
[81]Sukontason K, Sribanditmongkol P, Ngoen-Klan R, et al. Differentiation between Lucilia cuprina and Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Diptera:Calliphoridae) larvae for use in forensic entomology applications[J]. Parasitol Res,2010, 106(3):641-646.
[82]Patterson C. Molecules and morphology in evolution:conflict or compromise [M]. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]:Cambridge University Press,1987:229.
[83]Tantawi T I, Greenberg B. Chrysomya albiceps and C. rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae):Contribution to an Ongoing Taxonomic Problem[J]. Journal of Medical Entomology,1993,30(3):646-648.
[84]张亚平,施立明.动物线粒体DNA多态性的研究概况[J].动物学研究,1992(3)：289-298.
[85]Vanin S, Tasinato P, Ducolin G, et al. Use of Lucilia species for forensic investigations in Southern Europe[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,177(1):37-41.
[86]Wang J, Li Z, Chen Y, et al. The succession and development of insects on pig carcasses and their significances in estimating PMI in south China[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,179(1):11-18.
[87]郭亚东.常见嗜尸性麻蝇分子标记的检测及地区基因库的建立[D].长沙：中南大学,2012.
[88]Wells J D, Stevens J R. Application of DNA-Based Methods in Forensic Entomology[J]. Annual Review of Entomology,2008,53(1):103-120.
[89]陈禄仕.积温法则进行死亡时间推断[J].法医学杂志,2006,22(6)：438-458.
[90]王江峰,陈玉川,胡萃,等.温度对丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata幼虫体长变化的影响[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2000(S3)：141-145.
[91]Davies L, Ratcliffe G G. Development rates of some pre-adult stages in blowflies with reference to low temperatures[J]. Med Vet Entomol,1994,8(3): 245-254.
[92]牛青山,潘永峰,温志成,等.丝光绿蝇的发育速度和有效积温的实验观察及其法医学应用[J].中国法医学杂志,2000(4)：214-216.
[93]Greenberg B. Flies as forensic indicators[J]. J Med Entomol,1991,28(5):565-577.
[94]汪海洋,时燕薇,刘小山,等.不同温度条件下棕尾别麻蝇的生长发育及其在法医学上的意义[J].环境昆虫学报,2010,32(2)：166-172.
[95]王江峰,胡萃, 陈玉川,等.温度对大头金蝇Chrysomyia megacephala(Fabricius)幼虫体长变化的影响[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2002(2)：100-105.
[96]吴殿鹏,毛润乾,郭明昉,等.温度对大头金蝇生长发育的影响及其用于PMI推断的探讨[J].环境昆虫学报,2010(3)：318-321.
[97]Niederegger S, Pastuschek J, Mall G. Preliminary studies of the influence of fluctuating temperatures on the development of various forensically relevant flies[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2010,199(1-3):72-78.
[98]Mateos M, Leon A, Gonzalez H P, et al. [Lucilia sericata infestation of the skin openings for the bone traction device in lengthening of the tibia:apropos of a case][J]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin,1990,8(6):365-367.
[99]Minar J, Herold J, Eliskova J. [Nosocomial myiasis in Central Europe][J]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol,1995,44(2):81-83.
[100]王江峰,胡萃,闵建雄.不同尸体材料上蝇类滋生及丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata生长发育比较[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,1999(1)：55-60.
[101]马玉堃,胡萃.杭州地区尸食性昆虫种类与生物学特性的初步研究[J].浙江农业大学学报,1997,23(4)：375-380.
[102]艾予川,许兵红,李鹏云.一种简便的丝光绿蝇的幼虫饲养方法[J].新乡医学院学报,1996,16(2)：179-180.
[103]范滋德.中国常见蝇类检索表[M].北京：科学出版社,1992：300-500.
[104]Grassberger M, Reiter C. Effect of temperature on Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development with special reference to the isomegalen-and isomorphen-diagram[J]. Forensic Scilnt,2001,120(1-2):32-36.
[105]Greenberg B, Szyska M L. Immature stages and biology of fifteen species of Peruvian Calliphoridae (Diptera)[J]. Ann Entomol Soc Amer,1984,77:488-517.
[106]Vanlaerhoven S L. Blind validation of postmortem interval estimates using developmental rates of blow flies[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,180(2-3):76-80.
[107]熊平,郭萍,曾桥.丽蝇生长发育与死亡时间的相关研究[J].法医学杂志,2002(2)：71-73.
[108]闫立强.大连地区丽蝇生长发育与死亡时间的相关研究[J].辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005(3)：345-346.
[109]郑旭东,张广政,孟宪生,等.郑州地区夏季丝光绿蝇生长发育规律观察 [J].郑州大学学报(医学版),2005(4)：716-718.
[110]郑旭东,李治华,张益鹄,等.郑州地区初秋季节嗜尸性麻蝇生长发育规律的初步研究[J].华西医学,2005,20(3)：438-439.
[111]陈禄仕.贵阳市郊嗜尸蝇类群落组成及生长观察[J].中国法医学杂志,2011,26(3)：204-206.
[112]陈禄仕,徐庆,施枫.利用嗜尸性蝇类生活史推测死亡时间[J].法医学杂志,2010(5)：332-335.
[113]Sehnal F. Growth and life cycles[Z]. Compr. Insect Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol,1988:2,1-86.
[1]胡萃.法医昆虫学[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2000：1-366.
[2]Kulshrestha P, Satpathy D K. Use of beetles in forensic entomology [J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):15-17.
[3]Ururahy-Rodrigues A, Rafael J A, Wanderley R F, et al. Coprophanaeus lancifer (Linnaeus,1767) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) activity moves a man-size pig carcass:relevant data for forensic taphonomy[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,182(1-3): e19-e22.
[4]蔡继峰.现代法医昆虫学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：1-100.
[5]Amendt J, Krettek R, Zehner R. Forensic entomology [J]. Naturwissenschaften, 2004,91(2):51-65.
[6]叶鲁思,彭倩宜,蔡继峰.嗜尸性昆虫分解尸体影响因素的研究进展[J].环境昆虫学报,2010(4)：538-543.
[7]Benecke M, Josephi E, Zweihoff R. Neglect of the elderly:forensic entomology cases and considerations[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2004,146 Suppl:S195-S199.
[8]Benecke M, Lessig R. Child neglect and forensic entomology [J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):155-159.
[9]中国法医学会.中国法医学最新科研究实践(2)-全国第七次法医学术交流会论文精选[M].北京：人民公安出版社,2005：1-100.
[10]Amendt J, Campobasso C P, Gaudry E, et al. Best practice in forensic entomology-standards and guidelines[J]. Int J Legal Med,2007,121(2):90-104.
[11]吴虹,何琳,陈之梓,等.上海地区最常见嗜尸性蝇类三龄幼虫图解检索表[J].华东昆虫学报,2005,14(4)：303-306.
[12]Mendonca P M, Dos Santos-Mallet J R, de Mello R P, et al. Identification of fly eggs using scanning electron microscopy for forensic investigations[J]. Micron, 2008,39(7):802-807.
[13]Sukontason K, Methanitikorn R, Kurahashi H, et al. External morphology of Chrysomya pinguis (Walker) (Diptera:Calliphoridae) revealed by scanning electron microscopy[J]. Micron,2008,39(2):190-197.
[14]Greenberg B, Singh D. Species identification of calliphorid (Diptera) eggs[J]. J Med Entomol,1995,32(1):21-26.
[15]王贺,王玲,李泽民.不同温度下铜绿蝇蛹期发育形态观察[J].中国法医学杂志,2008(5)：324-326.
[16]王江峰,胡萃,陈玉川,等.用巨尾阿丽蝇蛹期发育形态来推断死者PMI[J].昆虫学报,2002(5)：696-699.
[17]王江峰,陈玉川,胡萃,等.丝光绿蝇蛹发育形态学用于PMI判断的研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2000：250-254.
[18]Richards C S, Simonsen T J, Abel R L, et al. Virtual forensic entomology: Improving estimates of minimum post-mortem interval with 3D micro-computed tomography[J]. Forensic Science International,2012,220(1-3):251-264.
[19]Wells J D, Sperling F A. Molecular phylogeny of Chrysomya albiceps and C. rufifacies (Diptera:Calliphoridae)[J]. J Med Entomol,1999,36(3):222-226.
[20]Byrd J H, L. C J. Forensic Entomology—The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations[M]. Boca Raton:CRC Press,2001:1-300.
[21]Stevens J, Wall R. Genetic relationships between blowflies (Calliphoridae) of forensic importance [J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):116-123.
[22]方琦,姚洪渭,叶恭银.蛋白质组学在昆虫学研究中应用进展[J].浙江农业学报,2006(6)：466-470.
[23]Avise J C. Ten unorthodox perspectives on evolution prompted by comparative population genetic findings on mitochondrial DNA[J]. Annu Rev Genet,1991, 25:45-69.
[24]Bermingham E, Lamb T, Avise J C. Size polymorphism and heteroplasmy in the mitochondrial DNA of lower vertebrates [J]. J Hered,1986,77(4):249-252.
[25]Clary D O, Wolstenholme D R. The mitochondrial DNA molecular of Drosophila yakuba:nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code[J]. J Mol Evol,1985,22(3):252-271.
[26]Fauron C M R, Wolstenholme D R. Intraspectific diversity of nucleotide sequences within the adenine+ thym ine-rich region of mitochondrial DNA molecules of Drosophila simulans[J]. Nucleic Acids Res,1900,8:5391-5410.
[27]成新跃,周红章,张广学.分子生物学技术在昆虫系统学研究中的应用[J].动物分类学报,2000(2)：121-133.
[28]Sperling F A, Anderson G S, Hickey D A. A DNA-based approach to the identification of insect species used for postmortem interval estimation[J]. J Forensic Sci,1994,39(2):418-427.
[29]Schena M, Heller R A, Theriault T P, et al. Microarrays:biotechnology's discovery platform for functional genomics[J]. Trends in Biotechnology,1998, 16-(7):301-306.
[30]Song Z, Wang X, Liang G. Species identification of some common sarcosaphagous flies in Guangdong province, southern China based on the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,175(1):17-22.
[31]Wells J D, Pape T, Sperling F A. DNA-based identification and molecular systematics of forensically important Sarcophagidae (Diptera)[J]. J Forensic Sci, 2001,46(5):1098-1102.
[32]孙晓明,蔡继峰,应斌武,等.16SrDNA序列分析在嗜尸性蝇类鉴定中的应 用[J].法医学杂志,2006(1)：36-38.
[33]蔡继峰,刘敏,应斌武,等.成都地区四种食尸性蝇类mtDNA中COⅠ基因序列检测[J].昆虫学报,2005(1)：101-106.
[34]蔡继峰,廖生,刘敏,等.嗜尸性苍蝇mtDNA中COⅠ和COⅡ基因序列检测及法医学应用[J].四川大学学报(医学版),2005(3)：393-396.
[35]Wallman J F, Leys R, Hogendoom K. Molecular systematics of Australian carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) based on mitochondrial DNA[J]. Invertebrate Systematics,2005,19(1):1-15.
[36]Saigusa K, Takamiya M, Aoki Y. Species identification of the forensically important flies in Iwate prefecture, Japan based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene subunit I (COI) sequences[J]. Leg Med (Tokyo),2005,7(3): 175-178.
[37]Ames C, Turner B, Daniel B. The use of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) to differentiate two UK blowfly species -- Calliphora vicina and Calliphora vomitoria[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2006,164(2-3):179-182.
[38]Alessandrini F, Mazzanti M, Onofri V, et al. MtDNA analysis for genetic identification of forensically important insects[J]. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series,2008,1(1):584-585.
[39]Desmyter S, Gosselin M. COI sequence variability between Chrysomyinae of forensic interest[J]. Forensic Sci Int Genet,2009,3(2):89-95.
[40]Caine L M, Real F C, Salona-Bordas M I, et al. DNA typing of Diptera collected from human corpses in Portugal[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2009,184(1-3):e21-e23.
[41]陈庆,白洁,刘力,等.北京地区7种常见嗜尸性蝇类的COI基因序列分析及DNA条形码的建立[J].昆虫学报,2009(2)：202-209.
[42]Sperling F A, Anderson G S, Hickey D A. A DNA-based approach to the identification of insect species used for postmortem interval estimation[J]. J Forensic Sci,1994,39(2):418-427.
[43]Schroeder H, Klotzbach H, Elias S, et al. Use of PCR-RFLP for differentiation of calliphorid larvae (Diptera, Calliphoridae) on human corpses[J]. Forensic Sci Int, 2003,132(1):76-81.
[44]蒙世杰,李笑松.我国大陆部分地区黑腹果蝇群体线粒体DNA多态性研究[J].动物学研究,1998(4)：45-50.
[45]王江峰,尹晓宏,陈玉川.五种常见嗜尸性蝇类的分子鉴定[J].昆虫学报,2007(4)：423-428.
[46]赵瑞君,尹镭,乔中东,等.四种蝇的随机序列扩增多态性分析[J].实用寄生虫病杂志,1996(1)：4-6.
[47]Benecke M. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing of necrophageous insects (Diptera, Coleoptera) in criminal forensic studies: validation and use in practice[J]. Forensic Sci Int,1998,98(3):157-168.
[48]He L, Wang S, Miao X, et al. Identification of sarcosaphagous fly species using ISSR and SCAR markers[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2007,168(2-3):148-153.
[49]胡佳林,郑学礼,王倩,等.应用简单序列重复区间扩增多态性分子标记鉴定我国12个城市与地区常见嗜尸蝇类的研究[J].南方医科大学学报,2008(4)：524-528.
[50]Xu X, Peng M, Fang Z, et al. The direction of micro satellite mutations is dependent upon allele length [J].2000,24(4):396-399.
[51]Felsenstein J. Phylogenies from molecular sequences:inference and reliability [J]. Annu Rev Genet,1988,22:521-565.
[52]赵子琴.法医病理学(第四版)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004.
[53]牛青山,潘永峰,温志成,等.丝光绿蝇的发育速度和有效积温的实验观察及其法医学应用[J].中国法医学杂志,2000(4)：214-216.
[54]朱光辉,叶恭银,胡萃.昆虫虫龄的分级方法[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2000：159-164.
[55]汤治洲.根据蛆长推断PMI的回归方程[J].法医学杂志,1994(3)：113-121.
[56]Wells J D, Lamotte L R. Estiamating maggot age from weight using inverse prediction[J]. J Forensic sic,1995,40(4):585-590.
[57]王江峰,胡萃,陈玉川,等.巨尾阿丽蝇幼虫发育形态学及其在死者PMI推断中的应用[J].昆虫学报,2002(2)：265-270.
[58]王贺,王玲,李泽民.不同温度下铜绿蝇蛹期发育形态观察[J].中国法医学杂志,2008(5)：324-326.
[59]朱光辉,叶恭银,胡萃,等.应用蝶啶荧光分析法推断绯颜裸金蝇成虫日龄[J].汕头大学医学院学报,2007(2)：122-125.
[60]杨玲,蔡继峰,兰玲梅,等.石家庄地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律[J].法医学杂志,2010(4)：253-256.
[61]Turchetto M, Vanin S. [Forensic entomology and globalisation][J]. Parassitologia, 2004,46(1-2):187-190.
[62]Bourel B, Tournel G, Hedouin V, et al. Entomofauna of buried bodies in northern France[J]. Int J Legal Med,2004,118(4):215-220.
[63]Arnaldos M I, Romera E, Presa J J, et al. Studies on seasonal arthropod succession on carrion in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula[J]. Int J Legal Med, 2004,118(4):197-205.
[64]周红章,杨玉璞,任嘉诚,等.北京地区法医昆虫学研究Ⅰ.嗜尸性甲虫物种多样性及其地区分异[J].昆虫学报,1997(1)：62-70.
[65]马玉堃,胡萃.杭州地区尸食性昆虫种类与生物学特性的初步研究[J].浙江农业大学学报,1997,23(4)：375-380.
[66]李玲,张幼芳,马玉堃.哈尔滨地区常见尸食性昆虫及在猪尸上出现的规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5)：93-96.
[67]王晔,刘敏,孙大宏,等.成都市嗜尸昆虫种类季节变化研究[J].法医学杂志,2003(2)：86-87.
[68]蔡继峰,陶涛,董建国,等.呼和浩特地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性蝇类的研究[J].法医学杂志,2004(3)：133-135.
[69]王江峰,李志钢,余里聪,等.珠江三角洲猪尸体上昆虫群落的演替及其对法医学中PMI推断的指示意义[J].昆虫学报,2008(4)：402-410.
[70]黄瑞亭.法医昆虫学研究进展[J].法律与医学杂志,1994(1)：35-37.
[71]王江峰,万香波,陈玉川.欧洲第四届法医昆虫学大会介绍与分析[J].政法学刊,2007(3)：89-91.
[72]胡硕雷.凶杀案的告密者[J].科技文萃,2005(10)：50-54.
[2]Linville J G, Hayes J, Wells J D. Mitochondrial DNA and STR analyses of maggot crop contents:effect of specimen preservation technique[J]. J Forensic Sci,2004,49(2):341-344.
[3]Schoenly K, Goff M L, Early M. A BASIC algorithm for calculating the postmortem interval from arthropod successional data[J]. J Forensic Sci,1992, 37(3):808-823.
[4]Grassberger M, Frank C. Initial study of arthropod succession on pig carrion in a central European urban habitat[J]. J Med Entomol,2004,41(3):511-523.
[5]汤治洲.根据蛆长推断死亡时间的回归方程[J].法医学杂志,1994(3)：113-121.
[6]Wells J D, Lamotte L R. Estiamating maggot age from weight using inverse prediction[J]. J Forensic sic,1995,40(4):585-590.
[7]蔡继峰.现代法医昆虫学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：1-100.
[8]Smith K G V. A Manual of Forensic Entomology [M]. Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1986:1-205.
[9]胡萃.法医昆虫学[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2000：1-366.
[10]Ames C, Turner B, Daniel B. The use of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) to differentiate two UK blowfly species--Calliphora vicina and Calliphora vomitoria[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2006,164(2-3):179-182.
[11]Nelson L A, Wallman J F, Dowton M. Using COI barcodes to identify forensically and medically important blowflies[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2007, 21(1):44-52.
[12]Caterino M S, Cho S, Sperling F A. The current state of insect molecular systematics:a thriving Tower of Babel[J]. Annu Rev Entomol,2000,45:1-54.
[13]时燕薇,刘小山,汪海洋,等.大头金蝇的生物学及其在法医昆虫学上的应用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2008：70-76.
[14]李响,蔡继峰.mtDNA多态性在嗜尸性昆虫种类鉴定中的应用[J].法医学杂志,2011,27(2)：133-138.
[15]陈圣宾,欧阳志云,郑华,等.美洲森林群落beta多样性的纬度梯度性[J]. 生态学报,2011(5)：1334-1340.
[16]张爱兵,张真,王鸿斌.中国枯叶蛾科昆虫地理分布及其与环境的相关性[J].北京林业大学学报,2004,26(4)：54-60.
[17]Goff M L. Comparison of insect species associated with decomposing remains recovered inside dwellings and outdoors on the island of Oahu, Hawaii[J]. J Forensic Sci,1991,36(3):748-753.
[18]杨玉璞,任嘉诚,刘力,等.北京地区尸生性蝇类研究及其在法医鉴定中的应用[J].中国法医学杂志,1998(3)：159-162.
[19]马玉堃,胡萃,闵建雄.杭州地区猪尸体上昆虫群落的组成与演替的初步观察[J].昆虫学报,2000,43(4)：388-393.
[20]李玲,张幼芳,马玉堃.哈尔滨地区常见尸食性昆虫及在猪尸上出现的规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5)：93-96.
[21]王晔,刘敏,孙大宏,等.成都市嗜尸昆虫种类季节变化研究[J].法医学杂志,2003(2)：86-87.
[22]蔡继峰,陶涛,董建国,等.呼和浩特地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性蝇类的研究[J].法医学杂志,2004(3)：133-135.
[23]王江峰,李志钢,余里聪,等.珠江三角洲猪尸体上昆虫群落的演替及其对法医学中死亡时间推断的指示意义[J].昆虫学报,2008(4)：402-410.
[24]蒋莹,蔡继峰,杨玲,等.湖南省永州地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫的研究[J].应用昆虫学报,2011(1)：191-196.
[25]薛万祺,赵建铭.中国蝇类(上)[M].辽宁：辽宁科学技术出版社,1996：1-1365.
[26]薛万祺,赵建铭.中国蝇类(下)[M].辽宁：辽宁科学技术出版社,1996：1366-1657.
[27]周红章,杨玉璞,任嘉诚,等.北京地区法医昆虫学研究—Ⅱ.尸体分解过程中的昆虫种类演替与死亡时间推断[J].中国法医学杂志,1997(2)：79-83.
[28]费旭东.中国丽蝇科分类学研究及在法医昆虫学中应用的探讨[D].沈阳：沈阳师范大学,2011.
[29]陈禄仕.嗜尸昆虫侵袭不同环境中尸体与死后经过时间的实验研究[J].中国法医学杂志,2000(3)：157-160.
[30]周红章,杨玉璞,任嘉诚,等.北京地区法医昆虫学研究Ⅰ.嗜尸性甲虫物种多样性及其地区分异[J].昆虫学报,1997(1)：62-70.
[31]杨玲,蔡继峰,兰玲梅,等.石家庄地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律[J].法医学杂志,2010(4)：253-256.
[32]Amendt J, Krettek R, Zehner R. Forensic entomology[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 2004,91(2):51-65.
[33]Anderson G S. Determining time of death using blow fly eggs in the early postmortem interval[J]. International Journal of Legal Medicine,2004,118(4): 240.
[34]Saigusa K, Matsumasa M, Yashima Y, et al. Practical applications of molecular biological species identification of forensically important flies[J]. Leg Med (Tokyo),2009,11 Suppl 1:S344-S347.
[35]Stevens J, Wall R. Genetic relationships between blowflies (Calliphoridae) of forensic importance[J], Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):116-123.
[36]Wallman J F, Donnellan S C. The utility of mitochondrial DNA sequences for the identification of forensically important blowflies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) in southeastern Australia[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):60-67.
[37]郭亚东,蔡继峰,苏日娜,等.常见嗜尸性甲虫及蝇类虫体不同部位mtDNA的提取效果[J].法医学杂志,2010(5)：336-339.
[38]Brown W M, Prager E M, Wang A, et al. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates:tempo and mode of evolution[J]. J Mol Evol,1982,18(4):225-239.
[39]Wennemann L. Kulturelle Entomologie II[J]. Gesunde Pflanzen,2004,56(2): 61-62.
[40]Harvey M L, Gaudieri S, Villet M H, et al. A global study of forensically significant calliphorids:implications for identification[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008, 177(1):66-76.
[41]Malgorn Y, Coquoz R. DNA typing for identification of some species of Calliphoridae. An interest in forensic entomology [J]. Forensic Sci Int,1999, 102(2-3):111-119.
[42]Hwang C C, Turner B D. Small-scaled geographical variation in life-history traits of the blowfly Calliphora vicina between rural and urban populations[J]. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2009,132(3):218-224.
[43]Mohanty A, Swain S, Kar S K, et al. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationship of Anopheles species, subgenus Cellia (Diptera:Culicidae) and using it to define the relationship of morphologically similar species[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2009,9(6):1204-1224.
[44]Forgie S A, Kryger U, Bloomer P, et al. Evolutionary relationships among the Scarabaeini (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae) based on combined molecular and morphological data[J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2006,40(3): 662-678.
[45]Martinez-Navarro E M, Galian J, Serrano J. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the tribe Harpalini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome-oxidase I[J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol,2005,35(1): 127-146.
[46]Maus C, Peschke K, Dobler S. Phylogeny of the genus Aleochara inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase sequences (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae)[J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol,2001,18(2):202-216.
[47]Lunt D H, Zhang D X, Szymura J M, et al. The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene:evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies[J]. Insect Mol Biol,1996,5(3):153-165.
[48]Caine L M, Real F C, Salona-Bordas M I, et al. DNA typing of Diptera collected from human corpses in Portugal[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2009,184(1-3): e21-e23.
[49]Desmyter S, Gosselin M. COI sequence variability between Chrysomyinae of forensic interest[J]. Forensic Sci Int Genet,2009,3(2):89-95.
[50]Reibe S, Schmitz J, Madea B. Molecular identification of forensically important blowfly species (Diptera:Calliphoridae) from Germany [J]. Parasitol Res,2009,106(1):257-261.
[51]Saigusa K, Takamiya M, Aoki Y. Species identification of the forensically important flies in Iwate prefecture, Japan based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene subunit I (COI) sequences[J]. Leg Med (Tokyo),2005,7(3):175-178.
[52]Wallman J F, Leys R, Hogendoorn K. Molecular systematics of Australian carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) based on mitochondrial DNA[J]. Invertebrate Systematics,2005,19(1):1-15.
[53]Harvey M L, Dadour I R, Gaudieri S. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene:potential for distinction between immature stages of some forensically important fly species (Diptera) in western Australia[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2003, 131(2-3):134-139.
[54]Harvey M L, Mansell M W, Villet M H, et al. Molecular identification of some forensically important blowflies of southern Africa and Australia[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2003,17(4):363-369.
[55]杨立,蔡继峰,文继舫,等.中国14省不同地区常见嗜尸性苍蝇mtDNA中COI基因序列检测[J].中南大学学报(医学版),2010(8)：819-825.
[56]Wells J D, Wall R, Stevens J R. Phylogenetic analysis of forensically important Lucilia flies based on cytochrome oxidase I sequence:a cautionary tale for forensic species determination[J]. Int J Legal Med,2007,121(3):229-233.
[57]Cai J F, Liu M, Ying B W, et al. The availability of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene for the distinction of forensically important flies in China[J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica,2005,48:380-385.
[58]Wells J D, Sperling F A. Molecular phylogeny of Chrysomya albiceps and C. rufifacies (Diptera:Calliphoridae)[J]. J Med Entomol,1999,36(3):222-226.
[59]陈庆,白洁,刘力,等.北京地区7种常见嗜尸性蝇类的COI基因序列分析及DNA条形码的建立[J].昆虫学报,2009(2)：202-209.
[60]Christensen A M. The impact of Daubert:implications for testimony and research in forensic anthropology (and the use of frontal sinuses in personal identification)[J]. J Forensic Sci,2004,49(3):427-430.
[61]Alessandrini F, Mazzanti M, Onofri V, et al. MtDNA analysis for genetic identification of forensically important insects[J]. Forensic Science International:Genetics Supplement Series,2008,1(1):584-585.
[62]朴美花,陈学新,何俊华.膜翅目昆虫干标本的基因组的提取方法[J].动物分类学报,2002,27(4)：672-676.
[63]安瑞生,谭声江,陈晓峰.小型昆虫DNA提取时匀浆方法的改进[J].昆虫知识,2002(4)：311-312.
[64]Sperling F A, Anderson G S, Hickey D A. A DNA-based approach to the identification of insect species used for postmortem interval estimation[J]. J Forensic Sci,1994,39(2):418-427.
[65]王勇,陈克平,姚勤.系统发生分析软件PAUP和TreePuzzle使用方法介绍[J].安徽农业科学,2008(2)：818-821.
[66]Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, et al. MEGA4:Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0[J]. Mol Biol Evol,2007,24(8): 1596-1599.
[67]Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2004,101(30): 11030-11035.
[68]Sneath P H A, Sokal R R. Numerical taxonomy[M]. San Francisco:W. H. Freeman,1973:1937-1941.
[69]Tourle R, Downie D A, Villet M H. Flies in the ointment:a morphological and molecular comparison of Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in South Africa[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2009,23(1):6-14.
[70]Ying B W, Liu T T, Fan H, et al. The application of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II gene for the identification of forensically important blowflies in Western China[J]. Am J Forensic Med Pathol,2007,28(4): 308-313.
[71]Stevens J R, Wall R, Wells J D. Paraphyly in Hawaiian hybrid blowfly populations and the evolutionary history of anthropophilic species [J]. Insect Mol Biol,2002,11(2):141-148.
[72]Stevens J, Wall R. Classification of the genus Lucilia (Diptera:Calliphoridae): a preliminary parsimony analysis[J]. Journal of Natural History,1996,30(7): 1087-1094.
[73]Park S H, Zhang Y, Piao H, et al. Use of Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) Nucleotide Sequences for Identification of the Korean Luciliinae Fly Species (Diptera:Calliphoridae) in Forensic Investigations [J]. J Korean Med Sci,2009, 24(6):1058-1063.
[74]Wells J D, Sperling F A. DNA-based identification of forensically important Chrysomyinae (Diptera:Calliphoridae)[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2): 110-115.
[75]Wells J D, Pape T, Sperling F A. DNA-based identification and molecular systematics of forensically important Sarcophagidae (Diptera)[J]. J Forensic Sci, 2001,46(5):1098-1102.
[76]蒙世杰,李笑松.我国大陆部分地区黑腹果蝇群体线粒体DNA多态性研究[J].动物学研究,1998(4)：45-50.
[77]Cai J F, Lan L M, Chen Y Q, et al. Relationship between COII Gene of mtDNA of Lucilia Sericata and Latitude Interval.[J]. Jounal Of Forensic Medicine,2006(22):401-403.
[78]Picard C J, Wells J D. The population genetic structure of North American Lucilia sericata (Diptera:Calliphoridae), and the utility of genetic assignment methods for reconstruction of postmortem corpse relocation[JJ. Forensic Sci Int,2010,195(1-3):63-67.
[79]Frezal L, Leblois R. Four years of DNA barcoding:current advances and prospects[J]. Infect Genet Evol,2008,8(5):727-736.
[80]Vincent S, Vian J, Carlotti M P. Partial sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase b subunit gene I:a tool for the identification of European species of blow flies for postmortem interval estimation[J]. J. Forensic Sci.,2000,45:820-823.
[81]Sukontason K, Sribanditmongkol P, Ngoen-Klan R, et al. Differentiation between Lucilia cuprina and Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Diptera:Calliphoridae) larvae for use in forensic entomology applications[J]. Parasitol Res,2010, 106(3):641-646.
[82]Patterson C. Molecules and morphology in evolution:conflict or compromise [M]. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]:Cambridge University Press,1987:229.
[83]Tantawi T I, Greenberg B. Chrysomya albiceps and C. rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae):Contribution to an Ongoing Taxonomic Problem[J]. Journal of Medical Entomology,1993,30(3):646-648.
[84]张亚平,施立明.动物线粒体DNA多态性的研究概况[J].动物学研究,1992(3)：289-298.
[85]Vanin S, Tasinato P, Ducolin G, et al. Use of Lucilia species for forensic investigations in Southern Europe[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,177(1):37-41.
[86]Wang J, Li Z, Chen Y, et al. The succession and development of insects on pig carcasses and their significances in estimating PMI in south China[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,179(1):11-18.
[87]郭亚东.常见嗜尸性麻蝇分子标记的检测及地区基因库的建立[D].长沙：中南大学,2012.
[88]Wells J D, Stevens J R. Application of DNA-Based Methods in Forensic Entomology[J]. Annual Review of Entomology,2008,53(1):103-120.
[89]陈禄仕.积温法则进行死亡时间推断[J].法医学杂志,2006,22(6)：438-458.
[90]王江峰,陈玉川,胡萃,等.温度对丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata幼虫体长变化的影响[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2000(S3)：141-145.
[91]Davies L, Ratcliffe G G. Development rates of some pre-adult stages in blowflies with reference to low temperatures[J]. Med Vet Entomol,1994,8(3): 245-254.
[92]牛青山,潘永峰,温志成,等.丝光绿蝇的发育速度和有效积温的实验观察及其法医学应用[J].中国法医学杂志,2000(4)：214-216.
[93]Greenberg B. Flies as forensic indicators[J]. J Med Entomol,1991,28(5):565-577.
[94]汪海洋,时燕薇,刘小山,等.不同温度条件下棕尾别麻蝇的生长发育及其在法医学上的意义[J].环境昆虫学报,2010,32(2)：166-172.
[95]王江峰,胡萃, 陈玉川,等.温度对大头金蝇Chrysomyia megacephala(Fabricius)幼虫体长变化的影响[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2002(2)：100-105.
[96]吴殿鹏,毛润乾,郭明昉,等.温度对大头金蝇生长发育的影响及其用于PMI推断的探讨[J].环境昆虫学报,2010(3)：318-321.
[97]Niederegger S, Pastuschek J, Mall G. Preliminary studies of the influence of fluctuating temperatures on the development of various forensically relevant flies[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2010,199(1-3):72-78.
[98]Mateos M, Leon A, Gonzalez H P, et al. [Lucilia sericata infestation of the skin openings for the bone traction device in lengthening of the tibia:apropos of a case][J]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin,1990,8(6):365-367.
[99]Minar J, Herold J, Eliskova J. [Nosocomial myiasis in Central Europe][J]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol,1995,44(2):81-83.
[100]王江峰,胡萃,闵建雄.不同尸体材料上蝇类滋生及丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata生长发育比较[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,1999(1)：55-60.
[101]马玉堃,胡萃.杭州地区尸食性昆虫种类与生物学特性的初步研究[J].浙江农业大学学报,1997,23(4)：375-380.
[102]艾予川,许兵红,李鹏云.一种简便的丝光绿蝇的幼虫饲养方法[J].新乡医学院学报,1996,16(2)：179-180.
[103]范滋德.中国常见蝇类检索表[M].北京：科学出版社,1992：300-500.
[104]Grassberger M, Reiter C. Effect of temperature on Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development with special reference to the isomegalen-and isomorphen-diagram[J]. Forensic Scilnt,2001,120(1-2):32-36.
[105]Greenberg B, Szyska M L. Immature stages and biology of fifteen species of Peruvian Calliphoridae (Diptera)[J]. Ann Entomol Soc Amer,1984,77:488-517.
[106]Vanlaerhoven S L. Blind validation of postmortem interval estimates using developmental rates of blow flies[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,180(2-3):76-80.
[107]熊平,郭萍,曾桥.丽蝇生长发育与死亡时间的相关研究[J].法医学杂志,2002(2)：71-73.
[108]闫立强.大连地区丽蝇生长发育与死亡时间的相关研究[J].辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005(3)：345-346.
[109]郑旭东,张广政,孟宪生,等.郑州地区夏季丝光绿蝇生长发育规律观察 [J].郑州大学学报(医学版),2005(4)：716-718.
[110]郑旭东,李治华,张益鹄,等.郑州地区初秋季节嗜尸性麻蝇生长发育规律的初步研究[J].华西医学,2005,20(3)：438-439.
[111]陈禄仕.贵阳市郊嗜尸蝇类群落组成及生长观察[J].中国法医学杂志,2011,26(3)：204-206.
[112]陈禄仕,徐庆,施枫.利用嗜尸性蝇类生活史推测死亡时间[J].法医学杂志,2010(5)：332-335.
[113]Sehnal F. Growth and life cycles[Z]. Compr. Insect Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol,1988:2,1-86.
[1]胡萃.法医昆虫学[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2000：1-366.
[2]Kulshrestha P, Satpathy D K. Use of beetles in forensic entomology [J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):15-17.
[3]Ururahy-Rodrigues A, Rafael J A, Wanderley R F, et al. Coprophanaeus lancifer (Linnaeus,1767) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) activity moves a man-size pig carcass:relevant data for forensic taphonomy[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,182(1-3): e19-e22.
[4]蔡继峰.现代法医昆虫学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：1-100.
[5]Amendt J, Krettek R, Zehner R. Forensic entomology [J]. Naturwissenschaften, 2004,91(2):51-65.
[6]叶鲁思,彭倩宜,蔡继峰.嗜尸性昆虫分解尸体影响因素的研究进展[J].环境昆虫学报,2010(4)：538-543.
[7]Benecke M, Josephi E, Zweihoff R. Neglect of the elderly:forensic entomology cases and considerations[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2004,146 Suppl:S195-S199.
[8]Benecke M, Lessig R. Child neglect and forensic entomology [J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):155-159.
[9]中国法医学会.中国法医学最新科研究实践(2)-全国第七次法医学术交流会论文精选[M].北京：人民公安出版社,2005：1-100.
[10]Amendt J, Campobasso C P, Gaudry E, et al. Best practice in forensic entomology-standards and guidelines[J]. Int J Legal Med,2007,121(2):90-104.
[11]吴虹,何琳,陈之梓,等.上海地区最常见嗜尸性蝇类三龄幼虫图解检索表[J].华东昆虫学报,2005,14(4)：303-306.
[12]Mendonca P M, Dos Santos-Mallet J R, de Mello R P, et al. Identification of fly eggs using scanning electron microscopy for forensic investigations[J]. Micron, 2008,39(7):802-807.
[13]Sukontason K, Methanitikorn R, Kurahashi H, et al. External morphology of Chrysomya pinguis (Walker) (Diptera:Calliphoridae) revealed by scanning electron microscopy[J]. Micron,2008,39(2):190-197.
[14]Greenberg B, Singh D. Species identification of calliphorid (Diptera) eggs[J]. J Med Entomol,1995,32(1):21-26.
[15]王贺,王玲,李泽民.不同温度下铜绿蝇蛹期发育形态观察[J].中国法医学杂志,2008(5)：324-326.
[16]王江峰,胡萃,陈玉川,等.用巨尾阿丽蝇蛹期发育形态来推断死者PMI[J].昆虫学报,2002(5)：696-699.
[17]王江峰,陈玉川,胡萃,等.丝光绿蝇蛹发育形态学用于PMI判断的研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2000：250-254.
[18]Richards C S, Simonsen T J, Abel R L, et al. Virtual forensic entomology: Improving estimates of minimum post-mortem interval with 3D micro-computed tomography[J]. Forensic Science International,2012,220(1-3):251-264.
[19]Wells J D, Sperling F A. Molecular phylogeny of Chrysomya albiceps and C. rufifacies (Diptera:Calliphoridae)[J]. J Med Entomol,1999,36(3):222-226.
[20]Byrd J H, L. C J. Forensic Entomology—The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations[M]. Boca Raton:CRC Press,2001:1-300.
[21]Stevens J, Wall R. Genetic relationships between blowflies (Calliphoridae) of forensic importance [J]. Forensic Sci Int,2001,120(1-2):116-123.
[22]方琦,姚洪渭,叶恭银.蛋白质组学在昆虫学研究中应用进展[J].浙江农业学报,2006(6)：466-470.
[23]Avise J C. Ten unorthodox perspectives on evolution prompted by comparative population genetic findings on mitochondrial DNA[J]. Annu Rev Genet,1991, 25:45-69.
[24]Bermingham E, Lamb T, Avise J C. Size polymorphism and heteroplasmy in the mitochondrial DNA of lower vertebrates [J]. J Hered,1986,77(4):249-252.
[25]Clary D O, Wolstenholme D R. The mitochondrial DNA molecular of Drosophila yakuba:nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code[J]. J Mol Evol,1985,22(3):252-271.
[26]Fauron C M R, Wolstenholme D R. Intraspectific diversity of nucleotide sequences within the adenine+ thym ine-rich region of mitochondrial DNA molecules of Drosophila simulans[J]. Nucleic Acids Res,1900,8:5391-5410.
[27]成新跃,周红章,张广学.分子生物学技术在昆虫系统学研究中的应用[J].动物分类学报,2000(2)：121-133.
[28]Sperling F A, Anderson G S, Hickey D A. A DNA-based approach to the identification of insect species used for postmortem interval estimation[J]. J Forensic Sci,1994,39(2):418-427.
[29]Schena M, Heller R A, Theriault T P, et al. Microarrays:biotechnology's discovery platform for functional genomics[J]. Trends in Biotechnology,1998, 16-(7):301-306.
[30]Song Z, Wang X, Liang G. Species identification of some common sarcosaphagous flies in Guangdong province, southern China based on the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2008,175(1):17-22.
[31]Wells J D, Pape T, Sperling F A. DNA-based identification and molecular systematics of forensically important Sarcophagidae (Diptera)[J]. J Forensic Sci, 2001,46(5):1098-1102.
[32]孙晓明,蔡继峰,应斌武,等.16SrDNA序列分析在嗜尸性蝇类鉴定中的应 用[J].法医学杂志,2006(1)：36-38.
[33]蔡继峰,刘敏,应斌武,等.成都地区四种食尸性蝇类mtDNA中COⅠ基因序列检测[J].昆虫学报,2005(1)：101-106.
[34]蔡继峰,廖生,刘敏,等.嗜尸性苍蝇mtDNA中COⅠ和COⅡ基因序列检测及法医学应用[J].四川大学学报(医学版),2005(3)：393-396.
[35]Wallman J F, Leys R, Hogendoom K. Molecular systematics of Australian carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) based on mitochondrial DNA[J]. Invertebrate Systematics,2005,19(1):1-15.
[36]Saigusa K, Takamiya M, Aoki Y. Species identification of the forensically important flies in Iwate prefecture, Japan based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene subunit I (COI) sequences[J]. Leg Med (Tokyo),2005,7(3): 175-178.
[37]Ames C, Turner B, Daniel B. The use of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) to differentiate two UK blowfly species -- Calliphora vicina and Calliphora vomitoria[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2006,164(2-3):179-182.
[38]Alessandrini F, Mazzanti M, Onofri V, et al. MtDNA analysis for genetic identification of forensically important insects[J]. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series,2008,1(1):584-585.
[39]Desmyter S, Gosselin M. COI sequence variability between Chrysomyinae of forensic interest[J]. Forensic Sci Int Genet,2009,3(2):89-95.
[40]Caine L M, Real F C, Salona-Bordas M I, et al. DNA typing of Diptera collected from human corpses in Portugal[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2009,184(1-3):e21-e23.
[41]陈庆,白洁,刘力,等.北京地区7种常见嗜尸性蝇类的COI基因序列分析及DNA条形码的建立[J].昆虫学报,2009(2)：202-209.
[42]Sperling F A, Anderson G S, Hickey D A. A DNA-based approach to the identification of insect species used for postmortem interval estimation[J]. J Forensic Sci,1994,39(2):418-427.
[43]Schroeder H, Klotzbach H, Elias S, et al. Use of PCR-RFLP for differentiation of calliphorid larvae (Diptera, Calliphoridae) on human corpses[J]. Forensic Sci Int, 2003,132(1):76-81.
[44]蒙世杰,李笑松.我国大陆部分地区黑腹果蝇群体线粒体DNA多态性研究[J].动物学研究,1998(4)：45-50.
[45]王江峰,尹晓宏,陈玉川.五种常见嗜尸性蝇类的分子鉴定[J].昆虫学报,2007(4)：423-428.
[46]赵瑞君,尹镭,乔中东,等.四种蝇的随机序列扩增多态性分析[J].实用寄生虫病杂志,1996(1)：4-6.
[47]Benecke M. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing of necrophageous insects (Diptera, Coleoptera) in criminal forensic studies: validation and use in practice[J]. Forensic Sci Int,1998,98(3):157-168.
[48]He L, Wang S, Miao X, et al. Identification of sarcosaphagous fly species using ISSR and SCAR markers[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2007,168(2-3):148-153.
[49]胡佳林,郑学礼,王倩,等.应用简单序列重复区间扩增多态性分子标记鉴定我国12个城市与地区常见嗜尸蝇类的研究[J].南方医科大学学报,2008(4)：524-528.
[50]Xu X, Peng M, Fang Z, et al. The direction of micro satellite mutations is dependent upon allele length [J].2000,24(4):396-399.
[51]Felsenstein J. Phylogenies from molecular sequences:inference and reliability [J]. Annu Rev Genet,1988,22:521-565.
[52]赵子琴.法医病理学(第四版)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004.
[53]牛青山,潘永峰,温志成,等.丝光绿蝇的发育速度和有效积温的实验观察及其法医学应用[J].中国法医学杂志,2000(4)：214-216.
[54]朱光辉,叶恭银,胡萃.昆虫虫龄的分级方法[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2000：159-164.
[55]汤治洲.根据蛆长推断PMI的回归方程[J].法医学杂志,1994(3)：113-121.
[56]Wells J D, Lamotte L R. Estiamating maggot age from weight using inverse prediction[J]. J Forensic sic,1995,40(4):585-590.
[57]王江峰,胡萃,陈玉川,等.巨尾阿丽蝇幼虫发育形态学及其在死者PMI推断中的应用[J].昆虫学报,2002(2)：265-270.
[58]王贺,王玲,李泽民.不同温度下铜绿蝇蛹期发育形态观察[J].中国法医学杂志,2008(5)：324-326.
[59]朱光辉,叶恭银,胡萃,等.应用蝶啶荧光分析法推断绯颜裸金蝇成虫日龄[J].汕头大学医学院学报,2007(2)：122-125.
[60]杨玲,蔡继峰,兰玲梅,等.石家庄地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律[J].法医学杂志,2010(4)：253-256.
[61]Turchetto M, Vanin S. [Forensic entomology and globalisation][J]. Parassitologia, 2004,46(1-2):187-190.
[62]Bourel B, Tournel G, Hedouin V, et al. Entomofauna of buried bodies in northern France[J]. Int J Legal Med,2004,118(4):215-220.
[63]Arnaldos M I, Romera E, Presa J J, et al. Studies on seasonal arthropod succession on carrion in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula[J]. Int J Legal Med, 2004,118(4):197-205.
[64]周红章,杨玉璞,任嘉诚,等.北京地区法医昆虫学研究Ⅰ.嗜尸性甲虫物种多样性及其地区分异[J].昆虫学报,1997(1)：62-70.
[65]马玉堃,胡萃.杭州地区尸食性昆虫种类与生物学特性的初步研究[J].浙江农业大学学报,1997,23(4)：375-380.
[66]李玲,张幼芳,马玉堃.哈尔滨地区常见尸食性昆虫及在猪尸上出现的规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5)：93-96.
[67]王晔,刘敏,孙大宏,等.成都市嗜尸昆虫种类季节变化研究[J].法医学杂志,2003(2)：86-87.
[68]蔡继峰,陶涛,董建国,等.呼和浩特地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性蝇类的研究[J].法医学杂志,2004(3)：133-135.
[69]王江峰,李志钢,余里聪,等.珠江三角洲猪尸体上昆虫群落的演替及其对法医学中PMI推断的指示意义[J].昆虫学报,2008(4)：402-410.
[70]黄瑞亭.法医昆虫学研究进展[J].法律与医学杂志,1994(1)：35-37.
[71]王江峰,万香波,陈玉川.欧洲第四届法医昆虫学大会介绍与分析[J].政法学刊,2007(3)：89-91.
[72]胡硕雷.凶杀案的告密者[J].科技文萃,2005(10)：50-54.