旅游公路景观协调性量化评价模型及应用研究
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摘要
随着社会的发展,人们对公路的需求从最基本人员与货物的位置转移,上升到对道路交通安全的需求以及对道路景观环境美观舒适性的要求。旅游公路尤其是山区旅游公路由于其地理位置的特殊性,对交通安全、路域景观及生态环境的要求更加苛刻。而目前我国诸多旅游公路过多强调通行能力,环保和景观设计理念不足,环境协调性差,甚至对周围优美的自然、人文景观造成严重破坏,同时存在潜在的事故隐患。旅游公路景观与环境协调性问题的研究,不仅体现了新时期公路设计及建设关于“坚持人与自然相和谐,尊重自然,保护环境”的新理念,同时能促进旅游公路交通安全水平提升,实现可持续发展的目的。因此,如何提高山区旅游公路的景观协调性已成为亟待解决的问题。
本文以交通部西部交通建设重大科技项目“湘西旅游公路改造及安全保障技术研究”为依托,针对旅游公路沿线自然、人文及公路自身景观协调性进行现状调查研究,分析现阶段存在的问题,提出旅游公路景观协调性量化评价指标体系,构建基于偏差值的组合评价模型,依据协调性设计理念和原则,开展旅游公路景观协调性设计关键技术和设计流程的研究。
论文首先详细阐述了公路景观、景观协调性、路域生态学等与旅游公路景观协调性相关的概念、理论及景观协调性设计的基本原理。在分析旅游公路及景观协调性等的基础上,提出旅游公路景观协调性的概念：公路景观现状及其变化能提高公路运营安全性,增加视觉美学效果,减少对路域生态环境干扰与破坏的程度。
通过对湘西旅游公路沿线景观现状的调研,分析了旅游公路景观特殊点及敏感点,包括边坡、挡墙、边沟、取弃土场等在视觉协调性、景观美观度、安全协调性各方面存在的问题,发现湘西旅游公路在设计时,对某些有欣赏价值的自然景观未能开发加以利用；施工过程中,公路建设对周围环境造成一定程度影响及破坏；公路建成后,对边坡、挡墙等人工构造景观未采取有效绿化、美化措施或措施不及时,造成与周围自然环境协调性差,影响视觉效果。
旅游公路景观与环境协调性的评价,通过对影响旅游公路景观协调性因素分析,先采用目标分解法初选评价指标,确定公路景观与交通安全、景观与视觉、景观与生态环境协调性三个目标层,在此基础上采用德尔菲法对初选指标进行筛选,经过单体和整体测验以及结构优化,建立了由目标层、子目标层、准则层、指标层构成的旅游公路景观与环境协调性评价指标体系；其次为确定旅游公路景观协调性评价指标体系权重分配,分析了景观协调性指标权重特殊性,将其分为价值量权重和信息量权重两部分,在序关系分析法基础上充分利用指标值信息,综合主、客观赋权法,建立了旅游公路景观协调性综合评价组合权重模型；最后基于单一评价结论的偏差值,建立了旅游公路协调性组合评价模型,该模型有效地结合各单一评价方法的优点,使评价结论更趋准确合理。
在上述评价基础上,根据旅游公路景观协调性设计理念与原则,对关键技术包括边坡、挡墙、边沟、取弃土场、观景台的设计进行研究；提出旅游公路景观协调性设计流程,包括从提出目标、景观调研、协调性评价、协调性设计、协调性施工、协调性后评价及景观协调性运营维护等。将旅游公路景观协调性评价理论与实践有机结合,极大提升了景观协调性评价设计的效率与质量。
最后依托四川省理县至小金县旅游公路,将研究成果应用于工程实践。结果表明“理小公路”村庄段景观协调性为“较好”,森林段景观协调性为“(?)等”,根据协调性评价结果,提出了理小路景观协调性改进措施。
With the social development, the needs of highway go up from the transfers of people and goods to the demands of traffic safety and the requirements of the beauty and comfort of road landscape environment. The requirements of traffic safety, landscape of road area and ecological environment are much harsher for the scenic highway especially the mountain scenic highway area due to its geographical location. At present, too much emphasis was laid on the scenic highway capacity, the inadequate concepts of environmental protection and the landscape designs. As a result, natural and human landscape was severely damaged and there exists huge security risk. The study on the harmony between scenic highway landscape and environment is not only the new era idea on the road design and construction which is "the insistence on the harmony between human beings and nature, the respect for nature and the protection of environment", but also promotes scenic highway traffic safety level, and realizes the purpose of the sustainable development. How to improve the landscape coordination of mountain scenic highway has become a serious problem.
This paper, based on the western transportation construction projects of the Ministry of Communications——"Reconstruction and Security Technology Research on Xiangxi Scenic Highway", has studied on harmony between environment and landscape of scenic highway, put forward the coordination of dcenic highway landscape quantitative evaluation index system, built a deviation based on evaluation model, and carried out the research of coordinated landscape design as well as the key technology of design process based on the concept and principles of coordinated design.
Some concepts and theories were illustrated in detail, which are related to highway landscape coordination, such as highway landscape, landscape coordination, road ecology and basic principles of landscape design. The definition of the landscape coordination of scenic highway is put forward, that is status and changes in the highway landscape can improve the safety of highway operations, increase visual aesthetics, and reduce disturbance to ecological environment and the extent of damage.
With the research of the landscape status along the Xiangxi highways, this paper investigated the scenic highway landscape, including side slope, retaining wall, side ditch and other aspects. Some conclusions of investigation were obtained as follows. Firstly, it's usually failed to develop and take advantage of the natural landscape which has appreciated value. Secondly, during the construction of highway, environment may had been impacted and damaged in some extent. Thirdly, when construction completed, there were no effective measures of highway planting, result in poor coordination between highway landscape and natural environment.
Aims at studying the coordination between landscape and environment of scenic highway, the indicators system of landscape coordination evaluation are constructed with following steps. First of all, the indicators were selected based on Target Decomposition Method. Secondly, the unsuitable indicators were screened out by experts with the Delphi Technique. Thirdly, the constitution was optimized after individual tests and system tests.
A combined weight model had established to determine the weight distribution of evaluation index system of the harmony between landscape and environment of scenic highway. In this model the index weight consists of two parts, the amount of value weight and the amount of information weight.
A combined evaluation model of scenic highway landscape, based on the deviation of a single evaluation and combined advantages of different evaluation methods, was established to get more accurate and reasonable comprehensive value of landscape coordination of scenic highway.
It is researched that key technologies of coordinated design of scenic highway landscape including the design of slope, retaining wall, side ditch, quarry and dump site and viewing platform, based on the evaluation and design principle of the scenic highway landscape coordination. The design process of scenic highway landscape coordination was proposed, which included the proposing objectives, the landscape investigation, the landscape coordination assessment, the landscape design, the landscape construction, the landscape post evaluation, the landscape operation and the maintenance. The efficiency and quality of the landscape coordination design had been improved obviously by the interacting of theory and practice.
Finally, the evaluation and design research results of the scenic highway landscape coordination were applied to engineering practice, relying on the scenic highway from Li Xian to Xiaojin Xian in Sichuan province. The results showed that the landscape coordination of the village section was "good", and the forest landscape coordination segment was "moderate". According to the coordination assessment results, this paper has put forward the landscape coordination improvements of "LiXiao Road".
本文以交通部西部交通建设重大科技项目“湘西旅游公路改造及安全保障技术研究”为依托,针对旅游公路沿线自然、人文及公路自身景观协调性进行现状调查研究,分析现阶段存在的问题,提出旅游公路景观协调性量化评价指标体系,构建基于偏差值的组合评价模型,依据协调性设计理念和原则,开展旅游公路景观协调性设计关键技术和设计流程的研究。
论文首先详细阐述了公路景观、景观协调性、路域生态学等与旅游公路景观协调性相关的概念、理论及景观协调性设计的基本原理。在分析旅游公路及景观协调性等的基础上,提出旅游公路景观协调性的概念：公路景观现状及其变化能提高公路运营安全性,增加视觉美学效果,减少对路域生态环境干扰与破坏的程度。
通过对湘西旅游公路沿线景观现状的调研,分析了旅游公路景观特殊点及敏感点,包括边坡、挡墙、边沟、取弃土场等在视觉协调性、景观美观度、安全协调性各方面存在的问题,发现湘西旅游公路在设计时,对某些有欣赏价值的自然景观未能开发加以利用；施工过程中,公路建设对周围环境造成一定程度影响及破坏；公路建成后,对边坡、挡墙等人工构造景观未采取有效绿化、美化措施或措施不及时,造成与周围自然环境协调性差,影响视觉效果。
旅游公路景观与环境协调性的评价,通过对影响旅游公路景观协调性因素分析,先采用目标分解法初选评价指标,确定公路景观与交通安全、景观与视觉、景观与生态环境协调性三个目标层,在此基础上采用德尔菲法对初选指标进行筛选,经过单体和整体测验以及结构优化,建立了由目标层、子目标层、准则层、指标层构成的旅游公路景观与环境协调性评价指标体系；其次为确定旅游公路景观协调性评价指标体系权重分配,分析了景观协调性指标权重特殊性,将其分为价值量权重和信息量权重两部分,在序关系分析法基础上充分利用指标值信息,综合主、客观赋权法,建立了旅游公路景观协调性综合评价组合权重模型；最后基于单一评价结论的偏差值,建立了旅游公路协调性组合评价模型,该模型有效地结合各单一评价方法的优点,使评价结论更趋准确合理。
在上述评价基础上,根据旅游公路景观协调性设计理念与原则,对关键技术包括边坡、挡墙、边沟、取弃土场、观景台的设计进行研究；提出旅游公路景观协调性设计流程,包括从提出目标、景观调研、协调性评价、协调性设计、协调性施工、协调性后评价及景观协调性运营维护等。将旅游公路景观协调性评价理论与实践有机结合,极大提升了景观协调性评价设计的效率与质量。
最后依托四川省理县至小金县旅游公路,将研究成果应用于工程实践。结果表明“理小公路”村庄段景观协调性为“较好”,森林段景观协调性为“(?)等”,根据协调性评价结果,提出了理小路景观协调性改进措施。
With the social development, the needs of highway go up from the transfers of people and goods to the demands of traffic safety and the requirements of the beauty and comfort of road landscape environment. The requirements of traffic safety, landscape of road area and ecological environment are much harsher for the scenic highway especially the mountain scenic highway area due to its geographical location. At present, too much emphasis was laid on the scenic highway capacity, the inadequate concepts of environmental protection and the landscape designs. As a result, natural and human landscape was severely damaged and there exists huge security risk. The study on the harmony between scenic highway landscape and environment is not only the new era idea on the road design and construction which is "the insistence on the harmony between human beings and nature, the respect for nature and the protection of environment", but also promotes scenic highway traffic safety level, and realizes the purpose of the sustainable development. How to improve the landscape coordination of mountain scenic highway has become a serious problem.
This paper, based on the western transportation construction projects of the Ministry of Communications——"Reconstruction and Security Technology Research on Xiangxi Scenic Highway", has studied on harmony between environment and landscape of scenic highway, put forward the coordination of dcenic highway landscape quantitative evaluation index system, built a deviation based on evaluation model, and carried out the research of coordinated landscape design as well as the key technology of design process based on the concept and principles of coordinated design.
Some concepts and theories were illustrated in detail, which are related to highway landscape coordination, such as highway landscape, landscape coordination, road ecology and basic principles of landscape design. The definition of the landscape coordination of scenic highway is put forward, that is status and changes in the highway landscape can improve the safety of highway operations, increase visual aesthetics, and reduce disturbance to ecological environment and the extent of damage.
With the research of the landscape status along the Xiangxi highways, this paper investigated the scenic highway landscape, including side slope, retaining wall, side ditch and other aspects. Some conclusions of investigation were obtained as follows. Firstly, it's usually failed to develop and take advantage of the natural landscape which has appreciated value. Secondly, during the construction of highway, environment may had been impacted and damaged in some extent. Thirdly, when construction completed, there were no effective measures of highway planting, result in poor coordination between highway landscape and natural environment.
Aims at studying the coordination between landscape and environment of scenic highway, the indicators system of landscape coordination evaluation are constructed with following steps. First of all, the indicators were selected based on Target Decomposition Method. Secondly, the unsuitable indicators were screened out by experts with the Delphi Technique. Thirdly, the constitution was optimized after individual tests and system tests.
A combined weight model had established to determine the weight distribution of evaluation index system of the harmony between landscape and environment of scenic highway. In this model the index weight consists of two parts, the amount of value weight and the amount of information weight.
A combined evaluation model of scenic highway landscape, based on the deviation of a single evaluation and combined advantages of different evaluation methods, was established to get more accurate and reasonable comprehensive value of landscape coordination of scenic highway.
It is researched that key technologies of coordinated design of scenic highway landscape including the design of slope, retaining wall, side ditch, quarry and dump site and viewing platform, based on the evaluation and design principle of the scenic highway landscape coordination. The design process of scenic highway landscape coordination was proposed, which included the proposing objectives, the landscape investigation, the landscape coordination assessment, the landscape design, the landscape construction, the landscape post evaluation, the landscape operation and the maintenance. The efficiency and quality of the landscape coordination design had been improved obviously by the interacting of theory and practice.
Finally, the evaluation and design research results of the scenic highway landscape coordination were applied to engineering practice, relying on the scenic highway from Li Xian to Xiaojin Xian in Sichuan province. The results showed that the landscape coordination of the village section was "good", and the forest landscape coordination segment was "moderate". According to the coordination assessment results, this paper has put forward the landscape coordination improvements of "LiXiao Road".
引文
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