泡桐材色评价指标的筛选和材色优良单株选择
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摘要
泡桐是重要的用材林树种之一，材质优良，但锯解后易产生色斑，严重影响其外观和视觉特性，从而造成经济价值的降低，因此，在加工、销售之前通常要用浸泡、漂白等方式对其材色进行改善，增加了额外的处理成本，易对环境造成污染，且处理后往往会出现返色现象，不能从根本上解决泡桐木材变色问题。目前对泡桐的改良育种主要侧重于速生、干形和抗病性等方面，对经济价值影响很大的材色性状没有作为良种选育的目标。由于传统方法不能彻底消除泡桐色斑，本研究用选择育种的手段对泡桐材色进行改良，以全国各地泡桐资源为群体，对其材色变异规律进行分析，从中选出材色优良、速生、干形好且无病害的单株，同时进行一系列生理指标的测定，分析生理指标与材色的相关性，为材色性状的间接选择提供依据。主要研究成果如下：
1.各材色指标中，亨特白度最适宜用来直接反映泡桐材色质量。
采集的泡桐样品材色明度指数分布在70.58到85.166之间，变红度从-5.59到7.102不等，变黄度分布在12.128到23.618之间。泡桐材色的三刺激值基本是同步变化，造成其变红度和变黄度总体变化范围不大。泡桐材色亨特白度、总色差和明度之间的相关性都达到了极显著水平，因此材色质量可以用亨特白度、总色差和明度来衡量。由于L*a*b*色空间和人类视觉特性的关系比XYZ色空间更为密切，因此在泡桐材色评价中，亨特白度比甘茨白度更加适用。
2.泡桐材色在不同种、种源和单株之间都存在着丰富的变异，其中不同种之间白花泡桐亨特白度值最高。
泡桐不同种间亨特白度、总色差和明度的差异达到极显著水平，但变红度和变黄度的差异不显著。白花泡桐不同种源间亨特白度、总色差、明度、变红度的总体差异都达到极显著水平，变黄度的差异达到显著水平，其中亨特白度排名前六位的是湖南郴州、江西抚州、福建南平、江西九江、福建龙岩和广西桂林六个种源。白花泡桐材色的变异与地理分布有关，分布区西部的种源材色较差，东部种源材色较优。种源内不同单株间各材色指标的差异也达到极显著水平，除变红度以外，其余材色指标在单株间的变异幅度比种源间更大，因此白花泡桐种内选择时要直接对单株进行选择。
3.酚类物质含量最适宜用来对泡桐材色性状进行间接选择，三年生枝条木质部的90%甲醇提取液放置一年后的吸光度也可作为材色间接选择的指标；而氧化酶活性、同工酶种类、泡桐素、芝麻素含量等无法作为间接选择的依据。
三年生枝条木质部内酚类物质、糖类物质含量和木材亨特白度都表现出了极显著负相关，嫁接繁殖后当年生枝条木质部内酚类物质含量与亨特白度也达到极显著负相关，但糖类物质与亨特白度表现出正相关，与传统理论不符。速生期和缓慢生长期叶片内多酚氧化酶的比活力与亨特白度表现出正相关，与传统理论不符，缓慢生长期叶片内过氧化物酶的总活性与亨特白度表现出负相关，而速生期的活性和比活力与亨特白度没有表现出明显相关；从叶片内多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱聚类分析结果来看，亨特白度接近的单株并没有优先聚在一起；韧皮部和木质部内多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性与材色指标相关性不显著，将酶液在室温下放置三个月后的酶活性以及活性下降的程度和材色指标相关性也不显著。三年生枝条木质部内泡桐素、芝麻素的含量与木材变红度表现出一定的负相关，但与亨特白度相关性不显著。
4.根据育种目标，最终从白花泡桐种内96个单株中决选出材色优良、速生、干形好、无病害的六个单株：
白9-1、白优4、白优3、白优5、白优25、白12-2。
入选率为6.25%，入选单株亨特白度平均值达到75.694，选择差为4.228，选择强度为1.605。可将其培育出相应无性系，为下一步优良品种选育奠定基础。
Paulownia tree is one of the most important timber uses species. The Paulownia wood isof great quality. However, wood stain occurs after sawing, which seriously affects theappearance and visual characteristics, and thus reduces the economic value. Therefore, it isnecessary to improve the Paulownia wood color by soaking and bleaching before processingand marketing. This can increase extra cost and even pollute the environment, while the stainfrequently reappears after a period of time. Soaking and bleaching can not fundamentallyeliminate wood discoloration. At present, breeding of Paulownia focuses on fast-growing,stem form, disease resistance, ect., while the wood color characters which can greatly affecteconomic values have not been considered as breeding objectives. The wood color ofPaulownia was improved by selective breeding in this study, because the traditional methodcan not completely eliminate the wood stain of Paulownia. Variation pattern of wood colorwas analyzed, Paulownia individuals with excellent wood color, fast-growing, stem form, andwithout disease were selected, taking Paulownia resources all over the country as population,meanwhile, a series of physiological indexes were measured, correlation between thephysiological indexes and wood color indexes of these samples was analyzed to provide basisfor indirect selection of wood color. The main results are as follows:
1. Hunter whiteness is most applicable for evaluating Paulownia wood color from allcolor indexes.
The lightness index value on Paulownia samples wood color ranged from70.58to85.166, the red degree ranged from-5.59to7.102, yellowing degree ranged from12.128to23.618. The tristimulus values of Paulownia wood color changed synchronously, whichslightly changed the red degree and yellow degree. The correlation between Hunter whiteness,color chromatism and lightness of Paulownia wood color was extremely significant. Therefore, the color quality could be evaluated by Hunter whiteness, color chromatism and lightness. Thecorrelation between L*a*b*color space and the characteristics of the human visual was moreclose than XYZ color space, therefore, Hunter whiteness was more applicable than Ganzwhiteness for evaluating Paulownia wood color.
2. Rich variation on wood color existed among different Paulownia species, provenancesand individuals, Hunter whiteness of Paulownia fortunei is the highest from all Paulowniaspecies.
Difference of Hunter whiteness, color chromatism and lightness among Paulowniaspecies and was statistically significant, while the difference of red degree and yellow degreewas not significant. Difference of Hunter whiteness, color chromatism, lightness, red degreeyellow degree among Paulownia fortunei provenances were significant, the top sixprovenances by Hunter whiteness were hunan chenzhou, jiangxi fuzhou, fujian nanping,jiangxi jiujiang, fujian longyan and guangxi guilin. Wood color of Paulownia fortunei variatedwith its natural distributions, which in the western area were of low quality, those in theeastern area were of high quality. Difference of each color index among individuals inprovenance was extremely significant, the variation of color indexes except for red degreefrom individuals was larger than that from provenances. Therefore, selection of Paulowniafortunei should be carried on directly by individuals.
3. Phenol content was the most applicable for indirect selection of Paulownia wood color.Absorbance of extract of three-years-old branch xylem by90%methanol after being placedfor one year can also be used for color indirect selection, while oxidase activity, kinds ofisozyme, paulownin and sesamin content can not be used for the reference of indirectselection.
Phenol and sugar content in three-year-old branch xylem negatively correlated with woodHunter whiteness, phenol content in the annual branch xylem after grafting propagation also negatively correlated with wood Hunter whiteness, but sugar content positively correlated withHunter whiteness, which disagreed with the traditional theory. The activity of polyphenoloxidase in leaves at fast-growing stage and slow growth stage positively correlated withHunter whiteness, which disagreed with the traditional theory, the activity of peroxidases inleaves of slow growth stage negatively correlated with Hunter whiteness, while the activityand specific activity of peroxidases in leaves at fast-growing stage did not correlate withHunter whiteness; individuals which had similar Hunter whiteness did not prior clustertogether according to the result of clustering analysis of isozyme patterns; activity ofpolyphenol oxidase and peroxidases in phloem and xylem did not correlate with wood colorindexes, the enzyme activity and the decline extent of activity after being placed at roomtemperature for3months also did not correlate with wood color indexes. Content ofpaulownin and sesamin in three-year-old branch xylem negatively correlated with red degree,but they did not correlate with Hunter whiteness.
4. According to the breeding objective, six individuals which are excellent on wood color,fast-growing, stem form, and without disease were selected from96Paulownia fortuneiindividuals: fortunei9-1, superior fortunei4, superior fortunei3, superior fortunei5, superiorfortunei25and fortunei12-2.
The selection rate was6.25%, the average Hunter whiteness values of individualsselected reached75.694, selection differential was4.228, selection intensity was1.605. Theseindividuals could be used for cultivating clones, and laying a foundation for the breeding ofexcellent varieties.
1.各材色指标中，亨特白度最适宜用来直接反映泡桐材色质量。
采集的泡桐样品材色明度指数分布在70.58到85.166之间，变红度从-5.59到7.102不等，变黄度分布在12.128到23.618之间。泡桐材色的三刺激值基本是同步变化，造成其变红度和变黄度总体变化范围不大。泡桐材色亨特白度、总色差和明度之间的相关性都达到了极显著水平，因此材色质量可以用亨特白度、总色差和明度来衡量。由于L*a*b*色空间和人类视觉特性的关系比XYZ色空间更为密切，因此在泡桐材色评价中，亨特白度比甘茨白度更加适用。
2.泡桐材色在不同种、种源和单株之间都存在着丰富的变异，其中不同种之间白花泡桐亨特白度值最高。
泡桐不同种间亨特白度、总色差和明度的差异达到极显著水平，但变红度和变黄度的差异不显著。白花泡桐不同种源间亨特白度、总色差、明度、变红度的总体差异都达到极显著水平，变黄度的差异达到显著水平，其中亨特白度排名前六位的是湖南郴州、江西抚州、福建南平、江西九江、福建龙岩和广西桂林六个种源。白花泡桐材色的变异与地理分布有关，分布区西部的种源材色较差，东部种源材色较优。种源内不同单株间各材色指标的差异也达到极显著水平，除变红度以外，其余材色指标在单株间的变异幅度比种源间更大，因此白花泡桐种内选择时要直接对单株进行选择。
3.酚类物质含量最适宜用来对泡桐材色性状进行间接选择，三年生枝条木质部的90%甲醇提取液放置一年后的吸光度也可作为材色间接选择的指标；而氧化酶活性、同工酶种类、泡桐素、芝麻素含量等无法作为间接选择的依据。
三年生枝条木质部内酚类物质、糖类物质含量和木材亨特白度都表现出了极显著负相关，嫁接繁殖后当年生枝条木质部内酚类物质含量与亨特白度也达到极显著负相关，但糖类物质与亨特白度表现出正相关，与传统理论不符。速生期和缓慢生长期叶片内多酚氧化酶的比活力与亨特白度表现出正相关，与传统理论不符，缓慢生长期叶片内过氧化物酶的总活性与亨特白度表现出负相关，而速生期的活性和比活力与亨特白度没有表现出明显相关；从叶片内多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱聚类分析结果来看，亨特白度接近的单株并没有优先聚在一起；韧皮部和木质部内多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性与材色指标相关性不显著，将酶液在室温下放置三个月后的酶活性以及活性下降的程度和材色指标相关性也不显著。三年生枝条木质部内泡桐素、芝麻素的含量与木材变红度表现出一定的负相关，但与亨特白度相关性不显著。
4.根据育种目标，最终从白花泡桐种内96个单株中决选出材色优良、速生、干形好、无病害的六个单株：
白9-1、白优4、白优3、白优5、白优25、白12-2。
入选率为6.25%，入选单株亨特白度平均值达到75.694，选择差为4.228，选择强度为1.605。可将其培育出相应无性系，为下一步优良品种选育奠定基础。
Paulownia tree is one of the most important timber uses species. The Paulownia wood isof great quality. However, wood stain occurs after sawing, which seriously affects theappearance and visual characteristics, and thus reduces the economic value. Therefore, it isnecessary to improve the Paulownia wood color by soaking and bleaching before processingand marketing. This can increase extra cost and even pollute the environment, while the stainfrequently reappears after a period of time. Soaking and bleaching can not fundamentallyeliminate wood discoloration. At present, breeding of Paulownia focuses on fast-growing,stem form, disease resistance, ect., while the wood color characters which can greatly affecteconomic values have not been considered as breeding objectives. The wood color ofPaulownia was improved by selective breeding in this study, because the traditional methodcan not completely eliminate the wood stain of Paulownia. Variation pattern of wood colorwas analyzed, Paulownia individuals with excellent wood color, fast-growing, stem form, andwithout disease were selected, taking Paulownia resources all over the country as population,meanwhile, a series of physiological indexes were measured, correlation between thephysiological indexes and wood color indexes of these samples was analyzed to provide basisfor indirect selection of wood color. The main results are as follows:
1. Hunter whiteness is most applicable for evaluating Paulownia wood color from allcolor indexes.
The lightness index value on Paulownia samples wood color ranged from70.58to85.166, the red degree ranged from-5.59to7.102, yellowing degree ranged from12.128to23.618. The tristimulus values of Paulownia wood color changed synchronously, whichslightly changed the red degree and yellow degree. The correlation between Hunter whiteness,color chromatism and lightness of Paulownia wood color was extremely significant. Therefore, the color quality could be evaluated by Hunter whiteness, color chromatism and lightness. Thecorrelation between L*a*b*color space and the characteristics of the human visual was moreclose than XYZ color space, therefore, Hunter whiteness was more applicable than Ganzwhiteness for evaluating Paulownia wood color.
2. Rich variation on wood color existed among different Paulownia species, provenancesand individuals, Hunter whiteness of Paulownia fortunei is the highest from all Paulowniaspecies.
Difference of Hunter whiteness, color chromatism and lightness among Paulowniaspecies and was statistically significant, while the difference of red degree and yellow degreewas not significant. Difference of Hunter whiteness, color chromatism, lightness, red degreeyellow degree among Paulownia fortunei provenances were significant, the top sixprovenances by Hunter whiteness were hunan chenzhou, jiangxi fuzhou, fujian nanping,jiangxi jiujiang, fujian longyan and guangxi guilin. Wood color of Paulownia fortunei variatedwith its natural distributions, which in the western area were of low quality, those in theeastern area were of high quality. Difference of each color index among individuals inprovenance was extremely significant, the variation of color indexes except for red degreefrom individuals was larger than that from provenances. Therefore, selection of Paulowniafortunei should be carried on directly by individuals.
3. Phenol content was the most applicable for indirect selection of Paulownia wood color.Absorbance of extract of three-years-old branch xylem by90%methanol after being placedfor one year can also be used for color indirect selection, while oxidase activity, kinds ofisozyme, paulownin and sesamin content can not be used for the reference of indirectselection.
Phenol and sugar content in three-year-old branch xylem negatively correlated with woodHunter whiteness, phenol content in the annual branch xylem after grafting propagation also negatively correlated with wood Hunter whiteness, but sugar content positively correlated withHunter whiteness, which disagreed with the traditional theory. The activity of polyphenoloxidase in leaves at fast-growing stage and slow growth stage positively correlated withHunter whiteness, which disagreed with the traditional theory, the activity of peroxidases inleaves of slow growth stage negatively correlated with Hunter whiteness, while the activityand specific activity of peroxidases in leaves at fast-growing stage did not correlate withHunter whiteness; individuals which had similar Hunter whiteness did not prior clustertogether according to the result of clustering analysis of isozyme patterns; activity ofpolyphenol oxidase and peroxidases in phloem and xylem did not correlate with wood colorindexes, the enzyme activity and the decline extent of activity after being placed at roomtemperature for3months also did not correlate with wood color indexes. Content ofpaulownin and sesamin in three-year-old branch xylem negatively correlated with red degree,but they did not correlate with Hunter whiteness.
4. According to the breeding objective, six individuals which are excellent on wood color,fast-growing, stem form, and without disease were selected from96Paulownia fortuneiindividuals: fortunei9-1, superior fortunei4, superior fortunei3, superior fortunei5, superiorfortunei25and fortunei12-2.
The selection rate was6.25%, the average Hunter whiteness values of individualsselected reached75.694, selection differential was4.228, selection intensity was1.605. Theseindividuals could be used for cultivating clones, and laying a foundation for the breeding ofexcellent varieties.
引文
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